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TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MARYLAND ACADEMY

« »«

or

SCIENCE AND LITERATURE.

VOL. I.

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY.

■ V

B OTA.NtCAL
tiARDE^

BALTIMORE:
PRINTED BY JOHN D. TOY.

1837.

. n -^^'^T

COMMITTEE OF. PUBLIC ATION.

WILLIAM R. FISHER,

R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH,

W. E. A. AIKIN.

^

INTRODUCTION.

ci:

The first successful efforts to organize an association
in Baltimore, for the promotion of science and litera-
ture were made in the year 1822. Similar associations
had been previously contemplated ; some had actually
gone into operation, but they soon disappeared after
an ephemeral existence. The Maryland Academy of
Science and Literature was opened under more favour-
able auspices. A greater number of persons presented
themselves willing to advance by their zeal the objects
and the pursuits embraced within the scheme ; so that,
at already an early stage of its organization, by the
spontaneous liberality of some of its members and of
other gentlemen, the academy found itself in posses-
sion of an extensive collection of minerals, and an her-
barium, the nucleus of a cabinet around which new
materials might daily accumulate, and without which,
no association of like character can expect to hold
together, nor can in truth be said to have an existence.

A strong appeal was then addressed to gentlemen of
the learned professions in the city, and throughout the
state, which was in some measure responded to, and

iV INTRODUCTION.

the number of contributing members became soon suffi-
ciently large, to justify the step of procuring an apart-
ment, where the meetings of the Academy could be
held ; furnishingj at the same time a place of safe-keep-
ing for the collection, which was beginning to acquire
both extent and interest. Still there remained many
difficulties to contend against. The limited pecuniary
means at command, forbade the erection, or purchase,
of a suitable edifice to be appropriated exclusively to
the uses of the Academy. No building of a public
nature could accommodate it ; and the frequent remo-
vals thus occasioned, besides doing much damage to
the collection, took away from it that character of per-
manency, alone capable of rendering it an object of
solicitude to the members. At length, however, the
collection was removed to a spacious hall, in a public
edifice, eligibly situated, where in a short time it
increased so as to become worthy the attention of the
naturalist.

The principal accession which the property of the
academy received at this period, consisted of a library,
composed of standard works of reference, procured in
part with a sum of money being the accumulated fund
of a pre-existing society, which was thus transferred by
its surviving members. The Academy stands indebted
for this valuable acquisition to its then president, Robert
Gilmor, Esq. who contributed besides, individually,
by the donation of several costly and useful works.
Other presents were also received from various quar-
ters, the whole forming a collection of about eight hun-
dred volumes, of the best publications in the different

INTRODUCTION. V

branches of the natural sciences. In the meanwhile,
there was added to the cabinet an extensive series of
geological specimens obtained from Germany, together
with samples of the mineral formations occuring in this
state. And subsequently, a considerable number of
shells, recent and fossil, with numerous preserved indi-
viduals belonging to other departments of natural his-
tory, had been procured, all of which, whilst it gave
evidence of zeal on the part of the few active members
belonging to the academy, had become an object of
interest to the scientific traveller, and proved that the
natural sciences were not altogether neglected in Mary-
land. But in an unfortunate hour nearly the whole of
this valuable property was consumed by fire.

Not discouraged by this calamity, the members of
the Academy, acting under the authority of a charter
obtained in the year 1826, have determined to re-orga-
nize their society. Fully persuaded of the intrinsic
importance of their scheme, its utility, the character it
it may confer upon the city, as well as the general bene-
fit that may accrue to the community by a co-operation
of efforts to promote its accomplishment, they have set
to work earnestly, not only to restore the Academy to
what it was after twelve years of existence, but to
re-establish it upon a basis of permanent prosperity.
It is with infinite pleasure, therefore, that they find it
in their power to announce, that in the short space ^
of one year since its revival, having obtained a com-
modious set of apartments comprising one of large
dimensions, the number of iheir collaborators having
also greatly increased, their library already equals in

Vi INTRODUCTION.

extent, and surpasses in interest, that which they have
lost, whilst the cabinet contains several thousand zoolo-
gical, botanical, and mineralogical specimens. Every
week brings new accessions to both ; so that, at this
time the rooms of the Academy afford to the student of
nature a place of resort, where he may pursue his
favourite study with gratification as well as improve-
ment.

It is not the intention of the Academy, however, to
confine its operations solely to the collection of natural
objects. The members desire to extend its sphere of
usefulness ; by submitting to the learned their intellec-
tual labours, that have heretofore been compelled to
seek a channel of publicity through scientific journals
at a distance. It is now proposed to publish from time
to time, a volume, or part of a volume of Transactions,
which will embody detailed accounts of the peculiari-
ties in the natural history of Maryland, new investiga-
tions in the physical sciences, and original essays on
subjects of general interest connected with them. An
additional incentive to exertions will in this way be
offered to the members; and, it is hoped, that the
learned world will consent to accept the offering as an
earnest of what is contemplated to be performed.

To regulate as well as to facilitate the operations of
the Academy the members have arranged themselves
into sections, to which all donations according to their
kind are referred, and are reported upon at the time, or
at a succeeding meeting, by the chairman, or any other
member to whom the subject may by him have been
committed. The sections are denominated as follows :

INTRODUCTION. vii

Section 1. — Mathematics, Astronomyj and Physics,
embracing Natural Philosophy and Mechanics.— Chair-
man, L. Brajvtz.

Section 2.— Chemistry. — Chairman, J. T. Ducatel.
Section 3. — Mineralogy and Geology, including Phy-
sical Geography, and the history and classification of
Fossil remains — Chairman, P. T. Tyson.

Section 4. — Zoology, embracing the comparative ana-
tomy and physiology of animals — and further divided
into six classes, viz : on the history and classification
of Mammalia — Birds — Reptiles — Fishes — Insects, and
Mollusca. — Chairman, R. E. Griffith.

Section 5. — Botany, including Vegetable Physiology.
Chairman, W. E. A. Aikin.

In this state of things, a renewed appeal is confi-
dently made to the American public, to similar institu-
tions in this and other countries, and to the lovers of
nature all over the world, to aid in furthering the
objects of the Academy by contributing whatever they
may have to spare in books, specimens of natural his-
tory, and other objects of interest. As announced in a
previous circular, 'the collections which the academy
seeks to make, embrace all that can claim the attention
of the literary and scientific. They include minerals,
shells, fossils, specimens in natural science, books,
coins, aboriginal antiquities, maps and documents illus-
trative of the history, geography, or literature of any
portion of the world, and in particular of Maryland.
Unpublished barometrical or thermometrical observa-
tions — descriptions of celestial or terrestrial pheno-
mena and state statistics which have never been given

Viii INTRODUCTION.

to the world, are likewise among the means of infor-
mation which it seeks to gather and make useful.'
The academy addresses itself especially to its corres-
ponding members, soliciting their aid in furnishing
matter for the pages of its Transactions, to the accu-
rate publication of which the most scrupulous atten-
tion will be given.

Subjoined is a list of the present officers, and of the
resident, honorary and corresponding members of the
academy.

OFFICERS ELECTED JANUARY, 1837.

President,
JULIUS T. DUCATEL.

Vice-Presidents,
PHILIP T. TYSON,
R. EGLESFELD GRIFFITH.

Secretary,
WILLIAM R. FISHER.

Treasurer,
DAVID KEENER.

Librarian,
J. H. aUINBY.

Ctirato7's,
JAMES GREEN,
J. H. ALEXANDER,
WM. EDWD. COALE,
WM. RILEY.

RESIDENT MEMBERS,

Namei.

P. Macaulay,

J. T. Ducatel,

Geo. Frick,

Joshua I. Cohen,

R. Gilmor,

David Keener,

Philip T. Tyson,

Edw'd Dennison,

I. Tyson, Jr.

J. Pennington,

George S. Gibson,

Charles F. Mayer,

Jos. W. Patterson,

Geo. S. Sproston,

Wm. Gwynn,

Rich'd S. Steuart,

J. I. Cohen, Jr.

Charles Tiernan,
T. Edmondson, Jr.

Geo. H. Calvert,
Geo. W. Andrews,
H. Willis Baxley,
A. B. Cleveland,
J. H. Alexander,
John P. Kennedy,
J. H. B. Latrobe,
J. Mason Campbell,
Rev. Hector Humphreys, D. D.
Wm. N. Baker,
Wm. R. Fisher,
Benjn. H. Latrobe,
John R. W. Dunbar,
Wm. E. A. Aikin,
Lewis Biantz,
Theodore Jenkins,
James Green,
Rich'd Wilmot Hall,
Nathan R. Smith,
John R. Hazlehurst,
John B. Fitzgerald,
Isaac Trimble,
J. H. Q,uinby,
2

1821

1822

1823.
1824.

1826

1828,
1829.
1830.
1832.

1833.

1834.
1835.

183G.— ,

When elected.

.—May 10.
do.
do.
. — June 1.
November 2.
December 7.
do.
— December 2.
-February 24.
April 20.
September 30.
-January 19.
February 2.
do.
do.
February 16.

do.
March 2.
-November 27.
■August 4.
-January 21.
-January 12.
November 1.
-March 28.
September 12.

do.
November 28.

do.
•September 12.
■February 12.
April 16.
■January 1.

do.
January 28.
do.
do.
February 11.
do.
do.
February 18.
do
do.

MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY.

Names.

When elected.

Rich'd Caton,

1836.— March 3.

John L. Webster,

do.

Wm. G. Thomas,

do.

Rev. John J. Chanche,

April 7.

Wm. Riley,

do.

Wm. Ed. Coale,

do.

Wm. Minifie,

do.

R. Eglesfeld Griffith,

November 3

Cornelius McLean,

do.

John Fonerden,

do.

F. H. Davidge,

1837.— January 19.

F. Chatard,

do.

Rev. John G, Morris,

February 2,

Samuel Annan,

do.

Samuel G. Baker,

do.

Rev. Geo. W. Burnap,

February 9.

John Prentiss,

do.

Thomas Buckler,

do.

Ramsay McHenry,

March 16.

J. Hanson Thomas,

April 6,

Alex. C. Robinson,

do.

J, C. Richards,

do.

R. S. Harlan,

April 13.

P. Rogers Hoffman,

do.

Wm. Geo. Read,

May 10.

Charles Bell Gibson,

August 25.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Names.
James E. Dekay, M. D.
John E. Holbrook, M. D.
Lardner Vanuxem,
Wm. H. Keating,
Gerard Troost, M. D.
Christopher Hughes, Esq.
Charles L. Bonaparte, Prince of

Musignano.
Wm. Darlington, M. D.
Gen'l J. G. Swift,
Edmund Ravenel,
Elias Durand,
Lt. Col. S. H. Long,
Mifflin Coulter, M. D.

Residence.
New York.
Charleston, S. C
Bristol, Pa.
Philadelphia.
Nashville.

Rome.

West Chester, Pa.

New York.

Charleston.

Philadelphia.

U. S. Army.

U. S. Navy.

MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY.

XI

Names.
Leonard Osborne, M- D.
"Edw'd H. Worral, M D.
W. H. Davidson. M. D.
I. Bruce, Esq.
D. H. Barton, Esq.
J. W. Greetham, M. D.
J. Orville Taylor, Esq.

A. Sidney Doane, M. D.
Amos Binney, M. D.
Charles J. Latrobe, Esq.
Mendes I. Cohen, Esq.
O. Hill, M. D.
Charles Short, Esq.
John L. Riddell, M. D.
James E. Heath, Esq.
Philip Williams, Jr. Esq.
Charles B. Shaw, Esq.
James Herron, Esq.
Thomas Pennie, Esq.

Z. Pitcher, M. D.
Charles Cramer, Esq.
Rev. John Backman,
G. W. Clinton, Esq.
H. A. Schroeder, Esq.
W. L. Hawkins, M. D.
Cons. I. I. de Macedo,
Prof. Jameson,
L. R. Gibbs, M. D.
Rev. Virgil H. Barber,
Matthew Carey, Esq.
James C. Palmer, M. D.
L. C. Gale, M. D.
H. P. Sartwell, M. D.

B. D. Green, M. D.
Copley Green, M. D.

Harris, M. D.
Charles Lukin, Esq.
J. Romeyn Beck, M. D.
M. Henry Webster,
Wm. H. May, M. D.
J. Trowbridge, M. D.
James Sullivan, Esq.
Prof. C. D. Cleveland,
Prof. James Hall,
Prof. E. Adams,
Henry Prentiss, M. D.
James Renwick, LL. D.

Residence.

U. S. Navy.
U. S. Arniy.
Winchester, Va.

do.

do.
Mount Vernon, 111.
New York.

do.
Boston.
England.

Lewiston, N. Y.
Lexington, Kentucky.
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Richmond, Va.
Winchester, Va.
Richmond, Va.

do.
Florida.
U. S. Army.
New York.
Charleston, S. C.
Canandaigua, N. Y.
Mobile,
Annapolis.
Lisbon, Portugal,
duito, S. America.
Charleston.
Conowingo, Pa.
Philadelphia.
U. S. Navy
New York.
Pen Yan, N. Y.
Boston.

do.

do.
Guayquil.
Albany.

do.
Palmyra, N. Y.
Buffalo, N. Y.
Pembroke, N. Hampshire.
Philadelphia.
Troy, N. Y.
Dartmouth College.
Gloucester, Mass.
New York.

Xll

MEMBERS OF THE ACADEMY.

Names.

Lieut. M. G. L. Clairborne,
Lieut. A. K. Long,
S. T. Laurason, M. D.
G. Von Dem Busch, M. D.
Signor Vilore Pecchioli
L R. Jackson, Esq.
James B. Rogers, M. D. *
E. Geddings, M. D.*
B. M. Byrne, M. D.*
Robley Dunglison, M. D.*
T. Phillips Allen,*
Frederick Hall,
Thomas P. Jones,
Dr. Hornbeck,
I. Pearson Smith,
Willis Buel,

Residence.

U. S. Navy.

do.

do.
Bremen.
Pisa.

Philadelphia.
Cincinnati.
Charleston.
U. S. Army.
Philadelphia.
North Carolina.
Washington.

do.
St. Thomas.
South Carolina.
Zanesville.

HONORARY MEMBERS.
Jose Silvestre Rebello, Charge d'affaires, Brazil.

Right Rev. Bishop England,

Thomas Cooper, M. D. LL- D.

Benj. Silliman, MD. LL. D.

William Maclure, Esq.

Peter S. Duponceau, Esq. LL. D.

John K. Miichell, M. D.

J. N. Nicolet,

Baron de Roenne, Minister resident,

of the king of" Prussia,
Don Ramon della Sagra,
F. R. Hassler,
Sir N. Carlyle,
Com. De Figaniere, Charge d'affaires

of the Q,ueen of Portugal,
John J. Audubon,

Charleston, S. Carolina.
Columbia, do.
New Haven, Con.
Philadelphia,

do.

do.
Royal Observatory, Paris.

Washington.
Madrid, Spain.
Washington.
London.

Baltimore.

* Formerly resident members.

TRANSACTIONS

OF THE

MARYLAND ACADEMY OF SCIENCE

AND LITERATURE.

CLASS OF THE SCIENCES.

ARTICLE I.

Biographical notice of L. H. Girardin, LL. D. first Presi-
dent of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature.

Louis Francois Picot, born in 1771, near Dreux, in the
former province of Normandy, France, was educated at the
Lyceum of Rouen. He is represented to have been, even at a
very early age remarkal)ly fond of books, and was afterwards
noticed for his assiduous apphcation to study. He has been
heard to say himself, on those occasions when self-praise is
not to be suspected, that he was considered by his teachers,
who were pleased to encourage him by this avowal, as the best
Latin scholar and poet of his class. On leaving the Lyceum
he repaired to Paris at the invitation of M. Philippon de la
Madeleine, by whom he was liberally patronized. There he
became acquainted with most of the literary personages of the
day, particularly with the celebrated author of Paul and Vir-
ginia, and with the Abbe Barthelemy, the equally renowned
author of the Travels of Anacharsis. To the former, young
Picot dedicated his first otfering to the Muses, which, together
with a translation in verse of Goldsmith's Deserted Village,
was published, at the request of Bernardin de St. Pierre, by
3

18 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

Didot, of Paris. He likewise appeared as the translator of
some pieces from the Italian of Casti, author of the '■Animali
Parlanti.''

But, although these first effusions seem to have received
the decided approbation of the public, and to have passed
unhurt through the severe ordeal of literary criticism, his
friends did not advise him to continue his pursuit after fame
in this career. M. de la Madeleine had promised to obtain for
him the situation of librarian to the king ; and by Bernardin
de St. Pierre he was strongly recommended to direct his re-
searches into history, the latter always terminating their con-
versations together by advising him to write history, and refer-
ing him, as a model, to the ingenuous translation of the Lives
of Plutarch, by Amiot.

In this apparently unobstructed way towards honours as
well as emoluments, M. Picot was however suddenly ar-
rested by the breaking out of the French revolution. M.-de
la Madeleine his fast friend and patron, being attached to the
royal cause, lost his influence, and with it all means of con-
tinuing any efficient favours to his protege. M. Picot then
returned to Rouen, and his opinions on the affairs of the
time, being, as with the great majority of the enlightened
population of France, in favour of a constitutional king, he
took in their defence an active part in the editorial columns
of the '■Journal de la Seine inferieure? He was, in conse-
quence, soon arraigned before a revolutionary tribunal, to
answer for some reflections contained in them, upon the
execution of the king — an event that had then just taken
place. These reflections, dictated by a noble and independent
mind, did not suit tlie captious liberalism of the horde of venal
politicians who had already commenced their abominable
excesses, and he was compelled to abandon Rouen, whence
he retired to his native village, on the eve of submitting to the
public, what appears to have been, in his own estimation, his
best claim to a literary renown — a tragedy in French verse,
entitled Leonidas.

At this time, the horror which filled every bosom through-
out France, on hearing of the king's death, had inspired many
persons, particularly among the younger part of the commu-
nity, with a desire to avenge the honour of their country, by

OF L. H. GIRARDIN. 19

rescuing from the hands of a tyrannical faction, the sceptre
which it had usurped, and was wielding with so much oppres-
sion. But such was the consternation spread throughout the
country, such tlie distracted condition in (he affairs of every
one, and tlie anxiety for personal safety, that there could be
but little hope of devising any effectual mode of redress. The
party of the Giro7idi?is, oppressed by the Chabots, Marats, and
CoUot d'Herbois, was soon overpowered and fled. At this
time also, the Marquis de Puisaye arrived at Caen, with a
small reinforcement from England to General Wimpfen, who
commanded the department of Calvados, This individual,
who was a pure royalist, probably more attached to the cause
of Great Britain than desirous of serving his own country, had,
by his insulting and ironical deportment greatly displeased the
fugitive Girondins ; yet he succeeded in collecting a band of
three or four thousand men, at whose head he marched on to
the attack of Paris. It was in this little army that M. Picot
enlisted himself, no doubt with the most laudable motives; but
the fate of this handful of young enthusiasts is well known —
a detachment of gensfParmes soon put it to flight. The most
obnoxious among them were consequently obliged to seek
safety beyond their native shores, M. Picot, being one of
them, fled in disguise to Brest, in company with his friend
the now much admired poet Du Paty, where he embarked on
board of a national ship that shortly afterwards arrived in
Hampton roads.

Unable to serve his country, and unwilling to connect his
name witli the melancholy events of those days, M, P, de-
serted his employment on the vessel that bore him to America.
A French gentleman, who was the proprietor of a small farm
in this State received him as a labourer — the present Marquis
de Cairon, who had fled with him, being entrusted with the
care of the poultry and swine. Then it was that M, Picot,
from a false impression that the tyrants of his country could
pursue him to this, changed his name to that of Lewis Hue
GiRARDiN. As he already possessed a competent knowledge
of the English language, he was advised to open a school, and
in that capacity endeavoured to render himself useful to those
who had extended to him their hospitality, Mr, Girardin's
exemplary resignation, the moral courage which he evinced

20 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

in thus accommodating himself to his reverse of fortune,
together with the extent of his information, attracted the notice
of some well educated and intelligent gentlemen, and he was
soon after invited to become a teacher in the college of George-
town, D. C. on the recommendation of our late venerable fel-
low-citizen, John Carroll, Archbishop of Baltimore. Such
was that pious Prelate's esteem of Mr. Girardin's talents and
virtues, testified to, moreover, in a letter which was gratefully
and reverentially preserved by our deceased friend, that he
strongly intreated him to receive orders: but it seems that
this was not his vocation. He remained sometime a teacher
in the catholic college of Georgetown, whence he removed to
Virginia, where he presided at different times over several
academies, enjoying the esteem and confidence of the first
families of that State, whose children were placed under his
charge. His character of a public teacher becoming now bet-
ter known, and more generally appreciated, he received the
appointment to a professorship in the university of William and
Mary. It is from this place that he began to aspire to the lite-
rary standing in his adopted country, which the disasters of a
revolution had snatched from him in his native land. He com-
menced the publication, in conjunction with a German artist
by the name of Bos.sler, of a work entitled Amcenitates Gra-
phicce^ to be edited in French and English, the prospectus of
which sets forth that it has for its object, 'to form an instruc-
tive and amusing collection of views, drawings of animals,
plants, flowers, fruits, minerals, antiquities, costumes and
other interesting objects ; selected with care and engraved
upon drawings from nature, or the best representations of
those objects ; with descriptions and suitable explanations in
English and French : the whole with a view of inspiring
young people of both sexes with a taste for useful and agreea-
ble knowledge, to facilitate to them the study of it, and to
enable them to become acquainted with the languages in
which the descriptions and explanations are made. The
descriptions and explnnations by L. H, Girardin, professor of
modern languages, history and geography in the college of
William and Mary — the engravings by Frederick Bossier,
Williamsburg, September 12, 1S04.' This work was not

OF L. H. GIRARDIN. 21

oontinucd, owing it has been understood to some disappoinl-
luent on the part of the engraver.

In 1805, Mr. Girardin connnenced the translation of the
RevoUitionary Annals, or History of tlie French Revolution,
upon the original manuscript of his friend, likewise a refugee
to this conntry, M. Jean Henri de Croiseuil. This labour also
remained unfinished. To the fifth part, which comprises the
time when Buonaparte ascended the political horizon together
with the first three years of his consulate, there is affixed an
introduction by Mr. Girardin : it speaks in his favour, both
as a writer and a politician. About this time also, he pub-
lished his Latin poem De Monomachia, which did him credit
as a moralist and as a votary to the Muses. In the eighth
and twelfth numbers of the Old Baclielor, there are two letters
by him, signed T. Lovetruth, that afford elegant specimens of
his elevated tone of thinking, and of his sound ideas on the
subject of education. Mr. Wirt has given the following testi-
mony to their worth. 'As I read his letter,' he says, 'I felt in
the style of his thinking the percussion of genius and virtue ;
and I am convinced that literature and science stand at their
back. Ex pccle Herculem. He should feel himself, bound to
come forth for the good of our common country.' Of his
second communication it is observed further ; 'Here follows a
letter from one, to whom he feels well assured that he will
never have to propose either condition or qualification: it is
from his first correspondent and fast friend Lovetruth. Even
the sorrows and tears of my old friend are full of virtue and
instruction. He is a pen,

'To wake the soul by tender strokes of art.
To raise the genius and to mend the heart.' '

In the 'Virginia Argus,' Mr. Girardin likewise published a
series of literary and moral essays under the title of the 'Piii-
lanthropist,' furnishing fresh evidence of the extent and ver-
satility of his talents. The character of 'truth and decency,
united to sound principles,' bestowed by a cotemporary upon
the columns of the Richmond Enquirer, was acquired whilst
Mr. G. was its joint proprietor and sole editor. About this
time also he wrote a life of John Adams, at the solicitation of
the classical Dennie, which was published in the Port Folio.

22 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

But we have now arrived at the period of Mr. Girardin's hfe,
when to our admiration of his talents we are called upon to
add our warmest sympathies in behalf of his misfortunes.
The dreadful and too memorable catastrophe, which, in
December, of the year 1811, plunged the metropolis of Virgi-
nia into the deepest affliction, bore upon him most severely.
In the conflagration of the theatre, at Richmond, he lost his
wife and only son. So great a calamity on a man of ordinary
sensibilities weighs indeed heavily enough; but to one, whose
feelings are alive to the thousand impressions that pass unper-
ceived by vulgar minds, how tremendous the thought of
domestic happiness thus arrested in the full tide of its prospe-
rity! How heart-rending the certainty, that what must ever
be the dearest object of parental solicitude, has thus been vio-
lently destroyed in its very bud ! It requires more philosophy
than learning can bestow, to remain erect under so severe a
shock. He sunk under its weight; his liealth rapidly de-
clined; he was forced to suspend his professional exertions,
and retired to the upper part of Virginia in quest of health
and repose, neither of which he afterwards perfectly regained.
The anniversary of this calamitous event was, to the last year
of his existence, held by. him in melancholy remembrance.
He refused at such times to accept of any friendly invitations,
keeping himself in perfect seclusion. Yet, in this shattered
state of both body and mind, he undertook and completed his
continuation of 'Burke's History of Virginia,' one volume of
which only has been published. Of the distinguished merit
of this performance we have the guarantee of Thomas Jeffer-
son, as well as that of the accomplished author of the life of
Patrick Henry. The American Philosophical Society, has
also testified to it by electing its author a member of that
learned body ; and for similar considerations one of the univer-
sities of this country, conferred upon him the title of LL. D.

It was with such high recommendations that, invited by the
trustees of the Baltimore college and determined by a desire
to complete the education of his two daughters in the orna-
mental branches, Mr. Girardin, came to this city having been
unanimously chosen Principal of that institution. Though
much engaged in the cares of this seminary of learning, that
had been previously and for a long time labouring under

OF L. H. GIRARDIN. 23

serious disadvantages, he did not altogether neglect his lite-*
rary labours. He is known to have been the aulhor of
'Pulaski Vindicated,' — an energetic pamphlet written in reply
to some supposed misrepresentations of the character of that
distinguished warrior and patriot, made by Judge Johnson in
his life of Gen. Greene. He had also prepared a course of lec-
tures on Botany, for the Agricultural Society of Maryland, but
was more particularly engaged at the time he was taken ill, in
writing a life of General Lafayette, from documents furnished
by the General himself

It was but shortly after Mr. Girardin's arrival in this city,
that proposals to organize a society for promoting the study of
the natural sciences were started. To his concurrence in the
plan originally suggested, his advice concerning the best man-
ner of putting it into effect, and his subsequent active exer-
tions as its President, the Maryland Academy of Science and
Literature owes its existence. It is but a matter of justice,
therefore, to record his extensive learning, his accomplish-
ments as a scholar, his urbanity, and the high esteem in
which he was held by his associates, on the very first pages
that are offered to the public of the Transactions of the
Society.

Mr. Girardin's demise took place, whilst he still enjoyed
the full vigour of his intellect, and was about to give further
proofs of his usefulness in the promotion of science and litera-
ture. But we bow with reverence and humility to the dispen-
sations of a Divine Providence ; for such were the feelings of
our venerated friend when he calmly resigned himself to the
will of his Maker, on the 17th day of February, 1S25, in the
54th year of his age. j. t. d.

24 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

AKTICLE II.

Outlines of the Physical Geography of Maryland, embracing
its prominent Geological features. By J. T. Ducatel,

State Geologist, <fcc.

[Read before the Academy, February 16 and March 3, 1837.]

The political boundaries of the state of Maryland, as it is
usually represented upon the maps of the Union, are to the N.
a straight light running from 1° 1' E. Ion. to 2° 3' W. of Wash-
ington, which separates it from the state of Pennsylvania; to
the E. a line nearly at a right angle with the preceding, from
the 39° 43' N. lat. to the 38° 27' divides it from Delaware, the
remaining portion to the 38" being bounded by the ocean ; at
its south-west extremity it is separated from Virginia, by an
east and west line drawn through VVatkins' point, whilst its
principal southern boundary is determined by the course of the
Potomac — assuming the northern branch of the river to be its
main branch ; and its western limit finally, is formed by a
meridian passing through the first fountain of the latter river to
the Pennsylvania line; the territory beyond this last boundary
being also occupied by the state of Virginia. The space
included between these limits presents a surface of 10,000
square miles, of which about 1,2U0 are covered by the waters
of the Chesapeake bay, forming an extent of coast, including
the shores of the great tributaries to this inland sea from tide
water, of not less than 1,500 miles open to deep water naviga-
tion.

The characteristic features of the Chesapeake bay are
those of a large arm of the sea, which, measured from its inlet
between the capes of Virginia to the mouth of the Susque-
hanna, is 220 miles in length, with an average breadth of 10
miles, throwing out numberless branches in the form of deep
creeks that penetrate far inland, and serving as the estuary
to numerous large rivers. Among these, in Maryland, the
principal on the Eastern Shore, are the Pocomoke, Nanticoke,
Choptank, Chester and Elk, and on the Western Shore, the
Susquehanna, Patapsco, Patuxent and Potomac. The limit
to which the oceanic tide reaches in them varies. On the

OF MARYLAND. 25

Eastern Shore, where there are no rocky strata to impede its
course, it ascends very nearly to tlieir source; whilst on the
Western Shore, it is generally arrested by the chain of primary
rocks. There is a corresponding limit to the extent of their
upward navigation. On the Eastern Shore the rivers are now
principally navigated by schooners of one hundred to one
hundred and fifty tons burden, and these ascend into the very
heart of the country. On the Western Shore, the Susque-
hanna will float a schooner no higher up than Port Deposite,
which is six miles from its mouth at Havre de Grace. Balti-
more affords a spacious, deep and remarkably safe harbour, at a
distance of twelve miles from the mouth of the Patapsco. The
Patuxent is navigable for large vessels thirty miles from the
Chesapeake bay, and for the smaller kind forty miles more, and
the United States Navy Yard, on the eastern branch of the
Potomac, is located one hundred miles up this river. No inland
sea of equal extent offers so few impediments to an entirely free
and safe navigation, nor so many facilities for an extensive
intercourse between the different parts of its shores. In all
the tide-water districts of the state, theinost remote farmer or
planter has seldom over five miles to carry his produce to a
commodious landing, which in twenty four to forty-eight
hours may reach a large commercial mart. Besides the ease
in the navigation over this magnificent sheet of water, arising
from the almost total absence of rocks and the fewness of
shoals, it is remarkable that the violent equinoctial gales that
do so much damage to the sliipping in the other ports of the
Union nearer the ocean, are seldom felt in this bay, and
scarcely ever reach the harbour of Baltimore. The only
inconvenience of any consequence to which the bay is liable,
arises from the accumulation of ice during a protracted severe
winter; but even this has been in a great measure remedied^
by the enterprise and ingenuity of the Baltimore merchants
and mechanics, in the construction of an effective ice-breaker;
so that the intercourse with foreign ports is kept up throughout
the whole year. It may be added, that its waters are inhabited
by numerous species of fishes, together with testaceous and
crustaceous animals, which, whilst adding to the resources of
the inhabitants, furnishing the elements of an extensive indus-
try, and extending the commerce of the state, offer subjects

4

26 PHYSICAL, GEOGRAPHY

of interesting observation, as well as an ample field of discove-
ries to the naturalist.*

If now we refer to the physical geography of the country
on both sides of this great estuary, commencing with its
eastern border and proceeding downwards, there is observed a
region at no place elevated more than eighty feet above mid-
tide, consisting of small sandy hills, at the head of water-
courses, or extended levels of stiff clay in the necks and on
the bay shore. The appearance wliich the Eastern Shore exhi-
bits to a traveller who descends the peninsula from north to
south by the main road, is therefore far from conveying a just
idea of the actual condition of this interesting portion of the
state. As the road necessarily passes near the heads of rivers
and creeks it crosses over the most sandy and least improved
portions of the country. It is in the necks formed by the nume-
rous creeks that intersect the country that the true characters of
the soil may be observed ; its susceptibility to improvement is
as great as in any other portion of the state, and its resources,
one of which will be more particularly mentioned hereafter,
are numerous. By referring to the map of Maryland and
noticing the course of the rivers, it will be seen that there is a
general inclination of the country down these necks from

* The largest of the aquatic residents of the Chesapeake bay, at least in the
portion of it within the limits of Maryland, are the porpoise (Delphinus phocasna)
and the sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum, of Lesueur) although occasionally some
of the smaller cetacea venture nearly all the way up in puruit of their prey, dur-
ing the spawning season of the herring and shad; several individuals of the beluga
whale {Delphinus leucas) having been caught in the spring of the last year; and
on one occasion a seal (Phoca marimis) strayed up almost to the head of the bay.
But the largest eatable fish brought to the Baltimore market, and decidedly one
of the best known, is the rock-fish, (Labrax lineatus, of Cuv. & Val.) ; it attains
the size of four feet, but is generally preferred when measuring only two feet in
length, or a little less. The drum-fish ( Pogonius chromis, of Cuv. &. Valenciennes)
is next in size, and is also a much esteemed fish, though not so much as the
sheep-head, (Sargus ovis,) which holds precedence over it and the bay mackerel,
as well as the sea-trout. Among the pan fishes none can be better than the white
perch, ( Bodianus pallidum, of Smith,) or the sun perch, (Labre aurite? of Lace-
pede.) Another much esteemed pan fish has received the trivial name of crocus
ptirch. The more common kinds are the yellow perch, (Percaflavescens, of Cuv.
et Val.) the pike, (Esoxreticulatus, of Lesueur,) the catfish, (Silurus catus,) the
shad, (Clupea alosa,) herring, (C. harengus,) alewives, ( C. fasciata? Les.) and
the eel. The lamprey is also occasionally offered, but from some unaccountable
prejudice, is by most persons rejected. The Ichthyology of tlie Chesapeake bay
is so far, however, but little known.

OF MARYLAND. 27

north-east to south-west; a further actual examination of the
topography of their banks will indicate a gradual depression in
its whole mass from north to south, so that the traveller in this
direction moves down a gently inclined plane. In the upper
portions of the Shore, south of the Elk, the river banks are
high, the country about them irregular, sometimes hilly, more
especially towards the heads of the streams, whilst the inter-
vening space between these presents an almost unbroken level.
North of the Choptank there are no marshes of any extent ;
but in the sinuosities of this river, at the salient points of
both shores, marshes extending over from ten to a hundred
acres occur, that now afford good, though not always very safe,
pastures, being in some places quite miry. It has been sug-
gested elsewhere that they might be effectually reclaimed by
cutting tliem loose from the main land, allowing them thus to
be drained in all directions.* Similar marshes exist on the
Nanticoke, and where the tide- waters become fresh they have
recently been resorted to as rice lands, it is said with entire
success.

Another interesting feature in the physical geography of the
Eastern Shore of Maryland presents itself in those portions
forming the southern part of Dorchester and western side of
Somerset counties. The rivers here, of which the principal
are the Blackwater, Transquacking, Nanticoke, Wicomico and
Manokin, have their mouths converging into one large estuary,
called Tangier's sound, which is separated from the bay by a
succession of almost continuous low marshy islands. A great
portion of the necks between these rivers consists also of exten-
sive salt marshes, with here and there only some more ele-
vated spots of dry land. From the present condition of this
estuary it is easy to foresee that it will before no very great
length of time be completely filled up with the slime that is
carried down by the rivers, the sluggishness of whose course
allows it to be quietly deposited, whilst tlie barrier of islands
previously alluded to prevents its wider diffusion through the
waters of the ChesapcalvC. The commencement of this pro-
cess of filling up already shows itself in what is termed
Fishing bay, where an immense and daily increasing accu-
mulation of mud has within the last fifty years rendered it

* Report on the new map of Maryland, 1835.

28 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

necessary to diminish the draft of the vessels that navigate
these rivers. A like operation is going on at the mouth of
the Poconioke.

That part of Maryland which lies on the Atlantic ocean also
presents some interesting features in its physical geography. It
embraces the eastern side of the lowest Eastern Shore county,
(Worcester,) the main land of which is separated and protected
from the surf, by a sandy beach, at present, extending unbroken
the whole length of the Maryland sea-coast. The intervening
sheet of water is known as the Sinepuxent sound: it is a shal-
low sea, interspersed with broken marshes, the free navigation
of which is further interrupted by reefs of oyster rocks. Here
also the process of filling up is gradually going on, the more
rapidly since the inlets of the ocean into it have become ob-
structed, a circumstance which by altering the condition of its
waters has brought about the destmction of vast quantities of
oysters and clams that formerly constituted an important
lesource to the inhabitants of its shores. Until lately the
sandy beach just referred to consisted of a series of islands,
some of which were tolerably well wooded, as those on the
Virginia coast now are, they were then inhabited by a race
of horses called Beach ponies, supposed by some to be a
distinct race, but are most probably degenerated individuals
of the ordinary domestic races that, having crossed the sound
and taken shelter on these islands, stinted in their food and
exposed to the inclem.ency of the weather, have lost the cha-
racters of their breed. They are remarkable for their small
size, which is that of the Shetland horse, not generally well
formed, are mostly hog-backed, and have a short body with a
thick neck and thin legs ; some have been seen however, well
proportioned, witli a graceful appearance and spirited gait. They
are all remarkably hardy. Only a few of these Beach ponies
remain on the Virginia islands, having been not many years
back almost totally destroyed by an inroad of the ocean, to
which these tracts of land are naturally exposed.

It has already been stated that the Eastern Shore consists
principally of sandy hills and extensive plains of stiff clay.
The soil which overlies these deposites of sand and clay
necessarily partakes of the nature of the substratum ; being
occasionally a sandy or a clayey loam, the former when pro-

or MARYLAND. 29

perly cultivated yielding good crops of corn, rye and oats,
whilst the latter is more congenial to the growth of wheat.
The original growth npon the stiif clay bottoms appears to
have been the white oak (Quercus alba,) which having been
removed is replaced by pines, (Pitnis strobus et variabilis,)
with an undergrowth of holly {Ilex opaca,) sweet gum,
{Liquidambar styracijiua,) and in some places with a great
profusion of the sweet-briar, (Rosa rubiginosa.) Where the
original characters of the soil have not been entirely destroyed,
the timber consists principally of magnificent oaks, (Q. phel-
los, nigra, iinctoria, t5^c.) maple, {Acer rwi/'wrn,) beech, {Fagus
ferrugviea,) sweet gum, American poplar, {Liriodendron tuli-
pifera,) and dog- wood, {Cornus Florida.) In low swampy
situations the alder, {Alnus serrulata,) is associated with the
Kalmia, the fringe tree, {Chionanthus Virginica,) the Cepha-
la?ithus and the magnolia, {M. glaitca,) which throws a
delightful fragrance through the air. On approaching the
Pocomoke, the Cypress makes lis appearance, of which there
are two species, an evergreen Cupressus thyoides, and one
deciduous Cupressus disticha. The river in fact, takes its
rise in an extensive swamp, situated partly in Maryland and
partly in Delaware, called the Cypress swamp from the pro-
fuse growth amidst it of this valuable timber. Its eastern
side, which is more swampy, is also covered by a heavy
growth of oak and cypress, and when cleared and drained, pre-
sents a stiff clay soil, that invariably throws up young shoots
of papaw {Porcelia ti'iloba) and persimmon, {Diospyros Virgi-
niana). The soil of the Eastern Shore of Maryland has also
been found very congenial to the growth of the mulberry, both
white and red, {Morus alba et rubra,) the latter being a native
of the state; but neither the Sylva nor Flora of this section of
country have been fully studied. The latter is said very much
to resemble that of South Carolina.

The resources derived from the waters by the inhabitants of
these lower counties are very considerable. They supply them
with a largo quantity of oysters, and what are here called
man-o-noses, {Mya inerceiiaria,) the former of which are
regularly seeded, or planted, or set, as it is variously termed,
being brought from other parts of the Chesapeake bay, where
they are small and fresh, and thrown into coves at the mouths

30 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

of the Nanticoke, Wicomico and Manokin, in which places
they are found to acquire both size and flavour. Thence they
are boated to Baltimore, but principally shipped to the northern
ports, occupying in this way during the winter season a nume-
rous fleet of small coasting vessels. On the verge of the great
salt water marshes of Somerset county die same thing is done
with the clams (Venus mercenaria^) that are brought from
within the capes of Virginia, and the fishing of these together
with the dredging for terrapins {Emys centrata of Say,) gives
employment to a numerous class of hardy fishermen and boat-
men. The terrapins are also frequently parked ; that is, a
square ditch being dug out so as to admit of the flow and ebb
of the tide, is then planked round at an elevation of three to
four feet ; into this the reptile as he is caught throughout the
summer is thrown and fattened upon clams, crabs, or other
food. Several thousands are thus assembled together in a pen
and throughout the winter disposed of at greatly advanced
prices. The extensive marshes that occur here, also supply a
quantity of eggs, deposited by the numerous kinds of sea-birds,
whilst the muskrat {Ondatra zibethicus) and otter {Lutra
Canadensis) that frequent them are keenly hunted for their
skins.

The topography of the Western Shore of the Chesapeake
bay, even when confined to those portions of it upon the tide
water, differs materially from that of the country which has
just been the subject of description. In reviewing it, it will be
most convenient to have regard to a striking natural division
produced by the course of the Patuxent, which separates the
iower Western Shore counties into two distinct peninsulas ; the
lower one lying between the Potomac and Patuxent, embracing
the counties of Piince George's, Charles and St. Mary's; the
upper bounded by the latter river, the Chesapeake bay, and
the Patapsco, comprising Ann Arundel and Calvert counties.
The Potomac side of the former division, commencing at the
north-east branch, exhibits a succession of abrupt hills, crowned
by plateaus of variable extent and sloping gently towards the
south-east. On the table land the soil is principally in an
exhausted condition, the effects of a bad system of husbandry
anciently pursued, and of the continual washings to which it is
subjected. The upper portions of the country are gravelly, this

or MARYLAND.

31

character being more marked on the slopes of the hills and
towards the river than lower down the peninsula, or inland,
where tlie soil is chiefly a sandy loam. In the beds of the
branches, an alluvial soil formed by the washings from the
hills is found better constituted, though principally also of a
very light character. When these ravines acquire more extent,
as they are observed to do from the Piscatawa to the Wicomico,
so as to present long and broad valleys, a corresponding im-
provement in the soil is discovered. This is the case with the
valley of the Piscatawa, a part of Mattawoman swamp, Port-
Tobacco bottom, and portions of Allen's fresh. But the best
lands occur on the levels along the Potomac, where the soil
is formed by the washings from the elevated country which
bounds them to the north and east. Some of these flats are of
considerable extent, increasing in this respect from north to
south, and are covered by sandy or clayey loams, or occasion-
ally stiff" clays, that yield good crops of wheat, corn, and
tobacco. When wooded the timber consists on these levels
principally of oaks, with several species of walnut and hickory,
{Juglans nigj^a ei cinerea and Carija alba et comprcssa;) and
along the river shores the sycamore, (Pla tonus occide7)ialis,) on
the uplands the pines, {Piruis inops,) and the red cedar, {Jimipe-
rus Virgifiianiis,) predominate, though occasionally large tracts
of woodland occur, here also, covered with the usual forest trees.
At the extremity of the peninsula the country is low, with a
sandy soil, but it does not terminate as on the opposite shore of
the bay in an extensive marshy surface. On the Patuxent side,
where the ridge-land acquires its greatest elevation inclining
gradually towards the south, the country is very irregular and
broken, being a succession of short hills separated by narrow
and deep ravines, and spurring towards the river, which they
sometimes reach, they form banks of from ten to thirty feet in
elevation, though they more generally terminate at a quarter
or half a mile from it, leaving an interposed level. This
description belongs more particularly to the Patuxent side of
St. Mary's county ; for, on ascending the peninsula the coun-
try still hilly, more elevated and more broken, presents on the
borders of the river in its numerous bends, extensive marshes,
the retreat of the snapiiing turtle (Chclonitr a serpent itia of Say,)
and of the otter and nniskrat.

32 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The soil on the ridge varies from sandy to clayey-j some-
times unmixed, whilst the hills and valleys between it and
the river are composed alternately of sand and gravel, white
and ferruginous clays, forming a soil varying from sandy and.
clayey, to sandy and clayey loam, which, according to circum-
stances, is very productive in corn, tobacco and oats. The
river flats are generally a stiff clay. There is, however, a
very perceptible improvement in the natural condition of the
soil after reaching the western branch of the river, between
which and the north-east branch of the Potomac lie the famed
forest lands of Prince George's. These are variable mixtures
of sand and clay that are found to be most readily enriched
by the use of clover and plaster, and yield abundant crops of
a bright leaf tobacco : they produce abundantly too in corn,
(^Zea mays) and could be made, by the addition of lime or
calcareous matter, excellent wheat lands. The soil appears
to be peculiarly favourable to the growth of the locust (Robi-
nia pseudacacia;) it also allows of the partial cultivation of
the cotton plant {Gossypium herbaceuin).

Formerly the native forests that covered this peninsula,
were inhabited by the deer (Cervus Virginianus ;) but they
have been nearly, if not entirely destroyed ; so that the lover of
field sports is now restricted to chase the American hare
{Lepus Americativis ;) or to the more rustic amusement of dis-
lodging either a raccoon, {Procyon lotor ;) or an opossum,
{Didelphis Virginianus). The brakes and stubble still furnish,
however, to the sportsman smaller game from the feathered
tribe, of which the most esteemed is the partridge {Perdix
Virginiana). The ortolan {Emberiza orizivora) is also shot, at
certain seasons of the year, in the neighbourhood of the Mount
Pleasant ferry and of Queen Ann ; whilst on the setting in of
the winter the mouths of the creeks that make in from the
Potomac and Patuxent, and the waters of these rivers are
covered with large flocks of wild ducks and geese (Ansei'
hyperboreus). The fisheries on the Potomac side likewise
furnish a great resource to the inhabitants of this peninsula.

The second division mentioned above, possesses, as would
naturally be expected, many characters of resemblance with
the one that has just been described. Commencing at its lowest
extremity it presents on the bay side perpendicular clifl"s from

OF MARYLAND. 33

fifty to one hundred feet high, exposed at first to the south-east
and then forming an ahnost uninterrupted mural escarpment
thirty miles in length, disposed in a curve of great radius
to the north east, constituting the bay side of Calvert county,
from which the country inclines to the south-west towards
the Patuxent. In this direction the country is hilly, pos-
sesses a kind soil, is easily improved, and affords good tobacco
and oat lands, whilst the stiffer portions yield tolerable wheat
crops. This good soil rarely extends, however, beyond one
mile from the bay side, after which it becomes very sandy and
sour, throwing up a thick growth of pine. On the richer
bottoms, there is an abundant growth of oaks, hickory, to-
gether with the white and yellow ash. At the extremity of
the peninsula, the soil is a stiff clay, especially on the bay
side, and in its present condition is valuable for little more than
its timber, which is principally pine. On the Patuxent side,
however, there are levels extending from the highlands, pos-
sessed of a clayey soil susceptible of the highest degree of
improvement. In the central portions, the country is hilly,
with mostly a light sandy soil, though occasionally clayey,
generally well adapted to the growth of tobacco, oats and rye,
and when wooded the prevailing trees are oaks, chestnuts
{^Castanea vesca,) pines, and some magnificent specimens of
the American poplar. The soil in this, as well as nearly all
the tide- water country, produces the red and white beet (Beta
vulgaris et cicla) abundantly and of remarkable sweetness.
The same characters of soil and configuration of country
belong to the lowest portions of Anne Arundel county, with
this exception, that the highlands do not reach the bay, but
terminate abruptly in an extensive tract of low, level, clay
lands, denominated, probably by contradistinction, the swamp.
What in Anne Arundel county is locally styled the West
river district, offers a considerable body of excellent tobacco
and corn lands, that have been greatly improved by the use of
clover and plaster, and in their present condition form some
of the most valuable plantations in the state. The soil varies
from a sandy to a clayey-loam, in some places very ferrugi-
nous, it likewise produces abundant crops of oats, and with
the addition of lime woidd yield plentiful returns of wheat.
5

34 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

A soil of the same description extends to the head of Soutb
river. The neck of land upon which Annapolis is situated,
lying between the latter river and the Severn, is mostly sandy^
in some places a highly ferruginous sand : it is principally occu-
pied by pines, the dog-wood and the sumach {Rhus coriaria);
but it is found very susceptible to improvement, is remarkably
favourable to the culture of the water-melon (Cucurhita citi^ul-
lus,) cantelope {Cucumis melo) and to the other plants of the
same family. Several varieties of peaches, pears, cherries and
plumbs are raised in abundance and with success, whilst the
precarious apricot {Pi'unus Armeniaca) occasionally attains to
a healthy maturity. The vine ( Vitis vinifera) also seems to
be cultivated here with more success than in other portions of
the state, whilst the native fox grape, ( Vitis vuljpina) and plum-
grape ( V. labruscd) thrive vigorously every where. Near the
head of the Severn, the Scotch broom {Epartium scopariwn)
has been introduced and is spreading wide and fast, to the
annoyance of the farmer, although it is generally considered
a useful plant in the agriculture of Europe. Broad-necky
between the Severn and the Magothy, the Bodkin- neck, as
well as those that border on the Patapsco, are covered by a
light soil, which in consequence of some peculiarities, per-
haps in its exposure, seems to be more congenial to tshe
growth of the peach tree; the finest kinds of this delicious
fruit that are brought to the Baltimore market, being from this-
quarter. In the upper parts of these necks, the soil is ex-
tremely sandy, mostly covered with pines. This is also the
legion of the chestnut and chinquepin {Castanea pumila,)
after leaving which, and crossing a gravelly ridge, the Patapsco
is reached.

The upper portions of Anne Arundel county will be referred
to in another place ; but before leaving the lower Western
Shore counties, it may be well to mention some of the wild
animals that are known stilt to inhabit them. It has already
been said that the American hare, the raccoon and the opos-
sum are frequently met with ; the gray and red fox (Canis
Vii'ginimius et fulvus) are also very numerous. There are
four species of squirrel found — the gray squirrel (Sciurus
cinereus) the brown squirrel {Sciurus capistratus? of Bosc,) the
flying squirrel {Pteromys volucella of Desniarest,) and the

OF MARYLAND. 35

ground squirrel (Scha'us striatus,) which together with proba-
bly two or three species of weasels (Mustelos,) and the polecat
(Mephitis Americana) are the principal wild quadrupeds that
frequent our woods at present.

The next division of the tide- water country will embrace
the lower parts of Baltimore and Harford comities, of which
it forms, however, but a very small portion. That portion of
it lying between the main branch of the Patapsco, and the
one upon which Baltimore is located, consists of clay and
sand hills covered in many places with a tliick coat of gravel;
its soil is very indifferent; and as the best timber which it
originally bore has been long since removed, it is now covered
by stinted oaks (Q. chinquaphi ct Q. elicifolia) red maple,
chestnut, chinquapin and cedar ; the red ochrey clay that
occurs in tliis region being apparently very favourable to the
growth of the last mentioned tree. It is remarked of it that in a
narrow belt of land extending in a north-east and south-west
direction through the state, it presents great symmetry in its
form, being that of a double cone applied base to base, with
the upper cone elongated and perfect; but when removed from
this belt its branches soon become irregular and straggling.
The smaller growths that occur in this division are the whor-
tle berry ( Vacciniuni duiiiosum et frondosum) several species of
Riibus — the blackberry, dewberry and others, the calico-bush
{Kalmia latifolia) the sheep laurel (/v. angustifolia) the wild
honeysuckle {Asalea nudijlora) and along the river shores the
sweet-scented clethra (C. ahiifoUa).

Baltimore situated on the upper limits of the great Adantic
arenaceous and argillaceous deposites resting upon the chain
of primary rocks, offers in its vicinity, soils, which in connec-
tion with their geographical position under the same parallel
as the most southern parts of Europe, permit the cultivation
of perhaps a greater variety of esculent plants and fruits than
are met with in the neighbourhood of any of the other large
cities of the union. Besides the ordinary vegetables and
roots that are found every where, with which the Baltimore
market is amply supplied, there have been introduced a variety
of exotics from warmer climates, that are now ranked among
the most wholesome and grateful of the summer vegetables.
The principal of these are the okra of the West Indies {Hibis-

36 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

cus esculefitus,) tlie tomato {Solammi Lycojjersicuni) the egg-
plant {S. inelongena) and the salsafy, sometimes called oyster
plant from its peculiar flavour when fried, not unlike that of
fried oysters, it is the Tragopagon porrifolhis of botanists.
It has been found also that the fig-tree (Ficus carica) can with
proper attention be made to thrive and bear abundantly; and
the grape in its numerous varieties is cultivated in the city
and around it with complete success.

In the upper parts of the necks that form the lower portions
of Baltimore county, the soil is gravelly and sandy, and its
best timber is principally replaced by chestnut; but midway
between the heads of the creeks and the river shore, there is a
zone of rich land covered by a fine growth of oaks, hickory
and the American elm (Ulmus Amej^icana,) after which the
necks terminate either in a light sandy soil occasionally
shaded by pines, or in stiff clays that furnish good wheat
lands. The same characters belong to the necks of Harford
county, with this exception that the clayey levels are over-
grown with large white oaks.

' The rivers that form these necks are principally near their
mouth, and the littoral waters of the Chesapeake bay in this
direction, produce aquatic plants that seem peculiarly grateful
to the wild ducks. It is here accordingly that this wild fowl
assembles at the approach of winter, in numerous flocks,
comprising several species, among which the most esteemed
for the delicacy of their flesh, is the canvass-back duck (Fuli-
gula Valisneria) mid the led-headed duck, (Fuligula fe?'i?ia.)
The former has received its specific name from the supposi-
tion that it feeds entirely upon the Valisneria Americana, but
those who are well acquainted with the habits of the bird,
have satisfied themselves that although it certainly prefers this
kind of food, it freely partakes of others ; its principal advan-
tage lying in its superior strength, which enables it to dive
deeper and to feed upon the more tender parts of the various
plants that it succeeds in bringing up from beneath the waters;
whilst its less active associates are contented to feed upon
what it rejects, compelled even sometimes to have recourse to
fish and muscles that entirely destroy their flavour.

The preceding account embraces the physical geography
of the tide water coiuitry, comprising about two thirds of the

OF MARYLAND. 37

whole territory of Maryland. It will have been perceived
that its soil chiefly composed of sand and clay, is evidently
one of transportation, and although very variable accord-
ing to localities, possesses, considered as a whole, great
uniformity of character. It presents on the other hand, a
striking difference when compared with that of the division
of country next to be considered. The portion of Maryland
included within this division embraces the upper part of Cecil
county on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake bay, nearly
the whole of Harford and Baltimore counties, the upper part
of Anne Arundel and most of Montgomery county, on the
Western Shore. It comprises a low chain of hills having a
north-east and south-west direction, with short spurs to the
south-east that present rounded summits, and between which
the drainage of the country is effected; all the rivers and
water courses in this portion of the state running north-west
and south-east. The bed of the rivers is usually at the bot-
tom of a narrow and deep ravine, with steep sides that afford
but very small tracts of alluvial soil on their margin. Althouo-h
the entire mass of hills rises towards the north-west, attaining
an elevation not exceeding nine hundred feet above mid-tide,
its summit rarely presents any distinct ridge, but rather forms
an elevated plateau, intersected, in the direction already
assigned to the water-courses, by deep trenches. It affects
the appearance of a ridge on its lateral limits, or, in other
words, it is itself a broad ridge, from twenty to thirty miles in
breadth. The soils that occur upon it have been produced by
the disintegration and decomposition of the subjacent rocks,
and consequently vary according to the nature of these.
Generally speaking the best soil is superincumbent upon
limestone ; this usually consisting of a dark mould very fa-
vourable to the growth of wheat. An excellent wheat soil is
also produced by the decomposition of hornblende rocks,
forming what in some parts of Baltimore and Harford coun-
ties are termed the red lands. The coarser granitic aggre-
gates likewise form a tolerable soil, which readily improves by
tillage and by the use of plaster and clover, but more espe-
cially by the application of lime. On the other hand the
disintegration of the magnesian rocks seems to be totally
unfavourable to vegetation.

38 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The agricultural resources of this portion of the state are
abundant; and the various schemes of internal communica-
tion that are being carried on by opening new avenues, fur-
nish additional facilities to its further improvement, as well as
to the more extensive distribution of its produce. Besides
the ordinary grain and root crops, as the country is well
watered, and that there are many advantageous situations for
the formation of artificial meadows, numerous favourable
positions are atforded for the creation of dairies and grazing
farms, whilst their proximity to a populous city renders every
product of rural industry upon them available. All the spe-
cies of European fruit bearing trees may here be cultivated ;
but the apple especially, which seems calculated for almost
every soil, climate or situation that this state affords, yielding
numerous varieties, some of which are highly flavoured and
much esteemed as dessert fruits, others are solely employed
for making cider. The fruit of the persimmon or American
date {Diosp'i/7'os Virginiana) is used for making a species of
beer ; and the domestic wine obtained from the currant has
not unfrequently been passed off even upon professed coimois-
seurs as tolerable Madeira. Among the forest trees that bear
edible nuts are the walnut, shell-bark hickory, the chestnut
and the chinquapin that bears a small, but sweet and agree-
able fruit. The flowering trees and shrubs, some of which
have already been mentioned, are the American poplar, with
its large tulip-shaped blossom, the Caialpa cordifolia with its
showy white flowers, the early blooming Cornus Jiorida^ the
Ccrcis canadensis whose red blossoms attached to the branches
have an agreeable pungency, are eaten in salads, and may be
made into delightful pickles, the Chionanthus Yirginica^ or Vir-
ginia snow-flower, most commonly known as the fringe tree,
from its pendulous branches of white flowers, the Gleditziatri-
acanthus or honey locust, several species of the Cratmgus or
hawthorn, and the Kalmia latifolia^ or calico-bush, the noxious
qualities of which lessen the esteem claimed by its beauty.
These adorn the Maryland woods in the spring, enlivened
moreover by the varied notes of the mocking-bird {Turdus
polyglottus) ; whilst the different hues assumed by the fading
leaves of the larger forest trees, the deep scarlet of the gum
{Nyssa villosa) contrasting with the bright yellow of the chest-

OF MARYLAND. » 39

nut, and the blended shades of the evergreens, contribute to
impart to them in the fall of the year renewed beauties of a
peculiar character.

Frederick county which presents another natural division of
the state, is, as now represented upon the maps, traversed lon-
gitudinally by the Monocacy, that separates it into two nearly
equal portions, one to the east and the other to the west.
The most important tributary streams to this river are on its
eastern side. Bennet's creek which is nearest its debouche
into the Potomac runs by the foot of the Sugarloaf, an isolated
saddle-shaped mountain, the first spur from the mass of
mountainous country shortly to be reached. The other creeks
that water the country in this direction are Bush creek, the
Linganore, and the more important twin branches of Pipe
creek, flowing through a limestone region that comprises some
of the best lands in the state. But the more improved por-
tions of the Frederick-town valley, are on the western side of
the Monocacy, where the soil produced by the decomposition
of limestone and a red shale, is found to be very productive in
corn and wheat. It extends to the foot of the Catoctin moun-
tain, the first chain of importance that presents itself, being a
spur of the more elevated ridge known as the South moun-
tain, though more commonly called the Blue-ridge. The
direction of this first chain is nearly north and south : it is
well wooded, its principal timber consisting of oaks, with
some sugar maple (Acer sacchariimm) and a few hemlock
pines {Abies Canadensis.) It oflers to sportsmen a wide,
though rugged field of amusement in the exciting chase of
the fox, during which it has happened that a mountain cat
(Felis montana of Desmarest) has been dislodged. This ani-
mal is very rarely met with at present, having been together
with the panther so called {Felis concolor,) and other wild
beasts, either destroyed or driven to more remote retreats. A
straggling hetxr {Ursus Ai?iericaniis) now and then, however,
makes his appearance.

The valley of Middletown, situated at the fork of the
Catoctin and South mountains, rivals in the beauty of its
position, as well as in the value of its agricultural resources
that of Frederick-town. It is traversed nearly in its whole
length by the Catoctin creek, which receives one or two

40 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

smaller streams near its head. The soil of this valley, formed
of decomposed slates and shales, is easily cultivated, yielding
plentifully of corn, wheat and oats, that have now a ready issue
to a market through the canal or by the rail-road.

The eastern flank of the South mountain is cultivated a
considerable distance up; its soil nearly of the same charac-
ter as that of the valley, producing heavily of rye and oats.
Its timber in the lower regions is principally oak, birch {Betula
excelsa et nigra) and beach (Pagus ferruginea). This is the
retreat of numerous coveys of the pheasant ( Tetrao umbellus,)
large gangs of the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo), and at
certain seasons of the year the trees are literally covered with
flocks of wild pigeons (Columba migratorid). In the upper
regions the pines predominate.

Between the South and North mountains, lies the valley of
Hagerstown, principally based upon limestone, and possessing
a most fertile soil, the cultivation of which is, however, in
some measure inconvenienced by the protrusion of the rocky
masses that impede the operations of the plough. Corn,
wheat, oats, rye, clover {Trifolium pratense) and flax, {Linum
usilatissimum) grow here luxuriantly, and all the cultivated
fields have groves of locust {Robinia pseudacacia ;) the growth
of this valuable tree being judiciously fostered by the indus-
trious and intelligent farmers of this portion of Maryland.
The valley is traversed midway and nearly through its whole
length by the Antietam, between which and the South moun-
tain there lies a minor ridge of mountains, called the Elk, on
the south-eastern limits of Washington county. Pleasant
valley, a beautiful and highly improved tract of land with a
limestone soil, lies in this direction. At the foot of the North
mountain, and still in the valley of Hagerstown, flows the.
Conococheague.

After crossing the North mountain the territory of Maryland
is narrowed down to an inconsiderable space on the flanks of
lateral spurs that slope abruptly towards the Potomac, on the
margin of which there are still some rich alluvial bottoms,
though they have been much interfered with by the excava-
tions made for the Chesapeake and Ohio canal. Beyond
Hancock, the country becomes very hilly and rugged, being a
series of approximate ridges, with numerous transverse spurs^

OF MARYLAND. 4l

and intervening- Jeep and narrow valleys. This is the region
of the pine, fir and larch families {Firms, Abies et Larix\) the
mountain tops being covered with pines, whilst their flanks,
and the ravines along the water-courses, produce the fir, larch
and the cypress associated with the oak, birch and beech.
Among the flowering shrubs is the magnificent rhododendron
(jR. niaximuni) contrasting its splendid white roses, with the
pink of the fantastical kalmia. The more extended valleys
possess a good soil, are abundantly supplied with springs of
delicious water, some chalybeate, others sulpiiurous, and offer
pleasant retreats during the heats of summer. The establish-
ment on the Flintstone, twelve miles east of Cumberland
furnishes a delightful resting place.

Cumberland, which is one hundred and thirty-six miles from
the city of Baltimore, is situated at the confluence of Wills's
creek and the Potomac. It is destined to become, so soon as
the canal shall have reached it, the most important inland
town of the Union, east of the Alleghany mountains; for here
will be not only the depot of the great coal fields in its vicinity,
but that of the immense products from the iron works that will
ere long be established amidst them, as well as the transient
depot of a great amount of western produce, on its Avay to the
sea-board. Whatever success may attend the contemplated
project of connecting the tide- waters of the Chesapeake with
the Ohio by means of a continuous rail-way, it is certain, that
so soon as the two stupendous works previously mentioned,
worthy of the entire patronage of an enlightened government,
shall have been completed as far as Cumberland, a decisive
epoch in the prosperity, of these remote portions at least, of
Maryland will have commenced. At present the judicious
location by the United States engineers of the National road
through the gorge of Wills's mountain, following the bed of
Braddock's run, affords a natural and easy egress from the
head waters of the eastern streams to those that empty into the
great valley of the Mississippi : for from its source to Cum-
berland, the Potomac no longer forces its way through the
ridges, but runs along their bases ; its direction being south-
west and north-east. The few breaks that now occur in the
mountain masses afford issues, to inconsiderable streams, or
rather are the beds of torrents, by which this upland country is
6

42 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

drained. Alter crossing the Great Back Bone mountain, the
south-west termination of which forms the extreme Jimit of
the state in the same direction, the streams liave a directly-
opposite course, emptying into the Youghagany, which
through Maryland, runs nearly due south.

Besides the vast mineral wealth possessed by this portion of
the state — to be more particularly alluded to presently — its
agricultural resources are abundant, and need only the induce-
ment which an increased population will soon afford to bring
them into full operation. Whenever the soil is cultivated it is
found to produce kindly in rye, buckwheat {Polygoriiutnfago-
pyruni) and oats, the latter very heavy and highly esteemed.
On the new lands tobacco is raised with success, and its quality
represented as superior, being of the bright leaf kind that always
commands a high price. The more mountainous districts^
present broad valleys that bear the evidences of having been
the beds of extensive lakes now dried up or drained, the waters
of which have left behind them deep deposites of a clayey
loam. These beautiful tracts of country have received the
name of Glades. From their elevated position and their con-
stantly moist condition, they form very productive meadows
and the most luxuriant pastures. Nothing in this way can
surpass the beauty of these glades during the flowering season,
Avhen they are covered with numerous showy plants ; the
golden lily (Lilium Canadense^) and the Lobelia cardinalis,
blending their rich hues, with the lively colours of several
species of Phlox and Aster. The forests afford also a great
many species of the most valuable kinds of timber — the white
and black oaks, beech, white and black walnuts, the mag-
nolia {M. accummata,) called here the cucumber tree, over-
shadowing a luxuriant growth of large herbs, as the Collinso-
?iia Canadensis, (Enothera grandijlora, several species of
Monarda, Helianthiis and Rudhoekia. This is likewise the
region of the sugar maple, {Acer sacchariuum,) annually
tapped in the spring for its saccharine juice, which when con-
centrated yields a wholesome sugar.

The abundant pasturages afforded by the glades, and other
parts of Allegany county, render them peculiarly well suited
to grazing and dairy farms ; the glades-hutter being already
celebrated for the delicacy of its flavour. Some farmers also

OF MARYLAND. 43

possess numerous flocks of sheep, that find in these mountahi
pastures plants that impart a peculiar savouiiness to their flesh,
the mountain- mutto7i being equally in high repute. The deer,
although disappearing fast, is still an iiihabitaut of these moun-
tains, and togetlier with the hare, the wild turkey and phea-
sant, that here abound, furnish ample and profitable occupa-
tion to the huntsman. Notwithstanding all that is narrated of
panthers and bears, it is believed tiiat they seldom make tlieir
appearance, the most dangerous foe likely to be encountered
being the rattle-snake, (Croialus horridus,) or other venomous
reptiles of the same kind. The clear and cool streams that
water the glades, finally, furnisli a delicious trout (Sal/no
fario,) whilst the more considerable branches supply a species
of large eel which is much esteemed.

Having thus furnished an account of the great outlines in
the physical geography of the state, it will be necessary now
to indicate its prominent geological features, from its western
limits to the sea-board.

The most important feature in the geology of Allegany
county is derived from the occurrence within its limits of two
extensive coal measures, embracing considerable deposites of
iron-ore. The first, believed to be the larger of the two, but
the more remote, occupies the basin of the Youghagany, lying
between the Briery mountains and the Winding ridge at the
north- west corner of the state. The largest bed of coal in this
district, which has been so far oidy partially examined, is said
to measure twenty feet in thickness, and to be of excellent
quahty. Smaller beds associated with argillaceous iron-ore
were found much mixed with shale containing iron pyrites.
On the western slope of Winding ridge there occurs an exten-
sive deposile of clay, embracing nodules of argillaceous iron-
ore, resting upon sandstone and covered by a stratum of
calcareous marl. This deposite also contains nodules of a
mineral substance, consisting of lime, clay and oxide of iron,
answering very nearly the description of the substance that
yields the Parker's cement of English writers. The other
accompanying strata are principally slates and shales, with
subordinate beds of limestone. And the only useful mineral
as yet known to exist in this portion of the state, besides those
just mentioned, is oxide of manganese, occurring of good
quality on Bear creek, and very ferruginous on Keyser's ridge.

44 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

The Frostburg coal field, lying between Dan and Savage
mountains, covers an area of about two hundred square miles,
and its depth is computed to be at least fifteen hundred feet.
It rests unconformably upon a red sandstone containing Pro-
ducii, its bottom rising to the north-east and laterally towards
the Savage mountain to the north-west and Dan's mountain
to tlie south-east ; so that its strata dij) transversely west from
the latter chain and east from the former. This dip is irregu-
lar, the strata being in the south-east portion of the field more
curved towards Dan, and rising gently on the side of Savage,
whilst in its north-west division, the strata run up more rapidly
towards the latter than the former mountain. The inferior
strata that are continuous most probably crop out towards
both extremities at a considerable elevation in the mountain
forming the lateral limits of the basin, where they are covered
unconformably by strata of mill-stone grit. There are four
principal beds of coal embraced within this important deposite,
of which the main one is fourteen feet thick, being composed
of an alternation in unequal proportions of two distinct varie-
ties of the combustible, the predominant variety possesses con-
siderable lustre, the other is dull, hard, and somewhat resem-
bling Cannal coal. The elevation of this bed above tide is
nearly seventeen hundred feet and one thousand and fifty
feet above Cumberland. The next important bed is called the
eight feet bed, at an elevation of eight hundred and ninety-
eight feet above Cumberland ; it yields a solid coal with a
cubic fracture, containing SO per cent, of carbon, l^he deposites
of iron-ore, associated with the coal are found principally below
this bed; they are mostly argillaceous carbonates of iron, their
specific gravity varying from 3.2 to 3.5, and contain from 30 to
40 per cent, of metal. In the upper portions of the coal-field
red and brown ha3matites occur, but not in continuous depo-
sites.

It is worthy of remark that in the whole of this coal forma-
tion, equal in extent to that which has been styled, 'the great
coal field of Northumberland and Durham,' in England, there
is no reason to suspect the occurrence of a single /«z//^, or dis-
location of the strata. Its surface is irregular, the ravines of
the water courses having penetrated into it to great depths, but
the irregularities are solely due to powerful excavating causes

OF MARYLAND. 45

acting upon its surface, that have removed perhaps more than
two-thirds of the vvliole mass, as it existed at its first deposi-
tion, without affecting the dip or inclination of the strata. The
accompanying rocks are those usually found in coal-measures;
namely, sandstone, limestone, slates and shales, containing but
few organic remains. The Focus Alleghaniensis and some
Calamitcs are seen in the sandstones, the nodules of argilla-
ceous iron-ores envelope impressions of leaves and stems of
some undetermined plants, and the limestone contains Tere-
hratulca.

No coal has been found on the east side of Dan's mountain,
the millstone grit that occurs at its summit, being replaced at
its base by limestone and red sandstone. In the valley of
Braddock's run, also, the prevailing rocks are the red sand-
stone \vith compact limestone of various colours; they contain
no organic remains, and their strata are nearly vertical. The
gap in Wills's mountain, which presents a great natural sec-
tion of the ridge from ten to twelve hundred feet wide, extend-
ing to the base of the mountain and forming an excavation of
not less than eight hundred feet in depth, exhibits the red
sandstone as forming the base of the mountain, with superim-
posed strata of a fine grained white sandstone. On the north-
western side of the gap, the strata of white sandstone are nearly
vertical, they curve over the sunmiit of the mountain, and on
its south-eastern side descend at an angle of about 30° to its
foot, where they are covered by a blue limestone.

In the vicinity of Cumberland the rocks are limestone and
slates. Some of the limestones are slightly bituminous, and
their mass is traversed by large veins of quartz, that having
offered more resistance to the disintegrating effects of water
and atmospheric agents, occasionally protrude much beyond
the rocky strata with which they are associated. They then
occasion remarkable appearances in the rocky masses of the
moutitain, that never fail to attract the attention of the i»no-
rant, who, unable to account for them, are yet very ready in
assigning to them an object. An occurrence of this kind, on
the north-west slope of Wills's mountain, has in this way
received the namxC of tiie Devil's sliding place. Between
Cumberland and Sideling hill — being a succession of ridges
and spurs from more lofty ones — the rocky strata consist of

46 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

variously coloured sandstones thrown up at all degrees of ele-
vation and dipping in every direction, witli interposed bands of
encriyiital limestone. The highest ridges are invariably capped
by white sandstone with a loose texture, in some places disin-
tegrated into a fine sand. Some of the rocks in this region
contain fossils that are said to be analogous to those of the
carboniferous limestone of the western country. The lime-
stone is here cavernous — a general character belonging to the
blue limestone west of the range of primary rocks — as is
shewn by the passage of a part of the waters of Flintstone
creek under the Warrior mountain, and their re-appearance on
the opposite side. Thermal springs, and springs charged
with sulphuretted hydrogen, together with some chalybeates,
likewise occur in this portion of the state.

The rocks in the neighbourhood of Hancock are also fossi-
liferous, containing Trilobites, Producti^ Spirifers, &c. they
present the same recurrence of limestones, sandstones, with
occasional seams of bituminous shales, and the mountain
tops are covered by a fine grained, friable, white sandstone.
Specimens of argentiferous galena have been received from
this quarter : several localities of iron ore associated with
oxide of manganese are known to occur, and in a correspond-
ing region on the Virginia side of the Potomac, anthracite has
been discovered within the last year.

The body of the North mountain seems to be composed of
slates and red sandstones, with a superincumbent deposite of
a more recent white sandstone, in which however, no fossils
are known to have been detected. In the valley between this
chain of mountains and the South, or Blue ridge, the prevail-
ing rock is the blue limestone, which is cavernous ; its strata
are higlily inclined, dipping in various and opposite directions
and do not contain any organic remains. At the confluence
of the Conococheague and Potomac, in the vicinity of Wil-
liamsport, the slate rocks appear with lines of fracture, and of
stratification so very confused, that it is impossible to ascertain
their dip and direction. Near Sharpsburg the rocks are prin-
cipally limestones, and on the road from this place to Boons-
boro' the rock assumes a variety of colours, constituting blue,
yellow, red, fine grained marbles that admit of a good polish.
In Pleasant valley, white statuary marbles of superior quality

OF MARYLAND. 47

have been quarried; but the masses are not large, the strata in
the upper portions of the formation being rather thin. It is
possible that at greater depths, tliey will present thicker and
more valuable beds. At the debouche of this valley, on the
Potomac, there is an extensive deposite of brown haamatitic
oxide of iron, wedged in, in nearly a vertical position between
layers of blue limestone. Similar ores have been found on
the west slope of the Blue-ridge.

The excavations for the canal and rail-road both at Plarper's
ferry arid at the Point of Rocks, the former being the termina-
tion of the Blue-ridge in Maryland, and the latter that of the
Catoctin mountain, shew that the mass of the South moun-
tains is composed of primary rocks. These rocks are talcose
slates and quartz rocks, with slight indications of metallic
copper; epidotic and chloritic rocks, with amygdaloids, on the
eastern slope of the Catoctin and western slope of the Blue-
ridge, that are uncovered at the north extremity of the ridge,
whence having been detached, they form large bowlders in
the fork of the two chains; serpentine rocks; and finally gra-
nular limestone, occurring near the foot of the Catoctin on
the eastern side. The tops of this mass of mountains are
covered by a white remarkably compact sandstone, with veins
of crystalized quartz, and containing native copper, pyritous
copper, specular oxide of iron, &c. It is doubtless a meta-
morphic rock of an elder secondary period; its beds are very
much shifted, and its stratification quite undeterminable. It
does not appear to contain any organic remains.

In the upper portions of Frederick-town valley the prevail-
ing rocks are the blue hmestone and red sandstone, and in the
vicinity of Mechanicksburg the limestone conglomerate, so
well known as the breccia of the capitol, consisting here of
calcareous pebbles of variable dimensions imbedded in an
indurated red shale, crops out in sundry places. East of the
Monocacy, on the branches of Pipe creek and Sam's creek,
near Liberty and New Market, variegated marbles of great
beauty are found. In the vicinity of New London, on the
Linganore, specular oxide of iron occurs, and lead has been
discovered in that of Union ville, while Woodsborough is the
centre of a limestone formation traversed by veins of sulphu-
ret of copper, that have already been worked to advantage.

48 PHYSICAL. GEOGRAPHY

The black oxide of manganese occurs in the neighbourhood
of New Market; so that this portion of the Frederick-town
valley may be styled its metalliferous region. The limestone
in which the metallic veins are principally found is conti-
guous to a series of argillites, through which large bands of
quartz rock project perpendicularly, and having more effectu-
ally resisted the progress of disintegration in the whole mass,
form low unbroken walls, sometimes of considerable extent.
These slates belong to the series of primary rocks that extend
eastward to the tide-waters.

Descending the valley, at the foot of the Catoctin there is
an extensive deposite of hasmatitic brown oxide of iron asso-
ciated with phosphate of iron, and a similar ore is found,
which was formerly abundantly raised, near the Point of
Rocks. At the Yellow springs, on the head waters of the
Tiiscarora, a deposite of black shale containing vegetable
matter, and overlaid by conformable beds of grey sandstone
were observed, which render the recurrence of bituminous
coal possible in this locality. Anthracite has certainly been
discovered on the Monocacy in. thin seams running through
the red sandstone. The capitol breccia again makes its
appearance west of Fredericktown, and continues protruding
itself in knolls, and forming the masses of a low range of
hills between the Catoctin mountain and the Monocacy, ex-
tending in a north-west and south-east direction across the
Potomac. At the foot of the south-western slope of the
Sugar-loaf mountain, quarries of coloured sandstone, and of a
beautiful white freestone, composed of grains of semi-trans-
parent quartz, cemented together by a talcose mineral, tra-
versed also by veins of crystallized quartz have been quar-
ried — the latter being the material of which the splendid
aqueduct over the Monocacy is constructed.

Entering Montgomery county in this direction, the red
sandstones occasionally of light grayish red colour, continue
to make their appearance, and are extensively quarried near
the mouth of Seneca creek, where they envelope vegetable
remains, principally Calamines, and are occasionally traversed
by very slender veins of anthracite. They are succeeded by
argillites, and within a short distance of Rockville, the serpen-
tine formation containing beds of chromiferousiron is reached,

OF MARYLAND.

49

being about the centre of a group of primary rocks, that occu-
py nearly the whole of Montgomery, the upper portions of
Anne Arundel, much the larger parts of Baltimore and Har-
ford counties, and crossing the Susquehanna a little above
Havre de Grace, form the substratum of the table land in the
upper districts of Cecil county.

The rocks belonging to this group are principally the usual
granitic aggregates of primary formations, sucli as coarse, fine
grained, and porphyroidal granites, gneiss, hornblende rocks,
sienite, limestone, micaschist, serpentine, steatite, talcslate,
clay-slate and argillites, alternating with each other and pass-
ing into each other in such a way as to render it difficult to
affix specific names to their different mixtures. They afl"ord
in themselves most valuable materials that are employed in a
variety of ways for ornamental or useful purposes, and con-
tain, moreover, deposites of metals and other minerals that
furnish large supplies to the agricultural and manufacturing
industry of the state. Among the metals imbedded in them
are the chromiferous and titaniferous iron ores ; the former
more usually called chrome ores, being extensively employed
for the production of several articles used as pigments and
dyes; whilst the latter, when worked with other iron ores,
yield a large per centage of metal. The principal localities
of the titaniferous iron ores are in the upper parts of Harford
county, those of the chrome, are more numerous; the chief
localities being in the northern part of Cecil county, in Har-
ford county near Cooptown, in Baltimore county, at the
Bare hills, seven miles from the city of Baltimore, at Soldier's
Delight, seventeen miles distant, and in Montgomery county,
near Rockville. The latter ore invariably occurs in the ser-
pentine formation, which also furnishes silicates of magnesia,
that are manufactured on a large scale into the sulphate of
that earth, known as Epsom salts. Manganese ore occurs in
Montgomery county, near Mechanicsville ; sulphuret of mo-
lybdenum, graphite, sulphurets of lead and of zinc, have also
been discovered, but to what extent has not yet been deter-
mined. Kaolin, or porcelain clay, has been discovered in many
places, produced by the decomposition of the coarse grained
granite, which is very common among the primary rocks of
Maryland ; it occurs in Cecil, Harford and Baltimore counties,
7

60 PHYSICAL GEOGRAt»Hir

It has already been stated that the direction of this primary
chain is north-east and south-west; its south-eastern flank
being covered by extensive arenaceous and argillaceous depo-
sites, referrible to the secondary and tertiary periods. On the
"Western Shore of the Chesapeake bay, the deposites belong-
ing to the secondary period are more extensive, it is believed,
than is generally admitted. Those that are contiguous to the
primary chain are composed of ferruginous sandh and clays,
enveloping masses of ferruginous sandstones, ochres, iron-
stones, nodules of carbonate of iron disposed in beds, and in
their lower portions. Lignites. They are in many places
covered by large bowlders; but more generally with coarse
gravel, which does not extend however, beyond a few miles
from the upper limits, when it disappears, leaving the sands
and clays uncovered, still very ferruginous, and after crossing
the head of the Severn much mixed with green particles.
North of this, on the banks of the Magothy, there occurs a
considerable deposite of Lignites, associated with iron pyrites
and amiber, containing nests of insects converted into amber
that appear to have been formed around the smaller twigs of
the wood from which the Lignites have been produced ; but
no other fossils have been discovered. Six miles from this
locality, south, on the banks of the Severn, there is a deposite
of micaceous black sand offering indisputable proof, in its fos-
sil contents, though in a very imperfect state of preservation,
of a secondary character ; being Exogyra, casts of Cuculloea
Mortonii, associated with Lignites and amber. Other analo-
gous formations, possessing the same mineralogical characters,
and the same geological features occur so frequently in a broad
belt of country contiguous to the more obvious tertiary depo-
sites, that although no characteristic fossils have as yet been
detected in them, owing probably to their never having been
penetrated into to a sufficient depth, it is difficult to resist the
belief that they are not of the same epoch. Thus, a micaceous
black sand covered by a continuous band of siliceous rock,
occurs twenty miles south of the deposite on the Severn, near
the Patuxent river, associated with a pure green sand ; it re-
appears under the same circumstances, except the attendant
green sand, on the opposite side of the river; it is seen in the
neighbourhood of Upper Marlborough, containing fossils, but

OF MARYLAND. 51

^0 disintegrated that they cannot be referred, and it is in the
vicinity of a fossiliferous deposite containing particles of green
sand, an abundance of Gryphoea vomer and other Gryphcea^
what appears to be the cast of an Exogyra, a zoophytic pro-
duction beUeved to be referrible to a Scyfihea, and Ostrea com-
pressirostra. It is probable, therefore, that ii belongs here as
•elsewhere to a period older than the Eocene tertiary to which
it has been hitherto referred. In the valley of the Piscataway
•a similar deposite occurs to that at Upper Marlborough, com-
prising mostly, however, among the species that can be deter-
mined Ostrea cotnpressirostra ; at Fort Washington, Mr. Con-
rad found 'a solitary valve oi Exogyi'a^""* associated with Cucul-
loea gigantea. On the banks of the Potomac, near Indian
point, there is an analogous formation, and still farther down,
between the mouth of Port Tobacco river and Pope's creek, a
mixed green sand occurs, in which are found the Gryphcea
vomer^ Ostrea co7npressirosira, Lignites, Pyrites and Seleuiie.
All these deposites ditfer materially from those that are found
inland, at the head of the water-courses, constituting what has
been elsewhere termed by way of distinction the blue-marl of
Charles county, and it is remarkable of these, that the only
fossil shell observed in them, in the superficial examinations
that have been so far made is the Venericardia plamcosta.\
The fossiliferous deposites on the Patuxent side again differ
from the preceding. They commence high up in Prince
George's county, are found at the heads of nearly all the water
courses, extending down to the extreme end of the peninsula
of which they seem to form the substratum. Similar deposites
occur in the lower portions of Anne Arundel, and form the mass

♦ Morton's Synopsis of Organic Remains, p. 19.

t In Mr. Deshaye's Tables of Fossil Shells, appended to Mr. Lyell's Principles
of Geology, fourth edition, the different species of venericardia and cardia are
assio-ned as occurring in six localities of the Pliocene jteriod, fourteen of the Mio-
cene, and ten of the Eocene. If the localities previously mentioned, namely, at
Upper Marlborough, Fort Washington, and the banks of the Potomac, in Charles
county, notwithstanding the occurrence of the Exogyra and Gryphaa vomer,
continue to be referred to the Eocene period, it is more than probable that the
blue-marls of Charles county, will have to be referred to the Miocene epoch— an
opinion originally entertained, but afterwards yielded up. It is thought prema-
ture, however, to decide upon a question in reference to which scarcely the
elements are possessed.

52 PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY

of that portion of the territory of Maryland, occupied by Cal-
vert county. The cliffs of the latter county, previously
described at page 32, present an almost continuous accumula-
tion of marine shells and exuviae, reaching to an elevation of
nearly one hundred feet above tide, and disposed apparently in
three distinct layers, though not always recurring together,
composed of the same kinds of fossils. It is impossible to
assign its extent below tide, which is doubtless very great, as
in one instance it has been dug into the depth of seventy feet
below high-water mark without penetrating through the fos-
sils. Whether the whole of this immense deposile has been
made during one or more geological periods it is difficult to
say; and to which of the tertiary epochs it mainly belongs
has not yet been satisfactorily determined. The number of
marine shells contained in it that have been so far collected
amounts to about one hundred and forty species ; but the
proportion of recent and extinct species among them, has not
yet been ascertained. The most constant attendants upon
these marine shells are the ribs and vertebras of a species of
Delphvivs^ the palatal bones of some fish, and a great number
of shark's teeth of all sizes.

In one locality, near the extreme end of the peninsula, all
the fossils have their analogues living either in the waters of
the Chesapeake bay or adjacent ocean ; whilst in two other
localities, one at the edge of the tide, on the Potomac, the
other eight feet above it, on the Patuxent, the deposites consist
exclusively of the Ostrea Virginica.

The upper portions of the great arenaceous and argillaceous
formations that have just been described in reference to their
fossil contents afford a vast supply of excellent iron-ores, prin-
cipally composed of carbonate and hydrates of iron. This is
also the locality of extensive deposites of fire proof clays, and
other aluminous earths used for the manufacture of bricks, of
which the beautiful pressed-bricks made in the vicinity of Bal-
timore are not surpassed by any in the world ; whilst the banks
of the creeks and rivers furnish the more ordinary clays that
are employed for making the various kinds of pottery. The
deposite of lignites and pyrites, already referred to as occurring
at Cape Sable, on the Magothy, furnishes the material from

OF MARYLAND. 53

which large quantities of alum and copperas are annually
manufactured for the supply of nearly the whole Union.

On the Eastern Shore, the secondary formation extends to
the Chester river, comprising the lower portions of Cecil and
nearly the whole of Kent, that portion alone of tiie latter county
forming the eastern neck, and some of the necks of level land
in this direction being excepted. The materials of this forma-
tion are a highly ferruginous sand, green sand, and micaceous
black sand, irregularly deposited, frequently intermixed, in
some places uncovered, in others overlaid by gravel, and thick
beds of erratic masses consisting principally of hornblende and
quartz rocks. The fossils that occur in the green sand are
Terebratidm and the GryphcBa vomer ; in the micaceous black
sand, there have been found the Exogyra, Ostrea falcata^
casts of Cuculloea Mortonii, fragments of ATunioniies, the tooth
of a saurian reptile, claws of a species of crab. Lignites, with
other undetermined organic bodies, and in some localities
pyrites and crystals of selenite. The tertiary deposites lie
south of the Chester river, and do not extend further than the
Choptank, inclining in the same direction ; so that in the upper
portions they are found several feet above tide, whereas, in the
lower parts, as in the necks of Talbot county, they appear but
little above the water-line. Beyond the Choptank, in Dor-
chester county, they have been reached at the depth of forty-
five feet. At the head of the north-west fork of the Nanticoke,
there occurs a fossil deposite, consisting of the Ostrea Virgi-
nica, Mytilus hamatus and Nassa obsoleta ; and in the vicinity
of Easton one composed entirely of Ostrea Virgittica, depo-
sited in the midst, as it were, of older ones containing nume-
rous species of marine shells. The upper portions of the
lowest counties are very sandy and rolling — a succession in
fact of sand-hills gently inclining to the south-west and termi-
nating in a level deposite of stiff clay — as if at one time this
part of the country had been a sea-beach, from which the
waters have receded to a considerable distance beyond the
mud-flats that formed at the same period of time, the shallow
bottom of the ocean, and extended several miles from her
shores. No fossils are known to occur in this direction, the
other interesting geological features of which, are embraced in
the account of its physical geography.

REFERENCES TO THE MAP OF MARYLAND.

1. Selbysport.

2. Westernport.

3. Frost- town.

4. Cumberland.
6. Old Town.

6. Hancock.

7. Hagerstown.

8. Williamsport.

9. Funkstown.

10. Boonsboro'.

11. Sharpsburg.

12. Barry.

13. Trap.

14. Middletown.

15. Buckeystown.

16. Fredericktown,

17. Creagerstown.

18. Mechanicstown.

19. Graceham.

20. Emittsburg.

21. Taney Town.

22. Union Town.

23. Westminster.

24. New Windsor.

25. Woodsboro'.

26. Liberty.

27. Newmarket.

28. Parrsville.

29. Barnestown.

30. Clarksburg.

31. Rockville.

32. Brookeville.

33. Triadelphia.

34. CracklinT.

35. Georgetown,

36. Washington.

37. Piscatawa.

38. Port Tobacco.

39. Hilltop.

40. Fort Washington.

41. Bladensburg.

42. Lisbon.

43. Sykesville.

44. Freedom.

45. Manchester.

46. Winbury.

47. Hereford.

48. Reisterslown.

49. Randallstown.

50. MarriottsviJle.

51. Eliicotts Mills.

52. Elkridge.

53. Savage Factory.

54. Vansville.

55. Q,. Anne.

56. U. Marlboro'.

57. Nottingham.

58. Brian Town.

59. Benedict.

60. Charlotte HaU.

61. Newport.

62. Chaptico.

63. Leonard Town.

64. Great Mills.

65. St. Leonard's.

66. Prince Frederick.

67. Huntingdon.

68. L. Marlboro'.

69. Pig-point.

70. London Town,

71. Annapolis.

72. Baltimore.

73. Govanstown.

74. Cooptown.

75. Joppa.

76. Bel Air.

77. Abingdon.

78. Bush.

79. ChurchviUe.

80. Darlington.

81. Dublin.

82. Port Deposite.

83. Havre de Grace.

84. Charlestown.

85. Cheslertown.

86. Rockhall.

87. Sharktown.

88. Church Town.
, 89. Bucktown.

90. Cambridge.

91. Trap.

92. Oxford.

93. Easton.

94. Kingston.

95. Williamsburg.

96. Wye Mills.

97. Centreville.

98. Church Hill.

99. Bridgetown.

100. Ruthsburg.

101. Hillsboro'.

102. Hunting Creek

Town.

103. New Market.

104. Middletown.

105. Vienna.

106. White Haven.

107. Kingston.

108. Princess Anne.

109. Salisbury.

110. New Town.

111. Snoivhill.

112. Newark.

113. Berlin.

114. St. Martin.

115. Q,uantico.

116. Barren Creek

Spring.
] 17. Federalsburg.

118. Denton.

119. Greensboro'.

120. M. Pleasant.
12L Bridgetown.

122. Massey's Roads.

123. Georgetown,

124. Cecilton.

125. Warwick.

126. French Town.

127. Elkton.

128. North East.

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BS

ARTl CLE III.

Catalorrue of Phcenogamous Plants and Ferns, native or
naturalized, growing in the vicinity of Baltimore, Maryland.
By William E. A. Aikin, M. D.

[Read before the Academy, March 16, 1837.]

The following catalogue is offered as the beginning of one, which, when com-"
plete, will exhibit a sketch of the Flora of Maryland. It has been compiled from
notes taken during the herborizing seasons of 1834 and 1835, in Frederick county,
and during the season of 1836, in this vicinity. In addition to my own observa-
tions. Prof. E. Geddings and Prof. J. T. Ducatel have kindly communicated
several species that had escaped my research in this neighbourhood. As it was
desirable to make the catalogue an authentic one, nothing has been introduced
that has not been seen by one of us, and consequently many omissions remain to
be supplied by future explorations. The low grounds of the Eastern Shore and the
mountain ridges of Allegany county, each rich in its peculiar vegetation, have
been scarcely examined by the botanist, and their contributions when added will,
I am persuaded, swell this catalogue to nearly twice its present length. As
there appears to be a strange discrepancy among botanical writers as to the
authorities for species, it should perhaps be mentioned that the European au-
thors quoted are those given by Kurt. Spremgel, in his sixteenth edition of the
Systema Vegetabilium Linnaei ; while for American authorities, I have followed

TOKRET.

Baltimore, March, 1837.

ABBREVIATIONS OF AUTHORS' NAMES.

Ait. Aiton.
Bar. Bartram.
Bk. L. C. Beck.
Br. Rob. Brown.
Bw. Bigelow.
Gates. Catesby.
Cav. Cavanilles.
Dec. De Candolle.
Des. Desfontaines.
Ehr. Ehrhart.
Ell. Elliott.
Gaert. Gaertner.
Gmel. Gmelin.
Hd. Hudson.
Hk. Hooker.
Hofim. Hoffman.

Jacq. Jacquin.

Lamb. Lambert.

L'H. L'Heritier.

Lind. Lindley.

Linn. Linnaeus.

Moen. Moenchausen.

Muhl. Muhlenburg.

Murr. Murray.

Mx. Michaux.

N. Nuttall.

P. Persoon.

P. de B. Palisotde Beauv.

Ph. Pursh.

Poir. Poiret.

Raf. Rafinesque.

Roem. Roemer & Schultes

S. Sir J. E. Smith.
Sal. Salisbury.
Scop. Scopoli.
Sh. Schkuhr.
Sibth. Sibthorp.
Sp. Sprengel.
Sr. Schreber.
Sw. Swartz.
Sz. Schweinitz.
Tor. Torrey.
Trin. Trinnius.
"Vent. Ventenat.
Willd. Willdenovr.
With. Withering.
Wm. Wangenheim.
.Wr. Walter.

CHARACTERS.

w. White, r. Red. h. Blue. y. Yellow, g. Green, p. Purple.
© Annual. % Biennial. % Perennial. \i Woody, i. inches, ft.
feet.

56 CATALOGUE OP

CATALOGUE.

AcALTFHA virginica, Linn. Three-seed Mercury, g. Ju. — Sept.

12 i. Road sides.
A. caroliniana, Wr. g. Ju. — Sept. with the preceding, from which it

seems to differ only in the length of the petioles and the broader

leaves. Characters too fallacious to be relied upon in this genus.

It should constitute only a variety.
Acer rubrum, Ehr, Red Maple, Soft Maple, r. Mar. ^ 20—60 ft.

Low woods.
A. dasycarpum, Ehr. White Maple, g-y. Apr. l2 50 ft. Banks of

streams.
A. saccharinum, Linn. Sugar Maple, g-y. May. Ij 50 ft. Woods.
A. nigrum, Mx. Black Maple, y-g. Ap. Ij 50 ft. Woods.
A. striatum, Mx. Striped Maple, y-g. May. Tj 15 ft. Shaded rocky

woods.
A. spicaium, Lk. Mountain Maple, y-g. May. \i 1 ft. With the

last.
AcEKATEs viridiJlora,RaL Green Milkweed, g. Ju. 2/ 18 i. Sandy

fields.
A. lanceolata, Ives. g. Ju. 2/ 18 i. Only differing from the pre-
ceding in the more lanceolate leaf, and as the leaves are extremely

variable the species is not tenable.
Achillea TOtZZe/bZiwOT, Linn. Yarrow, y-w. Ju. y. 12 i. Roadsides.
AcNiDA cannabina, Linn. Water Hemp. w-g. Ju. © 3 ft. Along

the shores of the bay.
AcoNiTUM uncinalum, Linn. Monkhood. J. J, 2; 2 ft. On the

Monocacy.
AcoRus calamus, Linn. Sweet Flag. g-y. 5. 1}. S ft. Water, root

stomachic.
AcTAEA rubra, Willd. Baneberry. w. M. % 20 i. Berries red.

Shady banks.

A. alba, B\v. Necklace weed. w. M. 2/ 20 i. Berries white, with

the last.
A. racemosa, Linn. Black Snake Root, w. Ju. 2/ 3 — 5 ft. Woods,
AcTiNOMERis squarrosa, N, Ragged Sunflower, w-y. Aug. 2/ 5 ft.

Fence corners.
Adiantum pedatum, Linn. Maiden-hair. J. 2/ 1 ft. Woods.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 57

^scuLus glabra, Willd. Little Buckeye, y-io. M. ^ 20 ft.

Cultivated.
A. hippocastanum, Linn. Horse Chesnut. y-w. r. J. ij 25 ft.

Introduced.
Agrimonia eupatoria, Linn. Agrimony, w. Ju. 21 2 ft. Dry woods.
A. parv [flora, Ait. w. Ju. IJ. 18 i. With the last which it closely

resembles.
Agropyron repens, P. de B. Couch grass. J. 2/ River banks.
Agrostemma githago, Linn. Cockle, r. J. © Cornfields.
Agrostis vulgaris, S. Red top. J. ^ 18 i.
A. aZ5a, Linn. White top, Bonnet grass. J. ^ 18 i,
A. lateriflora, Mx. Au. 11 2 ft.
A. tenuijlora, Muhl. Ju. 2^ 3 ft.
A. virginica, Linn. Aug. ^ 1 ft.
AiRA ^exMosa, Linn. Hair grass. J. ^ 18 i.
ALETRis/annosa, Linn. False Star grass, y-w. % 2 ft.
Alisjvia ^Zania^o, Linn, Water Plantain, xo. Ju. % 1 — 2 ft. In

water.
Allium canadense, Linn. Meadow Garlic, r-w. M. 1/. 18 i.

Meadows.
A. vineale, Linn. Field Garlic, r-z:?. J. 2/ 18 i. Meadows.
A. ceniMwrn, Roth. Nodding Garlic, r-w. Ju. 2/ 18 in. On the

limestone rocks along the Monocacy.
Alnus serrulata.1 Willd. Alder, r-g. Ap. Ij 15 ft. Swamps.
A. glutinosa, WiWd. Ap. Ij 10 ft. Swamps.
Alopecurus pratensis, Linn. Foxtail-grass. J. 2/ 2 ft.
A. geniculatus, Linn. Floating Foxtail-grass. Ju. 2/ 18 i. Wet

meadows.
Amaranthus aZiws, Linn. g-w. Ju. <v) is i.
A. retrqflexus, Linn. ^-w>. Au. Road sides.
A. spinosus, Linn. ^-i^. Au. © Road sides.
A. lividus, Linn. g'. Ju. Road sides.

Ambrosia trifida, Linn Tall Hogweed. g-y. Au. 4 — 8 ft.
A. elatior, Linn. Hogweed. ^-j/. Ju. (v) 1 — 3 ft. Old fields.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Mx. Creeper, g. Ju. \ Climbing.
Amphicarpa monoica, Ell. b-w. Ju. Twining. Damp thickets.
Anagallis arvensis, Linn. Scarlet Pimpernel, r. J. © 6 i.
Andromeda mariana, Linn. w. J. \i 3 — 6 ft. Open woods.
A. j9oZ(/bZta, Linn. r-w. M.. 13 18 i. Sphagnous swamps.
A. arhorea, Linn. Sorrel tree. w. J. Tj 40 ft. Eastern Shore.
A. paniculata, Ph. White Bush. w. J. }z 1 — S ft. Dry woods.
A. racemosa, Linn. w. J. ^2 2 ft. Swamps.
A. calyculata, Linn. ic. M. h 2 ft. Swamps.
8

58 fcATALOGtrE OF-

Andropogon scoparius, Mx. Broom grass. Au. IJi 3 ft. Open

woods.
A. virginicus, Linn. Bent grass. Au. m 2 ft. Old fields.
A.furcatus,Muh.\. Au. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. River banks.
A. nutans, Linn. Beard Grass. Au. 11 3 — 6 ft. Sandy fields.
Anemone virginiana, Linn. Wind Flower, g-w. Ju. 2/ 18 i.

Meadows,
A. pennsylvanica, Linn. ii>. J. ::>i 15 i. Meadows. A. aconiti-

folia, Mx.
A. dicJiotoma, Linn. wj. M. ^ 1 ft. Woods. Synonymous with

A. pennsylvanica, Linn.
A. nemorosa, var. quinquefoUa, Dec. Low Anemone, r-w. M. :^

6 i. Open woods.
A. thalictroldes, Linn. Rue Anemone, w. M. 2/ 6 — 10 i. Open

woods.
Angelica triquinata, Mx. Angelica, w. Au. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Dry

woods.
A. atropurpurea, Linn. ^-to. Aug. 2/ 3 — 6 ft. Wet meadows.
Anthemis arvensis, Linn. Wild Chamomile, w-y. J. 'S 6 — 12 i.

Old fields.
A. cotula, Linn. Mayweed, w. J. 10 i. Road sides. Tonic,

vesicatory.
Anthoxanthum odoratwn, Linn. M. 2/ 12 i. Meadows.
Antirrhinum eZaiiwe, Desf. Creeping Snapdragon, b-w. Ju. (^ 1 — 2

ft. Old fields.
A. Unaria, Linn. Toad Flax. w. 7j. Ju. 2/ 18 i. Roadsides.
A. canadense, Linn. Flax Snapdragon, b. J. 2/ 12 i.
Apios tuberosa, Ph. Ground-nut. j5. Ju. 2/ Twining. Meadows.
Afocynvm. androsaemifolium, Linn. Dog Bane. r-w. Ju. 21 2 — 3 ft.
A. cannahinum, Linn. Indian Hemp. ^-?/. J. ^ 3 ft. Open fields.
A. hypericifoUum, Linn. g-w. J. 2/ 3 ft. This and the preceding

species (if there are in reality two) have long troubled the botanist.

Their close resemblance renders it difficult to find distinctive-
specific characters.
Aquilegia canadensis, Linn. Wild Columbine, r-y. Ap. IJ. 15 i.

Rocks.
Arabis sagittata, Dec. Wall Cress, w. J. S ? 2 ft. Old fields.
A. ihaliana, Linn. Mouse-ear Cress, w. Ju. 6 — 12 i. Sandy

fields.
A. levigata, Dec. w. M. 21 1 — 2 ft. Hill sides.
A.rhomboidea,?. Spring Cress, w. M. y. 12 i. Wet woods.
A. ?yra/a, Linn. lo. Ap. I %> 10 i. Point of Rocks, Fred. Co.
A. canadensis, Linn. w. J. y. 1—2 ft. Rocky banks.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 59

Aralia spmosa, Linn. Shot Bush. y-w. Au, h 10 — 15 ft. Rocky
woods.

A. racemosa, Linn. Spikenard, tv. J. 2/ 3 ft. Shaded banks.

A. nudicaulis, hinn. Wild Sarsaparilla. iv. M. 1J. 18 i. Woods.

Arctium lappa, Linn. Burdock, r. Au. 11 Introduced.

Arenaria serpylifolia, Linn. xo. J. © 6 i. Sandy fields,

A. stricta^Mx. w. M. If. 6— 12 i. Rocky banks.

A, lateriflora, Linn. lo. J. 11 6 i. Wet meadows.

A. peploides, Linn. r-w. Ju. 21 10 in. Shores of the Chesapeake.

A. canadensis, P. r- J. © 3 — S i. Brackish meadows. Probably
synonymous with A. rubra Linn.

Argemone mexicana, Linn. Prickly Poppy, y. Ju. @ 12 i. Rocky
banks of Potomac in Fred. Co.

Ari s TiDA dic/to/oma, Mx. Beard grass. Au. 1}. 12 i. Sandy fields.

A. purpurascens, Foir. S. ^ 18 i. Sandy fields.

A. gracilis, E\\. S. 21 IS i. Approaches the A. dicAofo/raa in cha-
racters.

Aristolochia serpenlaria, Linn. p. J. 11 12 i. Rich woods.

Arnica nudicaulis, N. Leopard's Bane. y. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Sandy
woods.

Aronia arhutifolia. Ell. Red Choke Berry, w-r. M. Ij 3 — 6 ft.
Swamps.

A. hotryapium, P. June Berry, w. Ap, Ij 8^ — 30 ft. Woods.

A. melanocarpa, Tor. 70. M. \i 3 — 6 ft. Swamps.

Artemisia canadensis, Mx. Wild Wormwood, to-y. Au. ;^ 3 ft.

Arum dracontium, Linn, Green Dragon, g. J. 2/ 18 i. Low
banks of streams.

A. atrorubens. Ait. Brown Dragon. M. if Wet woods.

A. triphyllum, Linn. Indian Turnip, p-g. to. M. 11 I — 3 ft. Wet
woods.

Arundo canadensis, Mx. Reed grass. Au. If. 3 — 4 ft. Low grounds.

A. coarctata. Tor. Ju, 2/ 8 — 5 ft. With the last often in water.

AsARUM canacfense, Linn. Wild Ginger, g-p. M. if 6 — 12 i. Rich
woods. Root strongly aromatic.

Asclepias syriaca, Linn. Milkweed, w-p. Ju. if 3 — 5 ft. Road-
sides and waste lots.

A. obiusifolia, Mx. p. J. if 2 ft. Open woods.

A. phytolaccoides, Vh. w-g. Ju. If 2 — 4 ft. Shaded banks,

A. purpurascens, Linn. p. Ju. if 2 ft. Rocky woods.

A. variegata, Linn. r. r-zo. to. Ju. ;2;[ 1 — 2 ft. Open woods.

A. incarnata, Linn. r. Ju. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Banks of streams and wet
meadows.

A. quadrifolia, Jac. p-w. M. if 1 — 2 ft. Open rocky woods.

60 CATALOGUE OF

A. verticillata, Linn. Dwarf Milkweed, y-g. Ju. y_ 1 — 2 ft. Sandy
fields.

A. angustifolia, Ell. g-w. M. y. 19 in. Eastern shore.

AscYRUM hypericoides, Linn. y. Ju. S 12 i. Sandy barren fields.

A. amplexicaule, Mx. y. M. 11 Eastern shore.

A. cruxandreae, Linn. Peterswort. y. Ju. 1^ Sandy barren fields.

Asparagus officinalis^ Linn. Asparagus, y-g. J. 2/ 2 ft. River
banks.

AspiDiUM flcros/ic/ioitZes, Sw. Ju. -y, 12 — 18 i. Shady banks.

A. marginale, Sw. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Woods.

A. intermedium, Willd. Ju. 2/ 1 ft. Woods.

A. dilatatum, Sw. Ju. 2^ 1 — 2 ft. Woods.

A. hulhiferum, Sw. Ju. ;^ 18 in. Rocky banks.

A. asplenioides, Willd. Ju. 2/ 1 ft. Shady banks.

A. fragile, Sw. J. 2/ 6 — 12 i. Damp rocks. A.tenue,Fh.

AsPLENiuM ehemtm, Ait. Ju. 2/ 6 — 10 i. Rocky woods.

A. melanocaulon, Willd. Ju. 2/. 3 — 6 i. Rocky woods.

A. thelypteroides, Mx. Ju. 2J. 2 ft. Rich woods.

A. ruta-muraria, Linn. Ju. 2/ 2 i. On rocks.

A. rhizophyUum, Linn. Ju. 2/ 6 — 10 i. Damp rocky woods.

Aster H^i^Zms, Linn. y-p. Au. 2/ 1 ft- Dry woods.

A. solidaginiodes, Mx. zi». Au. 2/ 2 ft. Dry woods.

A. subulatus, Mx. r/. p. Au. 2/ 1 ft. Brackish meadows.

A. tenuifolius, lAnn. to. Au. 2/ 18 i. Dry woods.

A. ericoides, Linn. z^?. ?/. Au. 2/ i — 2 ft. Rocky woods.

A.Jlexuosus, N. y. tr-j?. Au. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Brackish meadows.

A. cornifolius, WWid. w. Au. 2/ 18 i. Woods.

A. Tiuynilis, Willd, lo. Au. 7t 1 ft. Pastures.

A.plilogifolius,V^[\\i\. 10. p. Au. 21 18 — 24 i. Open dry woods.

A. undulatus, Linn. Z>. y. S. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Dry woods.

A. diversifolius. Linn. p. S. % ^ ft. Dry woods.

A. paniculatus, Ait. 70. y. Au. J^ 2 — 4 ft. Dry fields.

A. conyzoides, Willd. w. Ju. ^ 12 — 18 i. Woods.

A. macrophyllus, Linn. w. h. Au. 21 18 i. Damp woods.

A. OTTipZericawZMS, Willd. J. S. J^ 12 — 18i. Dry woods.

A. prenanthoides,'\Y\\\(\.} h. S. 21-

A. mutabilis,Linn. p.y. Au. 21 18 i." Woods.

A. puniceus, Linn. b-p. Aug, ^ 3 — 6 ft. Wet woods.

A, Tniser, Linn. io.b.S.2l 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods and fields. Avery
variable species, including among its varieties three species of Aiton
the A. divergens, A. diffusus, and A. pendulus, and perhaps others,

A. alatus, {mihi) p. S,- y. Ju. 21 12—18 i. Damp shady woods. (1)

PLANTS AND FERNS. 61

Astragalus carolinianus, Linn. w-y. Ju. 21 2 — 4 ft. Fred. co.

west of the Catoctin Mts.
Atriplex laciniata, hmn. ^. J. © 15 i. River shores.
Atropa physaloides, Linn. iv-b. Jii. 2 — 3 ft.
Ay^nx prcecox, F. deB. Dwarf oats. J. © 3 — 10 i. Sandy dry

woods.
A. elatior, Linn. J. ^ 3 ft. Open woods. Arrenatherum

avenaceum, P. de B,
Azalea nudiflora, Linn. Early Honeysuckle, r. M. ij 2 — 6 it.

Dry woods.

A. viscosa, Linn. ?p. J. Ij 3 — 5 ft. With the last.

Baccharis halimifolia, Linn. Groundsel Tree. to. S. Ij Shores of

the Patapsco.
Baptisia tinctoria, Br. Wild Indigo, y. Ju. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Dry woods.

B. coerulea, Mx. h. Ju. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Banks of the Potomac, Fred. co.
Barbarea vulgaris, Br. Water Radish, y. M, ^ i — 2 ft. Wet

meadows.
Batschia canescens, Mx. Puccoon. ?/. Ju. J^ 6 — 10 i. Hills

around Franklin.
Berberis vulgaris, Linn. Barberry, y. M.. ^2 6 ft. Rocky woods.
Betvla. populifolia. Ait. White Birch. Ju. h 40 ft. Rocky woods.
B. papyr ace a. Ait. Paper Birch. M. \i 50 ft. Woods.
B. lenta, Linn. Black Birch. M. Ij 40 — 80 ft. Low woods.
B glandulosa, Mx. Scrub Birch. M. Ij 4 — 6 ft. Mountain swamps.
BiDENs cernua, Linn. Water Beggar-ticks, y. Au. 1 — 2 ft. Wet

ditches.
B. chrysanthemoides, Mx. Daisy Beggar-ticks, y. Au. © 12 — 18 i.

Wet.
B. frondosa, Linn. Burr Marygold. y. Ju. 3 — 4 ft. Fence

corners.
B. hipinnata^ Linn, y. Ju. @ 2 — 4 ft. Rocky dry woods.
BiGNONiA radicans, Linn. Trumpet Creeper, r. ?/. Ju. Jj Rich

alluvial.
Blitum virgatum, Linn. Slender Elite, r. J. 12 i. Fields.
Boehmeria cyllndrlca, Willd. False Nettle, g, Ju. 21 1 — 3 ft.

Damp woods.
Botrychium virginicum, Swartz. Rattlesnake Fern. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft.

Damp woods. The B. gracile, Ph. evidently a smaller variety of

this is often found with it.
Brachyelytrum erectrum, P. de B. Ju. 21 2 — 3 ft. Rocky hills.
Bromus secalinus, Linn. Chess. J. 2 — 3 ft. Corn fields.
B. ciliatus, Linn. J. 2/. 2 — 3 ft. River banks.
B. pubescens, Muhl. Broom grass. J. 21 2 — 4 ft. Wnr>r?<!

63 CATALOGUE OF

B. mollis, Linn. J. Z 18 — 24 i. Fields.
Broussonetia, ^apr/n/era, Vent. Paper Mulberry. M. \i 20 — 30 ft.

Naturalized.
BuPLEURUM rotundifolium, Linn. Seven Stars, g-y. J. @ 1 — 2 ft.

Naturalized.
Buxus sempervirens, Linn. Box. ^ Cultivated.
Cacalia atriplicifolla, Linn. Orache Caraway, y-w. Au. 21

3 — 5 ft. Low banks of streams.
Cactus opuntia, Linn. Prickly Pear. y. J. 2^ Trailing upon dry

rocks.
Calendula officinalis, Linn. Pot Marygold. y. Ju. 1 f'- Na-
turalized.
Calla pa/wsiris, Linn. Water Arum. ^. ?«. Ju. 21 6 — 10 i. Water.
Callitriche vema, Linn. Water Chickweed. lo. M. Water.
Caltha palustris, Linn. American Cowslip. ?/• -Ap. ^ 6 — 12 i. j

Wet meadows. j

Calycanthus j^oHc?MS, Linn. Carolina Allspice. ^. M. I2 6 — 10 ft. -

Campanula roiMncZi/bZia, Linn. Hare Bell. b. J. ^ 1 — 2 ft. On

rocks.

i

C. amplexicaulis, Mx. h. M. 12 — 15 i. Dry fields. i
C. americana, Linn. h. Au. J^ 2 — 4 ft. Open woods. J
C. aparanoides, Ph. J-zo. J. 1 ft. Damp meadows. i
Cannabis sativa, Linn. Hemp. ^. Au. Waste fields, ;
Card A.M.INE pennsylvanica, Muhl. Water Cress, w. M. 2^ 12 — 18i. \

Wet meadows, often in water. i

C. pra^ensis, Linn. r-io. M. ^ 6 — 12 i. With the last, and appa- |

rently only a variety. [

Cardiospermum halicacabum, Linn. Balloon Vine. y-g. Au. !

Twining. :

Carex cephalophora, Muhl. M. 2/. 20 i. Open woods.
C. rosea, Sh. M. 21 6 — 12 i. Moist. |

C. retroJlexa^Mnhl. M. 21 12 i. Woods.
C. stipata, Muhl. M. ^ 1—2 ft. Wet places.
C. multijlora, Muhl. M. 21 20 i. Damp woods.
C. sparganoides, Muhl. M. 21 1 — 2 ft. Wet meadows.
C. scoparia, Sh. J. 21 18 i. Wet meadows.

C. siraminea, Willd. M. ^ 18 i. Meadows. j

C. cristata, Sz. J. 2/. 1 — 2 ft. Meadows.

C stellulata, Good. M. 2^ 8 — 12 i. Wet meadows. ,

C. scirpoides, Sh. M. ^ 8 i. Wet.
C. acuta, Linn. M. 21 1 — 2 ft. Wet.

C cespitosa, Linn. M. 2^ 18 i. Banks of streams. ■ j

C. squarrosa, Linn. M. 21 1 — 2 ft. Wet meadows.

Plants and ferns. 63

C gracillima^ Sz. M, jy 18 i. Damp woods.

C. puhescens, Muhh M. jy 18 i. Woods.

Cvestita^WiM- M. J/ 1 — 2 ft. Low grounds.

C. varia, Muhl. Ap. ^ 10 i. Dry woods.

C. tentaculata, Muhl. M. J^ 18 i. Boggy meadows.

C.folUculaia Linn. M. J^ 12 — IS i. Wet.

C. lupuUna, Muhl. M. J/ 2—3 ft. Wet.

C. ance^s, Muhl. M. ^ 8 — 15i. Dry woods.

C. conoidea, WiUd. M. J^ 12 i. Moist woods.

C. Jlexuosa, Muhl. M. ^ 1— 2 ft. Meadows.

C. hystericina, Muhl. M. jy 20 i. Swamps.

C. pseudo-cyperus, Linn. M. 2/. 2 ft. Boggy meadows.

C. vesicaria, Linn. M. J^ 1 — 2 ft. Swamps.

C. retrorsa, Sz. M. J^ 1 — 2 ft. Swamps.

C. pellita, Muhl. M. ^ 2 ft. Wet meadows.

C. lacustris, Willd. M. J/ 2 — 3 ft. Swamps.

C. crinita, Lk. M. 21 18 — 24 i. Boggy meadows.

C. Jlava, Linn. M. J^ 12— 18 i. Wet upland.

C. blanda, Dewey. M. ^ 1 ft. Dry woods.

Carpinus ctmen'cana, Mx. Hornbeam, g.

Carta alba, N. Shag Bark Hickory, g.

C. sulcata, N. g. Ap. Ij 40 — 70 ft. W(

C. porcina, N. Pig N^t. g. M. \i 60-

Cassia marilandica, Linn. Wild Senna,
dows and river banks.

C. chamoscrista, Linn. Partridge Pea. y.
of Potomac, Fred. Co.

C. nictitans, Linn. Wild Sensitive Plant,
shores.

Castanea vesca, Gaert. Chesnut. g. J. Ij 40 — 60 ft. Woods.

C. pumila, Mx. Chinquapin, g. J. ^ 6— 12 ft. Woods.

Catalpa cord(/bZia, Ell. Catalpa. w.y.p. Ju. I2 40 — 50 ft.

Ceanothus americanus, Linn. New Jersey Tea. z«. J. h 2 — 3 ft.
Dry woods.

Celastrus scundens, Linn. False Bitter-sweet, g-y. M. Vi Climb-
ing. Banks of streams.

Cenchrus echinalus, Linn. Burr Grass. Ju. 6 — 12 i. Sandy
shores.

Centaurea benedicta, Linn. Blessed Thistle, y. J. Natu-
ralized.

C. cyanus, Linn, b, w. r. J. Naturalized.

Cephalanthus occidentalism Linn. Button Bush. w. Ju. h 4 — 8 ft.
Borders of swamps.

M. h
M. \i

so-
so-

-30 ft.
-50 ft.

Woods.
Woods.

3ods.
-70 ft.
y. Au.

Woods.
21 ^ 4 ft

. Mea-

Ju.

12-

-18 i.

Banks

y. Ju.

8-

— 12 i.

Sandy

64 CATALOGUE OF

Ce-rastivm. vulgatum, Linn. lo. M. @ 6 — 10 i. Fields.

C. nutans, Raf. w. J. 6 — 12 i. Open woods.

C. oilongifoUum, Tor. w. J. 6 — 15 i. Rocky banks of the

Monocacy.
Cercis canadensis, Linn. Red Bud. r. M. h 15 — 20 ft. Rocky

woods.
Chaerophtllum procumhens, Lk. w. M. 6 — 10 i. Shady

places.
Chara vulgaris, Linn. Ju. Stagnant water.
Cheilanthes vestita, Sw. Lip Fern. Au. 21 Rocky woods.
Chelidonium majus, Linn. Celandine, y. M. 21 1 — 3 ft. Road

sides.
Chelone gJahra, Linn. Snake Head. w. r. Ju. 2^ 2 — 3 ft. Damp

meadows.
Chenopobium album, Linn. Pig weed. g. Ju. 2 — 4 ft. Waste

grounds.
C. ruhrum, Linn. r-g. Ju. 2 ft. With the last.
C. amhrosioides, Linn. False Worm Seed, g. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Road

sides.
C. anthelminticum, Linn. Worraseed. g. Au. 12 — 18 i. Road

sides.
C. mullijidum, Linn. g-w. J. 1 — 2 ft. Stems prostrate. Side-
walks and road sides. Introduced.
Chimaphila maculata, Ph. r-io. Ju. 21 4 — 6 i. Dry Avoods.
C. umbellata, "N . r-w. Ju. 21 4 — 6 i. Dry woods. Both species are

excellent tonic diuretics.
Chionanthus virginicus, Linn. Fringe tree. w. M. \i 10 — 20 ft.

Rocky woods.
Chrysanthemum Uucanthemum, Linn. Ox-eye Daisy, w. J. 21

1—2 ft. Dry fields.
Chrysogonum virginianum, Linn. y. J. J/ 6 — 12 i. Dry woods.
Chrysopsis Tnariana, N. y. Au. 21 12 — 18 i. Dry woods.
C. gramlnifolia, N. y. S. 2/. Dry woods.
Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Linn. ?/-r. M. 2^ Creeping, in

water. Our plant is without doubt, as has been already suggested,
■ distinct from the European synonym.
CicuTA maculata, Linn. Water Hemlock, w. Ju. 2J^ S — 5 ft.

Swamps.
C. lulbifera, Linn. %o. Ju. 21 2 — 3 ft. Swamps. Both species are

active narcotic poisons.
CiNNA arundinacea, Linn. Au. 21 2 — 4 ft. Damp meadows.
Circe X lutetiana, var. canadensis, Linn. lo. Ju. 21 12 — 18 i. Damp

woods.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 65

C alpina, Linn. ?w. Ju. ^ 6— 10 i. With the last, from which it

hardly differs enough to constitute a distinct species.
CisTUs canadensis, Linn. Rock Rose, y. J. ^ 12 i. Rocky

woods.
C ranudiJlorum^Mx. y. Ju. 7/ 10 i.

C. rosmarinifollum, Ph. y. Ju. ^ 10 i. The C. canadensis, Linn.
is so extremely variable that I am inclined to consider this and the
last as mere varieties of that species.
Claytonia virginica, Ait. r-w. Ap. 11 4 — 8 i. Damp woods.
Clematis virginiana, Linn. Virgin's Bower, w. Ju. l^ Thickets,
climbing.

Clethra, alnifolia, Linn, Sweet Pepper Bush. w. Au. l^ 4 8 ft.

River banks.

Clinopodium ritZ^are, Linn. Wild Thyme, r-io. Ju. ^ 12 18 i.

Dry meadows.
Clitoria mariana, Linn. Butterfly-weed. h. Ju. ^ Climbimr.

Sandy banks of streams.
Cnicus lanceolatus, Hoffm. Thistle, p. J. % 2 — 4 ft. Road sides.
C. altissimus, Willd. w-p. Ju. ^ 3 — 8 ft. Damp thickets.
C arvensis, Hoffm. Canada Thistle, p. Ju. IJ. 2 — 3 ft. Cultivated

fields.
C. odoratus, Muhl. j3. Ju. S 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
C. virginianus, Ph. p. Ju. jy 2—3 ft. Woods.
Cnidium atropurpureum, Sp. p. J. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky woods,
CocHLEARiA urmoracia, Linn, Horse Radish. «?. J. ^ 2 ft. Waste

grounds.
CoLLiNsoNiA canadensis, Linn. Horse Balm, y. Ju, 2/ 2 — 4 ft.

Woods,
CoMMELiNA augustifolia, Mx, Day-flower, h. Ju. J^ Rocky banks

of Potomac.
CoMPTONiA asplenifolia. Ait. Sweet Fern. g. Ap. )2 1 — 3 ft.

Woods.
CoNiuM maculatum, Linn. Poison Hemlock, w. Ju. J^ 2 — 4 ft.

Meadows. Poisonous.
CoNVALLARiA UfoUa, Linn. w. M, 21 4 — 6 i. Shady Woods,
C, stellata, Linn, 10. M. 2/ 8— 18 i. Dry meadows.
C. racemosa, Linn. Solomon's Seal. y-io. M. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Woods.
C. multiflora, Linn. m>-^. Ju. ^ 2—4 ft. Meadows.
C. pubescens, Willd. g-io. M. J^ 12— 18 i. Dry woods.
C.bijlora, Wr. g-y. M. 2/ 12—181. Rocky woods.
C. majalis, Linn. Lily of the valley, tv. J. 21 6 1. Mountain
woods.
9

66 CATALOGUE OF

Convolvulus repens, Vahl. Wild morning-glory, to. p. J. 21

Climbing. Thickets and banks of streams.
C. panduratus, Linn. Mechoacan. Man of the Earth, iv. r. Ju. ^

Trailing. Dry fields,
C. spithamaius,Uim. lo. i. 2[. 9 — I2i. Dry fields.
C. halaiiis, Linn. Sweet potato, lo. Jn. 21 Trailing. Sandy fields.
C. piirpureus, Linn. Morning-glory, p. lo. r. J. © Naturalized.
CoNYZA marylaiidlca, Mx. Plowman's- wort. p. Au. 1 — 2 ft.

Swampy shores.
C. cmjiphorata, Ph. p. Au. 2/ 3 ft. Is this distinct from the pre-
ceding ?
CoPTis trifolia, Sy. Gold Thread, w. M. 11 2 — 4 i. Swamps.
CoRALLORHizA vema, N. ic-y. M. 21 5 — 6 i. Dry woods.
C.muUiJlora^'N. p. Au. 21 S— 18 i. Dry woods.
Coreopsis Za7iceoZai!a, Linn. y. S. 21 Low grounds.
CoRNUs/oncZo, Linn. Dog-wood. lu. y. M. Tj 15 — 30 ft. Woods.

Drupe scarlet.
C. sen'cefl, L'h. w. J. ^2 S — 12 ft. Banks of streams. Drupe blue.
C. aZ&a, Linn. iv. J. k 10 ft. Drupe while,
C. paniculata^LPh. w. Ju. Tz C — 12 ft. Banks of streams. Drupe

white.
CoRYDALis glauca, Ph. g-y r. M. 12 — 18 i. Rich open woods.
C. aurea, Willd. y. M. ^ — '- i- Rich meadows.
CoRYLUS americana, Wr. Ilazle-nut. Ap. Ij 4 — S ft. Woods.
Crataegus coccinea, Linn. Thorn, w. M. »2 6 — 10 ft. Woods.

Fruit red.
C. punctata, Ait. w. M. ^i 10 — 30 ft. Woods. Fruit red and

yellow.
C crus-galli, Ait. w. M. b 10 — 15 ft. Woods. Fruit red.
Q. oxycantlia, lAnn. Hawthorn, lo. J. \ 8 — 10 ft. Hedges. Fruit

red. Naturalized.
Crotalaria sa^iiiflZis, Linn. Rattle-box, y. Ju. 8 — 12 i, Sandy

woods.
Cryptot^nia canadensis, Dec. w. J, 21 1 — 2 ft. Damp woods.
Cucubalus stellatus, Linn. w. Ju. J^ 2 — 3 ft. Dry woods.
Cunila mariana, Linn. Dittany, r-h. Ju. 21 8 — 12i, Dry woods,
CuPHEA viscosissirna, Jacq. Wax Bush. p. J. G — IS i. Dry

hills.
CupRESsus ihuyoides, Linn. White Cedar. M. Ij 40 — 50 ft.

Swamps.
C. dt5/ic/ia, Linn. Cypress, M, Ij 60 -SO ft. Swamps.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 67

CuscuTA americana, Linn, Dodder, w. Au, © A twining parasite

on plants in damp shady places.
Cymbidium pulchellum, Ph. Grass Pink. p. Ju. 21 12 — 18 i.

Swamps.
CvNOGLossuM officinale, Linn. Hound's Tongue. Tory weed. p.

J. S 1—2 ft. Road sides.
C. amplexicaule, Mx. w. b. J. % 12 — 18 i. Rocky woods.
CypERus^auesceras, Linn, Au. ^ 6 — 8 i. Wet,
C phymatodes^MnhX. Aw. 21 12 — 18 i. Low grounds.
C mariscoides, EW. Au. 21 10 i. Sandy fields.
C. strigosus, Linn. Au. 2^ 2 — 3 ft. Wet.
CvpRiPEDiUM parvijloruni, Sw. g-y. M. 21 12 — 18 i. Rocky

woods.
C. pubescens, Willd, Yellow Ladies' Slipper, y. M. 12 — 18 i.

Woods.
C. spcctabile, Sw. w. p. J. 21 2 — 3 ft. Swamps.

C. acaule, Ait. p. M. 21 1 ft. Damp woods.

Dactylis ^?(?mera/a, Linn. Orchard grass. J. 21 2 — 3 ft. Meadows.
Danthonia spicata, N. Wild Oats. Ju. 11 Dry woods.
Datura stramonium, Linn. Thorn Apple, to-b. Au. (v) 2 — 4 ft.
Waste grounds.

D. tatida, Linn. p-io. Ju. (v) 2—4 ft. Waste grounds. A variety
of the preceding.

Daucus caroia, Linn. Carrot, to. J. % 2—3 ft. Road sides.
Delphinium exaJtatum, Ait. Wild Larkspur, b. Ju. 21 2 — 4 ft.

Rocky woods.
I), consoliduin, Linn. Larkspur, b.w.r. Ju. (2> 1—2 ft. Naturalized.
Dentakia diphylla, Mx. Pepper root. iv. M. j;/ 6 — 8 i. Wet

woods.
D. laciniata, Muhl. r-2o. M. 21 8 i. Wet meadows.
Desmodium marylandicum, Dec. p. Ju. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Banks of

streams.
D. ciUare, Dec. ;?. Au. 21 1—2 ft. Woods.
D. virldifiorum, Bk. ^-p. Ju. ^i 2—4 ft. Rocky woods.
D. oUusum, Dec. p. Ju. 3;! 2—3 ft. Woods.
D. paniculalum, Dec. p. Au. :y 2—3 ft. Woods.
B. strictum, Dec. p. in. 21 1—3 ft. Sandy woods.
D.nudiJlorum,'Dec. p. 3n. 21 Scape 1—2 ft. Woods.
D. acuminatum, Dec. p. Ju. 21 2—3 ft. Woods.
Diclytra cucullaria, Dec. y-w. M. :?/ 6-3 i. Shady river

bottoms,
D. canadensis, Dec. y-w. M. 21 6—8 in. With the preceding.

68 CATALOGUE Of

DiERViLLA canadensis, Willd. Bush honeysuckle, r-y. J. h 2— "^

ft. Open woods.
DiGiTARiA sanguinalis, P. Au. 1—2 ft. Road sides.
B.Jiliformis, E\l. Au. <v) 12— 18 i. Rocky woods.
DioscoREA villosa, Linn. Yam Root, g-w, J. 21 Twining. Damp

woods.
D. quaternata, Wr. g-w. J. 2/. Twining, with the preceding.
BiosFYROs virgLniana,Lian. Persimmon, y-w. M. h 15 — 25 ft.

Woods.
DiPSAcus st/Zves/ris, Mill. Wild Teasel, b. Ja. % 2— 4 ft. Road

sides.
DiRCA palustris, Linn. Leather-wood. y. Ap. h 2—4 ft. Swamps.
DiscoPLEURA cflijiZZacefl, Dec. «?. Au. © 10— 18 i. Wet grounds.
DoDECATHEON meacZia, Linn. p. M. 21 S—l^ i. Eastern Shore.
Drosera rotundifolia, Linn. Sun-dew. y-w. Ju. ^ 4 — 3 i. Sphag-

nous swamps.
BvhicmvM spathaceum,?. y-g. Ju. 2/. 12—18 1. Swamps.
EcHiuM vulgare, Linn. Blue Thistle, b. J. % 2—3 ft. Road sides.
EcLiPTA procumbens, Mx. w. J. 1—3 ft. Low banks of the

Potomac.
Elephantopus carolinianus, Willd. p. Au. 21 2 ft. Dry sandy

fields.
Eleusine iwdiccr, Lk. Wire grass. Ju. © 6— 12 i. Roadsides.
Elymus vlrginicus, Linn. Wild Rye. Ju. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Open woods.
E. villosus, Muhl. Lime-grass. Ju. 21 2—3 ft. River banks.
E. hystrix, Linn. Ju. 21 2—3 ft. Rocky woods.
Epigea repens, Linn. Trailing Arbutus, r-w. Ap. b Creeping.

Open woods.
Epilobium Zineare, Muhl. r-w. J u. 2^ 1—2 ft. Wet meadows.
E. coloratum, Muhl. r-p. Ju. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Wet meadows.
Epiphegus americanus, N. Beech Drops, p-y. Ju. 21 8 — 12 i.

Woods. Parasitic.
Equisetum arwense, Linn. Horsetail. Ap. 2J^ 6 — 8 i. Wet grounds.

E. hyemale, Linn. Scouring Rush. J. 2/. 1 — 3 ft. Low woods.

E. sylvalicum,Lhm. Ap. 11 12 — 18 i. Wet meadows.

Erigeron belUdifolium, Willd. p. M. 21 1 — 2 ft. Open woods.

E. purpureum, Ait. p. Ju. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.

Y.. philadelpMcum, hour. %o-p. Au. J^ 1 — 3 ft. Open woods.

E. strigosum, Willd. w. Ju. % 2 — 3 ft. Meadows.

E. canadense, Linn. Flea-bane. w. Ju. @ 6 i. — 6 ft. Dry fields.

Some authors make a distinct species of the small variety.
Eriocaulon pellucidu7n, Mx. Pipe-wort. g. Au. 21 6 — 12 i.

Water.

PLANTS AND FKRJVS. 69

Eriophorum polystachyonf S. Cotton-grass. Ju. 21 18 — 24 i.

Swamps.
E. virginicum, Linn. J. 21 1 — 3 ft. Swamps,

Erophila vulgaris^ Dec. Whitlow-grass, w. Ap. 1 — 6 i. Fields.
'Erythronivm arnericanum, S. Adder's-tongue. y. Ap. IJ. 6 — 10 i.

Moist woods.
Euchroma coccinea, N. Painted-cup. lo. r. M. 2/ 8 — 12 i. Wet

grounds.
EuoNYMUs atropurpureus, Jacq. p. J. ^2 4 — 8 ft. Damp woods.
E. americaniis, Linn. Spindle Tree. r-y. J. h 4 — 6 ft. Damp

woods,
EuPATORiuM sessilifolium, Linn. ?«. Au. 2/. 2 — 3 ft. Rocky woods.
E. verhencsfoUum, Mx. w. Au. 21 2 ft. Low grounds.
E. irifoliatum, Linn. J9. Au. 2/ 3 — 4 ft. Low grounds.
E. purpurcum, Linn. Queen of the Meadow, p. Au. 21 4 — 6 ft.

Wet meadows.
E. verlicillatum, Willd. w-p. Au. 21 4 — 6 ft. Meadows.
E perfoliatum, Linn. Boneset. Thorough-wort. lo. Au. 21 1 — 3 ft.

Wet meadows.
E. ccelestiiuwi, Linn. b. Au. 21 1 — 3 ft. Banks of streams.
E. arornaticimi, Linn. jo. Au. 2^ 2 ft. Rocky woods.
E. ageratoides, Linn. to. Au. J/ 2—3 ft. Rocky woods.
Euphorbia coro/Zrt/a, Linn. zo. Ju. 21 10— 30 i. Dry fields.
E. Ea/omi, (mihi.) mj-^. M. ? 12— 18 i. Sandy meadows. (2.)
E. hypericifoUa, Linn. Ju. 12 — 18 i. Waste grounds.
E. macwZa/a, Linn. Ju. 6— 12 i. Dry fields.

E. polygonifolia, Linn. Ju. 21 6 — 8 i. Sandy banks of Patapsco.
VAGVsferruginea, Aii. Red Beech, y-w. M. ^ 40 — 60 ft. Woods.

F. sylvatica, Linn. White Beech, y-to. M. la 50—80 ft. Woods.
Festuca /eneZZa, Willd. J. ©8—15 i. Dry rocky woods.

F . pratensis, Hd. 3.21 1—2 ft. Meadows.

F. nutans, Muhl. J. 21 2—3 ft. Damp woods.

Ficus caricfl, Linn. Fig-tree. ^. Ju. b 5— 10 ft. Naturalized.

Fragaria virginiana, Ehr. Wild Strawberry, w. M. 2^ Dry fields.

F. canadensis, Mx. lo. M. X Meadows.

Fraxinus sambucifoUa, Lk. Black Ash. M. h 30—40 ft. Low

grounds.
F. acuminata, Lk. White Ash. M. h 40—60 ft. Woods.
F.juglandifoUa, Lk. Swamp Ash. M. h 20— 30 ft. Wet woods.
Galeopsis <e/raAi^ Linn. Flowering nettle, r. w>. 1— 2 ft. Old

fields.
Galium /ri/idM/tt, Linn. w. Jn. 21 6— 12 i. Wet meadows.

70 CATAIiOGTJE OF

G. tinctorium^ Linn. Wild Madder, lo. J. 21 1 ft- Wet woood.
G. hrachiatum^ Ph. ro. Ju. 7/ 2 — 3 ft. Meadows.
G. aparine, Linn. lo. J. % 3 — 4 ft. Damp woods and thickets.
G. trijlorum, Mx. lo. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Damp woods and thickets.
G. circcszans,Mx. Wild Liquorice, p. J. 2/ 6 — 12i. Dry woods.
G. lanceolation, Tor. p. Ju. 2J. 12 — 18 i. Dry woods.
Gaultheria procumhens, Linn. Wintergreen. to. M. J^ 4 — 8 i.

Rocky woods.
Gaura liennis, Linn. r. y. An. S 3 — 6 ft. River banks.
Gentiana saponaria, Linn. b. lo. S. 1 — 2 ft. Meadows.
G. quinqueflora, Lk. w-b. Au. •£ 12 — ISi. Wet open woods.
G. crinita, Frol. Fringed Gentian, b. S. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Swampy

woods.
Geranium mac«?a/«??i, Linn. Crane's-bill. _p. J. 2/. 1 — 2 ft. Fields

and open woods.
G. carolinianum, Linn. lo-r. Ju. S 1 — 2 ft. Rocky fields.
G. puslUum, Linn. J. M. @ 12 — 18 i. Rocky damp woods.
G. disseclum, Linn. r. J. (^ 3 — 12 in. Rocky open woods.
G. robertianum, h'lnn. r. J. 10 — 15 i. Rocky banks.
GERARDiA^^aua, Linn. False Foxglove, y. Ju. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Dry

woods.
G. glauca, Eddy. y. Ju. 2/ 3 — 5 ft. Open woods.
G. j»wrj5tirea, Linn, p. Au. 6 — IS i. River meadows.
G. tenuifolia, Yahl. p. Au. 6 — 12 i. Dry woods.
G. pedicularia, Linn. y. Au. 2/ 2 ft. Point of Rocks.
Geum strictum, Ait. y. J. 71 'H ft. Swamps.
G. virginianu7n, Linn. to. Ju. 2/ 2 ft. Damp woods.
G. album, Gmel. lo. Ju. 21 2 ft. Swampy woods.
G. rivale, Willd. p. y. % M. 1 — 2 ft. Swamps.
GiLLENiA irifoliata, Moen. Indian Physic, w. J. 21 2 — 3 ft. Rocky

banks.
Glaucium luteum. Scop. Horned Poppy, y. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Rocky

banks of Potomac.
Glechoma hederacea, Linn. Ground Ivy. b. r. M. 21 6 i. Stem

prostrate. Meadows.
Gleditschia iriacantJios^ Linn. y-g. J. ^ 40 — 50 ft. Cultivated.
GLYCERiA/wi/ajis, Br. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Wet places in meadows.
G. aculijlora, Tor. J. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. With the preceding.
Gnaphalium polycepkahcm^ Mx. y-to. Ju. © 1 — 2 ft. Fields.
G. decurrens, Ives. ?/-2«. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Road sides.
G. purpureum^hinn. p. Jn. 21 6 — 12 i. Rocky woods.
G. uliginosum, Linn. y-io. Ju. 4 — 8 i. Muddy ditches.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 71

G, ger7nanicujn,S. lo. Ju. 6 — 12 i. Dry liills.

G, margaritaceum, Linn. ro-y. Ju. 21. 1 — 2 ft. Dry hills.

G. plantagineumy Linn. Mouse-ear. r-zo. Ap. Jl 4 — lOi. Woods
and fields.

GoNOLOBUs Idrsulus^ RIx. j)- J"^!- 21 Twining. Damp thickets.

GooDYEKK pubescens^^r. y-iv. Ju. 21 i- — 18 i. Rich woods.

Gratiola virginica, Linn. y-to. Ju. 21 G — 8 i. Wet meadows.

Habenaria cz/mr/s, Br. y. Ju. 11 1 — 2 ft. Upland swampy meadows.

H. dllatata^ Hk. g. w. J. 21 1 — 3 ft. Damp woods and meadows.

H. bracteuta, Br. g-w. M. 2/ 6 — 12 i. Shady damp woods.

HJimhriala, Br. j). Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Wet meadows.
* Hamamelis Dtr^m/crt, Linn. y. Oct. ij G — 12 ft. Open woods.

HEDEom A pulegioides, P. Pennyroyal, p. J. © 6 — 12 i. Dry
hills.

Hedera helix, Linn. English Ivy. g-io. S. 2/ Stem rooting. On
trees in wet woods.

Helenivm. autumnale, Linn. y. Au. 2/. 3 — 5 ft. Banks of streams.

Helianthus yrondosMS, Linn. y. Ju. 2/ 3 — 4 ft. Dry woods.

H. trachelifolius, Willd. y. Au. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Dry woods.

II. angustifolius^hinn. y.p. Au. 2/ 2 — 5 ft. Upland swamps.

H. strumosiis, Linn. ?/. Au. ^ 3 — 5 ft. Dry woods.

H. altissiinus, Linn. y. Ju. 2/ 4 — S ft. Low grounds and swamps.

H. decapetalus, Linn. y. Au. 2/ 3 — 4 ft. Dry woods.

H. macrophyllus, Willd. y. Au. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Dry woods. Synonym
of the last ?

Heliopsis Icevis, P. y. Ju. ^ 3 — 5 ft. Low grounds.

IIeliotropium eurojieum, Linn. w. Ju, G — 15 i. Rocky fields,
near Point of Rocks.

Helonias dioica, Ph. to. J. IJ. 1 — 2 ft. Rich woods and meadows.

Hemerocallis /wZua, Linn. Day Lily. y. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Na-
turalized.

Hepatica aculiloba, Dec. lo. b. Ap. 2/ 3 — 6 i. Woods.

H. americana, Dec. to. b. p. Ap. ^ 3 — 6 i. Woods. Mere varieties
of H, triloba, Willd,

Heracleum lanatiim, Mx. Cow Parsnip, ic. J. 2/ 3 — 5 ft.
Meadows,

Hesperis matronalis, Linn. Garden Rocket. m>. Ju. 21 Natu-
ralized.

Heuchera americana, Linn. r. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft Rocky woods.

H, pubescens, Ph, r. i/, J, 2/ 2 ft. Rocky woods and banks.

Hibiscus moscheutos, Linn. v\ p. Au. 2/ 2 — 5 ft. River swamps.

72 CATALOGUE OF

H. palustris, Linn. p. Au. 2/ 2 — 5 ft. River swamps. Undoubtedly

synonymous with the preceding, as the position of the peduncle

and the form of the leaf is not constant, even in the same specimen.

H. trionum, Linn. Flower of an hour. y-w. and p. Ju. (?) 1 — 2 ft.

Cultivated fields. Naturalized.
HiERACiUM ^rojio^ju, Linn. y. Ju. j^ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
H. venosum, Linn. y. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods. Having never
been able to find this plant with a glabrous or even smooth^^calyx,
and a uniformly leafless scape, which are considered as the dis-
tinguishing characteristics, I am more confirmed in the opinion,
published many years since, that it is a mere stemless variety of
the preceding extremely variable species.
H. paniculaium., Linn. y. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
H. marianum, Willd. y. Ju. 2/ 18 — 24 i. Dry woods.
HoLcus lanatus, Linn. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Swampy meadows.
HousTONiA ccerulea^ Linn. h. u\ M, ^ 4 — 6 i. Dry fields.
H. longifolia, Willd. p. J. 2/ 6 — 12 i. Dry woods.
H. purpurea, Linn. p. Ju. 11 6 — 12i, Banks of streams.
HuMULus lupulus, Linn. Hop. g-y. Au. 2/ Twining. Hedges.
Hydrastis canadensis^ Linn. r-w. Ap. 2/ 6 — 8 i. Rocky woods.
Hydrocotyle americana^ Linn. g-w. J, 2/ 4 — 6 i. Damp woods.
Hydropeltis purpurea, Mx. p. Ju. 2/. Ponds.
Hydrophyllujm virginicum, Linn. lo. h. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Shady

damp woods.
H. canadense, Linn. b. w. J, 2/ 1 — 2 ft. With the last.

Hyosciamus m^er, Linn. Henbane, y.p. Ju. % 1 2 ft. Road

sides,
Hypericum ;)ro?i^cMm, Linn. y. 3. \ 1—3 ft. Banks of streams.
H. perforatum, Linn. St. John's-wort. y. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Road

sides.
H. corymhosum, Willd. y. J. 2/ 1—2 ft. Swamps and wet woods.
R. parvijlorum, Willd. y. J. 2/ 6— 12 i. Low grounds.
K. canadense, Linn. y. J. (v) 9 — i8i. Fields.
H. virginicum, Linn. y-p. Ju. 2/ 1—2 ft. Bog meadows.
H. sarothra, Mx. y. J. :y 3—6 i. Sandy fields. Sarothra gen-

tianoides, Willd.
Hypoxis erecZa, Linn. Star-grass, y. 5. 2/ 6 — 12 i. Woods.
Hyssopus «e;?etoides, Linn. g-y. Sf g-p. Ju. 2/. 3 — 6 ft. Woods.
H. scrophularifoUus, Willd. p. Ju. ^l 3—5 ft. ^ With the last,
closely resembling it, and very probably a mere variety, as the form
of the leaf cannot be relied upon, neither can the length of the style
as this increases in length as the flower approaches maturity.

PLANTS AND FERWS, 73

IcTODEs fatida, B\v, Skunk Cabbage, p. g. Ap. ^ Swampy-
meadows.
J LEX opaca, Alt. Evergreen Elolly. g-w. M. 1? 20 ft. Wet woods.
Lmpatiens pallida, N. y. Ju. 2 — 4 ft. Wet grounds.
I. fiilva, N. Touch-me-not. y, spotted. Ju. 2 — 4 ft. Wet

grounds.
Inula hehnium, Linn. Elecampane, y. Au. ^ 3 — 5 ft. Road

sides.
Ipomea lacunosa, Linn. w. p. J. © Twining. Low banks of

Potomac.
I. nil, Ph. Morning Glory, b. w. r. Ju. @ Twining. Banks of

Potomac.
Iris versicolor, Linn. Blue Flag. b. J. ^ 1 — 3 ft. Swamps.
J. prismalica, Fh. b. J. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Margin of streams.
IsANTHUs cosruleus, Mx. tc-b. Ju. (v) 6 — 12i. Gravelly shores

and fields.
IsNARniA paluslris, Linn. g. J. ^ Prostrate. Stagnant water.
IvAfrutescens, Linn. ^. Au. I2 2 — 4 ft. Shores of Patapsco.
JuGLANs nigra, Linn. Black Walnut. M. h 40 — 50 ft. Rich

woods.
J. cmeria, Linn. Butter-nut. M. h 40 — 50 ft. Rich woods.
Jung us effusus, Linn. J. 21 2 — 3 ft. Wet grounds,
J. tenuis, Willd. Ju. 21 1 ft. Road sides.
J. nodosits, Muhl. Ju. 2/ 6 — 12 i. Swampy grounds.
J. bufonius, Linn. Ju. 4 — 8 i. Moist ditches.
J. polycephalus, Mx. Ju. 2^ 1 — 2 ft. Boggy meadows.
J. acuminatus, Mx. Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Bog meadows.
JuNiPERUs commwrns, Linn. Juniper, g. M. ^ 5 — 10 ft. Rocky

banks.
J. virginiana, Linn. Red Cedar, y-"-. M. Ij 20 — 50 ft. Rocky-
woods.
J vsTici A. pedunculosa^ Mx. p. Ju. ij 1 — 3 ft. Water.
Kalmia laiifolia, Linn. Laurel, w. r. J. \i 3 — 20 ft. Woods.
K. augustifolia, Linn. Sheep Laurel, r. J. I2 2 — 4 ft. Dry woods.
KoELERiA jyenns^ZuGMfca, Dec. J. 2/ 18 — 24 i. Rocky woods.
K. truncata, Tor. J. 11 1 — 2 ft. Rocky woods,
Krigia virginica, Willd. y. M. 4 — 8 i. Sandy fields.
K. amplexicauUs, N. y. Ju. ^ 12 — 14 i. Open rocky woods.
KuHNiA eupaloroides, Linn. False Boneset. zo. Au. 2/ 2 — 3 ft.

Open woods, near North Point.
Lactuca elongata, Muhl. y. J. Z 3 — 6 ft. Fields.
hkyiivyi amplexicaide, Linn. r. p. M. © 6 — 10 i. Roadsides.
10

74 CATALOGUE OF

h&.VRVs benzoin, Linn. Spice bush. g-y. Ap. h 4— 10 ft. Swamps.
L. sassafras, Linn. Sassafras, y. M. I2 10 — 40 ft. Banks of

streams.
h. caroUnensis, Gates, y. J. \i 10 — 30 ft. Eastern shore, v. s.
Lechea m?2or, Linn. g-p. Ju. 21 5 — 12 i. Dry rocky woods.
Leersia virginica, Willd. Ju. y. 2 — 3 ft. Wet meadows.

L. oryzoides, Sw. Ju. 2^ 2' — 4 ft. Swamps.

Lemna trisuJca, Linn. Ju. Water in ditches.

L. gibba, Linn. J. @ Stagnant water.

L. polyrrhiza Linn. Ju. Stagnant water.

Leontice thaUct?-oides, Linn. ^-y. M. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Rich woods,

Leontodon taraxacum, Linn. Dandelion, y. Ap. ^ Fields.

Leonurus cardiaca, Linn. Motherwort, w. r. Ju. 2/. 2 — 3 ft. Old
fields.

Lepidium virginicum, Linn. Wild Pepper-grass, w. J. 1 ft.
Road sides.

L. campestre, Br. y. J. © 1 — 2 ft. Cultivated fields.

Leptandra virginica, N. re. Ju. J^ 2 — 4 ft. Dry meadows.

Lespedeza capitafa, Mx. ?«-/>. J. 2/. 2 — 3 ft. Bushy fields.

L. augustifolia, Ell. w-p. Au. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky woods.

L. polystachia, Mx. r-io. Ju. IJ. 2 — 4 ft. Dry woods.

L. sessilijlora, Mx. r-p. Ju. 4/ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.

L. violacea, P. ?'-p. Ju. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.

h. diver gens, Vh. p. Ju. J^ 1—2 ft. Dry woods. A variety of the
last.

L. procumbens, Mx. p. y, Au. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Sandy woods.

Liatris scariosa, Willd. p. Au. 2/ 2—4 ft. Dry rocky woods.

L. spicata, Willd, p. Au. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Bushy fields.

LiGUSTRUJM vulgare, Linn. Prim. io. J. \ ^0 — 20 ft. Rocky
woods,

hii.iVM. 2^^iiicidelphicum, Linn. Lily. r-y. J. 21 1 — 2 ft. Meadows.

L. canadense, Linn. Nodding Lily. y. r. Ju. 21 2 — 4 ft. Meadows.

L. superbum, Lk. Superb Lily. y. r. Ju. J^ 3 — 6 ft. Meadows.

LiNDERNiA atlenuala, Muhl. w-b. Ju. 4 — 6 i. Muddy shores,

L. dilatata, Muhl. w-p. Ju. 4 — 6 i. Muddy shores.

LiNUM virginlanum, Linn. Wild Flax. y. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Bushy
fields.

L. usitatissimum, Linn. Common Flax. b. J, Fields. Natu-
ralized. ,

LiQuiDAMBAR sly r ucijluo, Lmn. Sweet Gum. M. >2 15 — 40 ft.
Low woods.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 75

LiRioDENDRoN tuUpifera, Linn. White Wood. Tulip tree. American

Poplar, r-y. J. l^ 40 — lOO ft. Rich woods.
LiTHospERMUM arvcnse, Linn. iv. M. 8 — 18 i. Fields.
Lobelia cardinalis, Linn. Cardinal flower, r. Ju. ^ 1 — 3 ft. Wet

grounds.
L. syphilitica^ Linn, I. Ju. 21 2 — 3 ft. Swamps.
L. injlata, Linn. Wild Tobacco, b. Ju. S 1 — 2 ft. Fields and

road sides.
L. clayloniana, Mx. J, Ju. J^ 1 — 2 ft. Meadows.
LoLivM perenne, Linn. Darnel. M. 21 1 — 2 ft. Meadows.
LoNiCERA parvijlora, Lk. r-y. J. Ij Twining. Rocky woods.
LuDwiGiA aliemifolia, Linn. y. Ju. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Grassy swamps.
h.pilosa,Wr. y. Ju. 21 18 — 24 1. Grassy swamps.
LupiNus perennis, Linn. Wild Lupine, b. p. M. 2/ 12 — 18 i.

Sandy fields.
LuzuLA pilosa, Willd. M. ^ 6 i. Moist woods.
h. campestris, Dec. BI. 2/ 6 — I2i. Woods.
Lycium barbarum, Linn. Matrimony vine. r. y. J. h Climbing.

Naturalized.
Lycopodium clavatum, Linn. ^. Ju. 21 Creeping. Pine woods.
L. cojnplanatum, Linn. Ground Pine. g-y. Ju. 2/ Creeping. Pine

woods.
L. dendroideum, Mx. g'. Ju. 21 6 — 8 i. Woods.
L. rupestre, Linn. Ju. ^ Rocky woods.
L. lucidiihan, Mx. ?/. Ju. ^ 8 — 12 i. Low woods.
Lycofus eiiropeus, Linn. iv. Ju. 21 1 — 3 ft. Wet places.
h. virginicusjh'nin. w. J. 21 1 — 2 ft. Swamps.
Lysimachia stricta^ Ait. ?/. Ju. 21 1 — 2 ft. Low grounds.
'L.thyrsiJlora^lAnn. y. J. 2/ 12 — 18i. Grassy swamps.
L. qiiadrifoUa, Linn, ?/. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Woods.
L. ciliata, Linn. ?/. J. 2^ 2 — 4 ft. Shady banks.
Maclura auranliaca, N. Osage Orange, ^i Naturalized.
Magnolia glauca, Linn. Swamp Laurel, w. J. Ij 10 — 20 ft.

Swamps.
M. acuminata, Linn. Cucumber Tree. b-y. J. \z 50 — 70 ft.

Allegany Co.
Malaxis UUfolia, Sw. lo-y. J. 2/ 4 — 8 i. Damp rich woods.
BLiLVA rotundifolia, Linn. iv-r. J. 2/ 8 — 12 i. Road sides.
M. sylvestris, Linn. r-p. J. S 2 — 3 ft. Waste fields.
Marrubium DwZ^are, Linn, llorehound. w. Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Road
sides.

76 CATALOGUE OF

Martynia prohoscidea, Glox. Unicorn Plant, w-y. spotted. Ju.
1 — 2 ft. Banks of Potomac.

Medeola rir^mica, Linn. y. J. % 12 — 18i. Rich, woods.

Medicago lupulina, Linn. ?/. J. © 1 ft. Procumbent. Open grassy-
woods.

M. saliva, Linn. Lucerne Clover, p. Ju. ^ Cultivated fields.
Naturalized.

Melampyrum cmeWcanMOT, Mx. y. Ju. 6 — 12 i. Woods.

Melissa officinalis, Linn. Balm. w. Ju. ^ Road sides. Natu-
ralized.

Melilotus officinalis, Lk. y. Ju. © 2 — 4 ft. Banks of streams.
Sweet scented.

M. leucantha, Dec. w. Ju. © 3 — 6 ft. Banks of streams. Sweet
scented.

Menispernum canadense, Linn. y-io. Ju. ^ Climbing. Banks of
streams.

Mentha horealis, Mx. Horse-mint. p. Ju. J/ 9 — 18 i. Wet
places.

M. tenuis, Mx. Spearmint, p. Au. 21 1 — 2 ft. Wet places.

M., piperita, lAnn. Peppermint, p. Au. 21 1 — 2 ft. Naturalized.

MiKANiA scandens, Willd. w. Au. 2^ Damp thickets.

MiMULUs ringens, Linn. h. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Wet grounds.

M. alatus, Ait. h. Ju. J/ 1 — 2 ft. Wet grounds.

MiTCHELLA repens, Linn. Partridge-berry, w. J. ^ A creeping
evergreen. Woods.

MiTEhLA diphylla, L'mn. Currant-leaf. w. Ap. 2^ 8 — 12 i. Rocky-
banks.

MoLLUGo verticillata, Linn. w. Ju. © Prostrate. Road sides.

MoNARDA didyma, Linn. r. J. 2/ IS — 24 i. Meadows.

M. o6'on^fl/a, Alt. r-J. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Dry meadows.

M. hirsuta. Ph. 20-5. spotted. Ju. j^ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky banks of
Potomac.

M. punctata, Linn. y. Au. IJ. 2 — 3 ft. Sandy woods.

MoNOTROPA wni^ora, Linn. Indian pipe. w. J. 2/ 4 — Si. Shady-
woods. Plant M'hite and leafless.

MoRUs ruhra, Linn. Red Mulberry. M. Ij 15 — SO ft. Open
woods,

M. alha, Linn. White Mulberry. M. li 15 — 20 ft. Naturalized.

MuHLENBERGiA di^Msa, Sr. J. 2^ 12 — IS i. Rocky woods.

Myosotis joaZMS^ris, With. b. M, 21 12 — 18 i. Grassy swamps.

M. ari'ensis, Sibth. w. M. 2^ 4 — 10 i. Sandy woods.

Myriophyllum verticillalum, Linn. Ju. 2f. 9 — 18 i. Water.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 77

"Nastvrtivm. palusire, Dec. y. Ju. © 12 — 18 i. Wet ditches.

N. amphibium, Br. y. J. 2^ 1 — 2 ft. Wet ditches.

I^ELUMBiuM Ititeum, Willd? Water Chinquepin. ij-w. Ju. ^ Water

Eastern shore, v. s.
Nemopanthes canadensis^ Dec. g-y. Ap. \ 3 — 6 ft. Rocky

woods.
Neottia ^raciZis, B\v. lo. Ju. 2/ 8 — 12i. Dry woods.
N. cernua, Willd. g-io. Ju. 6 — 18 i. Moist grounds.
Nepeta cataria., Linn. Catnip, r-w. J. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Old fields.
"NiCAKDRA. physaloides,Ga.ert. h. Ju. 2 — 3 ft. Naturalized.
NicoTiANA tabacum, Linn. Tobacco, w. r. Ju. Cultivated.
N. rustica, Linn. Au. © Cultivated.
N. TJanicw/aia, Linn. Au. Cultivated.
NuPHAR advena, Ait. Yellow Water Lily. y. Ju. ^ Water.
NvMPHiEA odorata^i Ait. White Pond Lily. 7<j. J. 2/ Water.
Nyssa aqualica, Linn. Sour Gum. M. Jz 30 — 50 ft. Swamps.

Wood difficult to split.
N. muUiJlora, Wang. Swamp Hornbeam, g. M. l2 30 — 50 ft.

Swamps.
Oeolaria virginica, Linn. Penny-wort. r. Ap. ^ 4 — 6 i. Sunny

banks.
(Enothera biennis, Linn. Scabish. y. J. S 3 — 4 ft. Fields.
CE. muricata, Murr. y. Ju. S 1 — 2 ft. Dry fields.
CE. /jory/^ora, Linn. y. Ju. S 1 — 3 ft. Dry fields.
(E.fruticoxa, Linn. y. Ju. J^ 12 — ISi. Rocky open woods.
(E. hybrida, Mx. 2^. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Old fields and woods.
(E.fraseri^ Ph. y. Ju. TJ. 1 — 2 ft. Banks and grassy woods.
(E. pu7nila,h'inn. y. Ju. 2/. 8 — 15 i. Dry field. The (E pusilla,

Mx. and CE. chrysantha, Mx. are undoubtedly mere varieties of this

species.
Onoclea senstJi7is, Linn. Ju. 21 12 — 18 i. Fern. Moist woods.
OsosMODivM hispidum,Mx. lo. J. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
0.moUe,Mx. y-io. Ji\. 21 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
Orchis spec^ai(7ts, Linn. p. M. 11 3 — 6 i. Low woods.
Origanum vulgare, Linn. Wild Marjoram, r. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft.

Woods.
Orobanche unijlora, Linn. p-w. J. 21 3—6 i. A leafless parasite.

Rich woods.
Orontium aquaticum, Linn. Golden Club. y. M. 21 12 — 18 i.

Shallow water.
Oryza sativa, Linn. Rice. Au. © Cultivated on the Eastern

shore.

78 CATALOGUE OF

OsMUNDA cinnamomea, Linn. J. ^ 2 — 5 ft. Fern. Wet swamps.

O. interrupta, Mx. J. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Fern. Bog meadows.

O. regales, Linn. J. 21 3 — 4 ft. Fern. ° Boggy meadows.

OsTRYA vlrginica, Willd. Iron-wood. M. Ij 20 — 40 ft. Woods.

OxALis violacea, Linn. p. J. 2/ 4 — 6 i. Rich shady woods.

O. stricta, Linn. Wood-sorrel, y. J. 6 — 12 i. Fields.

O. aceiosella, Linn. Wood-sorrel, iv. r. J. 2/ 3 — 4 i. Woods.

The Irish Shamrock, according to Dr. L. C. Beck.
OxYcoccus 7nacrocarpus, P. Cranberry, r. J. J2 Creeping.

Sphagnoiis swamps.
O. vulgaris, Ph. r. J. l2 Creeping. Sphagnous swamps.
Panax trifolia, Linn. lo. M. ^ 6 — 8 i. Shady woods.
P. qumqupfolia, Linn. Ginseng, ic. M. ^ 1 — 2 ft. Shady woods.
Panic UM crMS-o-aZZi,. Linn. Barn-grass. Au. 2 — 4 ft. Cultivated

fields.
P. hispidum, Muhl. Au. (v) 3 — 4 ft. Fields.
P. clandeslinum, Linn. Ju. J/. 2 ft. Dry sandy fields.
P. latifollwn, Linn. Ju. IJ. 1 ft. Woods.
P. pz&escews, Lk. Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Sandy fields.
P. dichotomum, Linn. Au. 21 6 — IS i. Open dry woods.
V . nitidum, Lk. Ju. ^ 6 — 18i. Dry fields.
P. agrostoides, Rluhl, Au. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Sandy meadows.
P. virgatum, Linn. Au. 2/ 3 — 4 ft. Dry woods.
P. capillare, Linn. Au. <v) 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
Papaver r/ieas, Linn. Wild Poppy, r. J. (v) 12 — 18 i. Cultivated
fields.

Parietaria penns?/?yanica, Muhl. g. J. 6 — 15 i. Damp woods.

Farthenivm integrifoUum, Linn. zo. Ju. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky banks

. of Potomac.

F ASF ALVM ciUatifolium,Mx. Au. ^ 12 — 18 i. Dry meadows.

Pastinaca saiiva, Linn. Parsnip, y. Au. S 2 — 4 ft. Naturalized.

Pedicularis canade7isis, hum. y. p. M. ^ 6 — 12 i. Woods.

Penthorum sedoides, Linn. g-y. Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Damp places,
ditches, &c.

Yentstemos puiescens, Ait. w-p. J. 21 1 — 2 ft. Dry hill sides.

P. levigata, Ait. w-p. Ju. 21 2 — 3 ft. Meadows.

Phacelia parui/Zom, Ph. i. M. 6— 10 i. Sandy shores.

Phalaris americana, Ell. Ribbon-grass. Ju. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Cultivated
fields.

Phaseolus perennis, Wr. r-p. Ju. ^ Twining. Naturalized.

P. dlversifolius, P. p. Ju. ^ Twining. Sandy fields. STRorno-

STYLES.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 79

P. vexillatus, Linn. p. Ju, J^ Twining. Sandy meadows. Stro-

THOSTYLES.

Thleum prate7isc, Linn. TiuioUiy grass. Herd's grass. J. 2/ 2 3

ft. Fields.
Phlox panicuJata, Linn. r. Ju. % 2 — 4 ft. Meadows.
v. maculata^lAim. r. w. Ju. 21 IS — 24 i. Meadows.
P. /li/osa, Linn. p. to. J. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Meadows.
P. divaricata, Linn. p. h. M. 1^ 1 — 2 ft. Meadows.
P. repfans, Mx. ;;. Z*. J. Ji 6 — 18 i. Stem prostrate. Rocky banks

of Potomac.
P. revoluta, (mihi) 70-p. J. 2/ ''- — 18 i. Damp woods. (3.)
Phryma leptoslachya, Linn. Lopseed. lo-p. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Sliady

woods.
Phvsalis v?scosfl, Linn. Ground Clierry. y. Ju. 11? Q 1 — 3 ft.

Road sides.
P. ohscura, Mx. y. spotted. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Roadsides.
P. jsziipscens, Linn. y. Ju. (v) i — 2 ft. Roadsides.
F. philadelphica^Lk. y. Ju. @ 1 — 2 ft. Roadsides. Our common
Pliysalis, in its numerous varieties, certainly presents all the
characteristics of the four preceding species, and it is questionable
with me whether they ought to be retained as distinct species. (4.)
Phytolacea decandra, Linn. Poke-weed. w. Ju. 2/ 3 — 6 ft. Road

sides.
PxNUs canadensis, Linn. Hemlock-free. M. li 40 — 80 ft. Woods.
P. nigra, Ait. Black Spruce. M. k 30 — 60 ft. Swamps.
P. resinosa, Ait. Yellow Pine. M. I2 40 — 80 ft. Sandy woods.
P. rigida, Mill. Pitch Pine. M. Iz 40— GO ft. Sandy woods.
P. s/roZ»MS, Linn. White Pine. M. ^2 ^0 — 100 ft. Sandy woods.
P. pcndula, Ait. Black Larch. Tamarack. M. I2 30 — 40 ft.

Allegany glades.
PiPTATHERUM nigrum, Tor. An. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky woods.
Plantago major, Linn. Plantain, J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Road sides.
P. lanceolata, Linn. RL 2/ 6 — 24 i. Road sides.
P. virginica, Linn, J. 3 — 9 i. Sandy fields.
Platanus occidentalis, Linn. Button-wood, Plane-tree Sycamore.

M. \2 50 — 100 ft. Banks of streams.
PoA annua, Linn. Ap. 6 — 8 i. Fields.
P. pratensis, Linn. J. 7/ 2 — 3 ft. Meadows.
P. co?npressa, Linn. Blue-grass. J. % 12 — 18 i. Roadsides.
P. triviaUs, Linn, Ju. 2/ 2—3 ft. Fields.
P. nervata, Willd. J, X 3 — 4 ft. Wet meadows.
P. canadensis, P. de B. Ju. 2/ 2—4 ft. Meadows.

80 CATALOGUE OF

i

P.peclinacea,Mx. Ju. 8 — 12 i. Sandy fields.

P. reptans, Mx. Ju. 6 — 8 i. Stem rooting. Low banks of \

streams. j

F. eragrostis,L\nr\. Ju. 12 — 18 i. Sandy fields. ]

Podophyllum peltaium, Linn. May Apple, w, M. J/ 1 — 2 ft. j

Shady woods.

PoGONiA ophioglossoides, Ker. w-p. Ju. 2/ 8 — 12 i. Sphagnous j

swamps. I

PoLANisiA ^raueoZens, Raf. p. y. Ju. "^J. 8 — 12 i. Gravelly banks !

of Potomac.

PoLEMONiUM reptans, Linn. 5. M. 21 8 — 12 i. Rich woods. ^

PoLYGALA jaaMCi/oZia, Willd. p. M. J/, 3 — 4 i. Woods. ]

P. senega, Linn. Seneka Snake-root. r-w. J. ^ 8 — 14 i. Woods. '

F. lutea, Linn. y. Ju. S 8 — 16 i. Sandy woods. I

F. purpurea, N. r. Ju. 12 — 18i. Woods. i

P. verticillata, Linn. g-w. J. ^ — ^2 i. Fields, J

P. amUgua, N. p. Ju. (^ Woods. Very probably synonymous j

with the preceding. j

P. setacea, Mx. w-p. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Grassy swamps. ■;

Polygonum aviculare, Linn. Knot-grass, g-w. M. 21 6 — 12 1. a

Procumbent. Road sides. j

P. erecium, Linn. w. Ju. 21 1 — 2 ft. Road sides. - i

P. jfenwe, Mx. w. Ju. 6 — 12 i. Rocky woods. j

P. punctatum, Ell. Water Pepper, w. Au. 1 — 2 ft. Low

grounds.
F.mite,F. r-w. J. 12— 18 i. Low grounds.
P. virginianum, Linn. w. Ju. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Shady woods.

P. j9emcana, Linn. r. Ju. 12 — 18 i. Low grounds. ^
P. pennsylvanicum, Linn. r. Ju. (v) 2 — 4 ft. Low grounds.

P. sagittatum, Linn. w. J. Prostrate. Low grounds. {

P. arifolium, Linn. r-w. Au. Prostrate. Low grounds. j
P. convolvulus, Linn. w. r. Ju. Climbing. Fields.

P. scandens, Linn. w. r. Ju. Climbing. Fence corners. j

P. fagopyrum, Linn. Buckwheat, r-w. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Natu- '

ralized. 1

i

P. orientale, Linn. r. Ju. 4 — 6 ft. Naturalized. 1
PoLYMNiA canadensis, Linn. y-w. Ju. J^ 3 — 4 ft. Rocky banks of

Potomac. ^
P. uvedalia, Linn. ?/. Ju. 2/ 3 — 5 ft. Shady woods.
PoLYPODiuM vulgare, Linn. Ju. ^ 6 — 12 i. Rocky woods.

F. hexagonopterum, Mx. Ju. jy 12 i. Woods. ;
F . conneclile, Mx. Ju. j^ 12 i. Rocky woods.

PoNTEDERiA cordata, Linn. b. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Water. j

PLANTS AND FERNS. 81

PoPULUs trem^iloides, Mx. American Aspen, Ap. Ij 20 — 30 ft.

Woods. .
P. grandhlentata^ Mx. Ap. ij 40 — 50 ft.
P. angidata, Ait, Cotton-wood. Ap, Ij 60 — 80 ft. Banks of

streams.
P. dllafafa, Ait, Lombardy Poplar, Ap. >2 50 — 80 ft. Naturalized.
PoRCELiA triloba, P. Custard Apple. Papavv. p. Ap, h 20 — 40

ft. Woods.
PoRTULAccA oJerttcea, Linn. Purslane, y. J. Prostrate. Road

sides.
PoTAMOGETON nutans, Linn. g. Ju, ^ Water, Upper leaves

floating.
P. perfoliatiwi, Linn. g. Ju, 2/. Water. Submersed.
P. lucens, Linn. g. J. ^ Water. Submersed.
P. gramineum, Mx. g. Ju, ^ Water. Submersed.
P. zosterifolium, Schum. g. Ju. J^ Submersed.
PoTENTiLLA norveglca, Linn. Cinquefoil, y. J. lo — 18 i.

Fields.
F. canadensis, Liim. Five-finger, y. M. ^ 2 — 18 i. Procumbent.

Road sides.
F.comarum,I)ec. p. J. 21 12 — 18 i. Swamps. Comk-rvu palustre,

Linn.
Prenanthes alba, Linn. y-iv. Au, ^ 2 — 4 ft. Woods,
P altissima, Linn. _p-?/. Au. ^ 4 — 6 ft. Woods.
P. delloidea, Ell. J5, Au. 21 2 ft. Rocky woods.
Prinos verticiUatus, Linn, False Alder, to. J. 13 4 — 8 ft. Swamps.
Prunella t'2<7ifaris, Linn. J9. J. 21 6 — 12 i. Fields.
Prunus virginiana, Linn, Wild Cherry, w. M. I2 30 — 60 ft.

Woods.
P. seroima, Ehr. iv. 3. \i 10— -20 ft. Woods.
P. americana, Marshall. Wild Plum. ?«, M, Ij 10— 20 ft.
Pteris aquiUna, Linn. Ju. J^ 1—2 ft. Woods.
F. atropurpureaiLmn. Ju. ^ 6 — 12 i. Rocks.
PuLMONARiA virginictt, Linn, b. M, ^ 1 — 2 ft. Low woods.
Pycnanthemum incanum, Mx, r-?w. Ju, 2J^ 1 — 2 ft. Woods,
Y.linifoVmm^Vh.. to, Ju, 2/ 1 — 2 ft, Open woods,
F.lanceolatum,?\\. to. J. 21 12 — 18 i. Woods.
Pyrola rotundifolia, Linn. to. J. 21 6 — 12 i. Woods,
V.eUiptica,'N. to. 3. 21 6— 10 i. Woods,
P, secunda, Linn. g-to. Ju, 21 6 — 8 i. Woods,
T. asarifolia,Mx. g-to. Ju, 2/ 3— 12i. Dry woods.
F. chhrantha, Sw.} g-to. Ju. 11 10 i. Dry woods.
11

82 CATALOGUE OF

Pfrus coro7iaria, Linn. Crab Apple, r-iv. M. h 15—20 ft.

Woods.
QuERcus nigra, Linn. Black Jack. M. 1? 20—30 ft. Woods.
Q. coccinea, Wm. Scarlet Oak. M. h 70—80 ft. Woods.
Q. rubra, Linn. Red Oak. M. k 70—30 ft. Woods.
Q. lannistcri, Mx. Scrub Oak. M. I2 4—8 ft. Dry hills.
Q. alia, Linn. White Oak. M. h 70—80 ft. Rich woods.
Q. prinos, Linn. Swamp Chestnut Oak. M. h CO— 70 ft. Low

woods.
Q. virens, Ait. Live Oak. M. h 40—60 ft. Said to grow on the

sea-shore.
q. phellos,U\m. Willow Oak. M. I2 40— 50 ft. Swampy woods.
Q. tinctoria, Willd. Quercitron Oak. M. h 60—70 ft. Woods.
Q. palustris, Du Roi. Pin Oak. M. h 40—60 ft. Swampy woods.
q^. c7unqucipin,Fh. Dwarf Chestnut Oak. M. Tj 3— 6 ft. Barren

hills.
QuERiA canadensis, Linn. to. Ju. © 6 — 12 i. Dry woods.
Ranunculus j:,MsiZZj<s, Poir. y-io. Ju. 5/ 6 — 12 i. Wet meadows.
B.. abortivtis, Unn. y. Ju. % 12 — 18 i. Meadows.
R. sceZeraitiis, Linn, y. 3. 21 12 — 18 i. Wet ditches.
R. /ascicwZam, Muhl. y. h^. 2/ 6 — 10 i. Woods.
R. re^cjis, Linn, y- M. 21 1 — 2 fi. Wet meadows.
R. acris, Linn. Butter-cup. y. M. 1 — 3 ft. Meadows.
R. recurvatus, Poir. y. J. 2/. 1 — 2 ft. Shady woods.
R.Jliiviatilis, Willd. lo. y-io. J. 2^ Water. Stem submersed.
Rensselaeria virn^Miica, Bk. J. 2/. 10 — 15 i. Swamps. Lecontia

virginica, Cooper.
Rhabinus ahiifolius, L'H. g. M. 12 2 — 5 ft. Swamps.
Rhexia virginica, Linn. 2^- J"- -^ ^ — -0 i- ^^^ meadows.
R. jjiariana, Linn. iv-r. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Meadows. Eastern Shore.

V. s.
Rhododendron maximum, Linn. r. r-io. Ju. \i 5 — 20 ft. Rocky

banks of Potomac.
1\hvs typhina,hinn. g-y. Ju. h 8 — 15 ft. Rocky banks.
R. glabra, Linn. g-y. Ju. \i 6 — 12 ft. Fields.
R. co;)a7/i7ia, Linn. g-y. Ju. Ij 4 — 10 ft. Bushy fields.
R. rfr?(Ki7, Linn. Poison Ash. g-y. Ju. Jj 8 — 15 ft. Swamps.
R. ioxicodcndron, Linn. Poison Vine g. Ju. ij Swamps. Rooting

on trunks of trees.
Ruyncospora aZZ'a, Vahl. Ju. 21 J2 — 18 i. Grassy swamps.
R. ^Zo7»era<a, Vahl. Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Boggy swamps.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 38

RiBns Jloridum, L'H. Wild Black Currant, y-w. M. Ij 2 — 3 ft.
Woods.

R. lacustris^ Poir. g-y. M. Ij 3 — 4 ft. Bushy swamps.

RoBini k pseudo-acacia^ Linn. Locust tree. to. M. \ 30 — 40 ft.
Rocky woods.

R. viscosa, Vent. Clammy Locust, r. w. J. \ 20 — 30 ft. Fields.

R. hispida, Linn. Rose Locust, Rose Acacia, r. M. I2 3 — 6 ft.
Cultivated.

RocHELLiA virginiana, Roem. iv-b. J. % 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.

B.. lappula, Roem. b. Ju. <v) 12 — 18 i. Roadsides.

Rosa parviJlora,Ehr. Wild Rose. r. Ju. h 1 — 3 ft. Woods.

R. Carolina, Linn. Swamp Rose. r. Ju. ^2 3 — 8 ft. Swamps.

R.ruhiginosa^lAnn. Sweet Briar. Eglantine, r-w. J. \i 3 — 10 ft.
Sandy fields.

RuBus villosus, Ait. High Blackberry, lo. J. h 4 — 6 ft. Fields.

R. frondosus, Bw. w. J. J^ A variety of the last.

R. strigosus, Mx. Red Raspberry, lo. J. h 3 — 5 ft. Fields.

R. occidentalis, Linn. Black Raspberry, g-io. J. 13 4 — 6 ft.
Fields.

R. trivialis, Mx. Dewberry, jo. J. Jj Procumbent. Fields.

R. odoratus, Linn. Flowering Raspberry, p. J. h 3 — 6 ft. Rocky
banks.

R. saxatilis, Linn. w. J. ^ or »2 ? Creeping. Probably Synony-
mous with R. canadensis.

RuDBECKiA Mrla, Linn. y. p. Ju. 3/ 2—3 ft. Bushy meadows.

R. triloba, Linn. y. p. Ju. 21 4 — 5 ft. Meadows.

R. laciniata, Linn. ?/. Ju. 2/ 4 — 8 ft. Meadows,

RuELLiA s/rejoe/is, Linn. «J-p. Ju. 21 12 — 18 i. Rich woods.

RuMEx crispus, Linn. Dock. Ju. H 2—3 ft. Fields.

R. verticillatiis, Unn. J. 2/ 18— 24 i. Wet meadows.

R. acetosellus, hum. Sorrel. J. J^ 6 — 12 i. Fields.

Sab B ATI A angularus, Ph. American Centaury, p. Au. S 1—2 ft.
Sandy woods.

Sagittaria sagi«//oZ/a, Willd. Arrow-head. lo. Ju. 21 12 — 13 i
Wet places. As varieties of this, Dr. Torrey very properly enu-
merates the following species. S, latifolia, Ph. S. hastata, Ph.
S. gracilis Ph. S. pubescens,Muh.\.

S. heterophylla, ?h. to. Au. 21 8— 12 i. Wet.

Salicornia herbacea, L'mn. Samphire. Au. 10 — 15 i. Sandy
shores of Patapsco, near its mouth.

Salix conifera, Wm. Ap. h 4—8 ft. Shady woods.

S. nio-ra, Marsh. Ap. h 15 — 20 ft. Banks of streams.

S. alba, Linn. Ap. k 30—40 ft. Banks of streams.

84 CATALOGUE OF

S. rosmarinifoUa, Linn. Ap. h 1 — 3 ft. Swamps.
S. muJdeniergiana, Willd. Ap. I2 2 — 5 ft. Dry woods.
Salsola kali, Linn. Ju. © 1 — 2 ft. Shores of Chesapeake.
Salvia /?/rato, Linn. Wild Sage. h. M. @ ' — 2 ft. Meadows.
Sambucus canadensis, Linn. Black Elder, z^. J. Tj 5 — 10 ft.

Meadows.
S. pubens, Mx. Red Elder, w. M. Tj 6 — 8 ft. Meadows.
Samolus uaZerawdi, Linn. w. Ju. ^ 8 — 12 1. Wet places.
Sanguinaria canacZensis, Linn. Blood Root. lo. Ap. 2/ 6 — 10 i.

Woods.
Sanicula viarylandica, Linn. g-w. J. J^ 1 — 2 ft. Woods.
Saponaria officinalis, Linn. Bouncing-Bet. ?o. Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i.

Road sides.
Sarracenia purpurea, Linn. Side-saddle Flower, p. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft.

Sphagnous swamps.
Saxifra-GA virginiensis,Mx. w. Ap. ^ 1 — 12 i. Rocky banks.
S. pennsylvanica, Linn. g-y. M. ^ 1 — 3 ft. Wet meadows.
ScHOLLERA gramiuifoUa, Vahl. i/. Ju. 2/ 6 — 18 i. Floating.

Streams.
SciRFUs ienwis, Willd. J. 2/ 8 — 12 i. Swamps.
S. capitatus, Linn. Ju. % 8 — 18 i. Bog meadows.
S. acicularis, Linn. J. 2^ 3 — 6 i. Swampy meadows.
S. lacusiris, Linn. J. 2/ 4 — 6 ft. Grassy swamps.
S. atrovirens, Muhl. Ju. 2/. 1 — 2 ft. Wet meadows.
S. eriophorum, Mx. Ju. 2/ 3 — 4 ft. Wet grounds.
S. lineatus, Mx. Au. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Wet grounds. _
ScLERANTHUs anuuus, Linn. Knawel. g. Ju. Q} Procumbent.

Dry fields.
ScLERiA triglomerata, Mx. Whip grass. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Grassy

swamps.
ScROPHULARiA marylaudica, Linn. Fig-wort. g-lroion. Ju. V

S — 4 ft. Banks of streams.
Scutellaria lateriflora, Linn. Scull-cap. h. Ju. 2/ 1 2 ft.

Meadows.
S). galericulaia,lA\\n. b. J. ^ 12 — 18 i. Meadows.
S.parvula,Mx. b. J. 2/ 3— 6 i. Dry meadows.
S. ZeiJigafa, (raihi.) b. M. 2/ 12— 18 i. Open woods. (5.)
S. integrifolia, Linn. i^. Ju. H 1—2 ft. Fields and woods.
S.pllosa,m.x. b. J. 2/ 1—2 ft. Woods.
S. caiiescens,]^. b. 3u. 21 2— 3 ft. Rocky banks of Potomac.
Secale cereale, Linn. Rye. J. % 2—4 ft. Fields. Naturalized.
Sedum ternaium, Mx. False Ice-plant, zv. J. 2/ Rocks.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 85

S. telephioides, Mx. p. 2f. 1 ft. Rocky banks of Potomac.
Senecio hieracifoUus, Linn. Fire-weed. lo. J. 21 3 — 6 ft. Road

sides.
S. oJm'a/MS, Willd. y. M. 21 12 — 18 i. Rocky banks.
S. balsamilae, Willd. y. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Rocky banks.
S. aureus, Linn. Rag- wort. y. J. 21 1 — 2 ft. Wet meadows.
Serpicula canadensis^ Muhl. Ditcli Moss. w. Ju. 21 Water.

Submersed.
Setaria glauca, P. de B. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Road sides.
SiDA spinosa, Linn. y. Ju. l^ 1 — 2 ft. Rocky woods.
S. ahitilon, Linn. Indian Mallows, y. Ju. ^ — 5 ft. Old fields.
SiLENE virginica, hum. r. J. 21 12 — 18 i. Rocky banks.
S. antirrhina, Linn. w-p. J. J^ 1 — 2 ft. Dry fields.
SiLPHiUM trifoUatum, Linn. ?/. Au. 2/ 4 — 6 ft. Open woods and

meadows.
SiNAPis nigra., Linn. Mustard, y. J. 3 — 5 ft. Old fields.
SxRYMBRiuM officinale, Scop. Hedge Mustard, y. J. i — 2 ft.

Road sides.
SisYRiNCHiuM anceps, Linn. Blue-eyed Grass, h. J. 2/ 6 — 12 i.

Meadows.
S. mucronatum, Mx. 5. J, 2/ 9 — 12 i. Meadows.
SiuM latifoUiwi, Linn. Water Parsnip, to. Ju. 2^ 2 — 3 ft. Swamps.
S. lineare, Mx. ?«. Ju. 21 1 — 2 ft. Swamps.
Smilax rotundifolia, Linn. Green Briar, g-io. J. Jj Climbing.

Damp woods.
S. pedunciilaris, Muhl. g-io. M. 21 2 — 4 ft. t^limbing. Meadows.

Flowers fetid.
S. herhacea, Linn. g-io. J. 21 2 — 3 ft. Climbing. Meadows.
SoLANUM dulcamara, Linn. Bitter-sweet, b-y. Ju. Ij 4 — 10 ft.

Climbing.
S. nigrum, Linn. Nightshade, tc. i-z(j. J. i — 2 ft. Fields.
S. carolinense, Linn. Horse-nettle. &. J. 1 — 2 ft. Rocky

banks.
SoLEA concolor, Dec. ^. Ap. 21 1 — 2 ft. Rich open woods.
SoLiDAGo canadensis, Linn. Golden Rod. y. Ju. 21 2 — 5 ft. Fields^
S. altissima, Linn. y. Au. ^ 3 — 6 ft. Fields.
S. ulmifolia, Willd. ?/. Au. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Woods.
S. odora. Ait. ?/ Au. J^ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky woods.
S. hicolor, Linn. ?/-?y. Au. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Dry woods.
S. levigata. Ait. y. S. ^ Wet meadows along Patapsco and Chesa-
peake.
S. Jlexicaulis, Linn. y. Au. 2J^ 2 — 3 ft. Woods.

86 CATALOGUE OF

S. latifoUa, Linn. y. Au. :^ 2—3 ft. Woods.

SoNCHUs oleraceus, Linn. Sow Thistle, y. Ju. 2 — 4 ft. "Waste
grounds.

Sparganium ramosiim, Sw. Burr Reed. 70. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Water.

SpARTiNAjMncea, Muhl. Ju. ^ 12 — 18 i. Brackish meadows.

S. glabra, Muhl. Ju. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Brackish meadows.

Spartium scoparium, Linn. Scotch Broom. J. ij Naturalized.

Spergula aruensis, Linn. w. J. ^ 10 — 18 i. Fields.

Spermacoce (ZiodiTia, Mx. lo. Ju. @ 6 — 12 i. Fields.

Spigelia marylandica, Linn. Pink Root. p. J. ^ 9 — 18 i. Rocky
woods.

Spir.ea salicifoUa, Linn. ?«. r-M>. Ju. l2 2 — 4 ft. Meadows.

S. opuUfoUa, Linn. Nine-bark. to. M. l2 8—6 ft. Rocky banks.

S. corymhosa, Raf. r-w. Ju. ij 10 — 20 i. Mountain woods.

S. aruncus, var. americana, Ph. Steeple-weed. w. J. 21 3 — 5 ft.
Rocky banks.

Stachys aspera^ Mx. Hedge Nettle, _p. Ju. 21 1 — 2 ft. Fields.

Staphylea trifolia, Linn. Bladder-nut. y-to. M. Ij 6—10 ft.
Bushy meadows.

Stellaria media, S. Chickweed. w. M. X 1 ft. Procumbent.
Road sides.

S. pubera, Mx. w. M. 21 6 — 12 i. Damp woods.

S. lanceolatum, Poir. zfj. J. 2/. 6 — 12 i. Meadows.

S. Zon^j/bZia, Fries, w. J. 1}. 12 — 15 i. Meadows.

Stipa avenacea, Wr. J. 21 1 — 2 ft. Open woods.

Stylo sANTHEs elatior, Sw. Pencil Flower, y. Ju. J^ 9 — 12 i.
Rocky woods.

Stylypus vernws, Raf. w. J. 21 12 — 18 i. Meadows.

Symphitum o^cinaZe, Linn. Comfrey. y-w. J. 2^ !■ — 2 ft. Natu-
ralized.

Tanacetum vulgare, Linn. Tansey. y. Ju. J^ 1 — 2 ft. Natu-
ralized.

Taxus canadensis, Willd. Yew. Ap. \i 3 — 6 ft. Rocky hills,

Tephrosia rir^imana, P. r. y. Ju. 2/ 12 i. Dry woods.

Teucrium canadense, Linn. Wood Sage. r. Ju. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Damp
woods.

Thalictrum dioicum, Linn. Meadow Rue. w. M. 21 1 — 2 ft.

Meadows.
T. revolutum, Dec. w. Ju. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Meadows.
T. rugosum, Ait. w. J. 2/ 2 — 4 ft. Meadows.
Thaspiujm atropurpureum, N. ^. J. 2/ 2 — 3 ft. Rocky banks.

PLANTS AND FERNS. 87

T. barhinode, N. y. J. % 2—3 ft. Rocky woods. Thapsia

trifoliata, Sp.
Thesium umbellatum, Linn. g-to. J, 21 9 — 12 i. Dry woods.
Thlaspi arvense^ Linn. ?t'. J. Fields.
T.hursa-pastoris.lAim. w. Ap. 6 — 12 i. Fields.
Thymus serpylltim, Linn. Wild Thyme, p. Ju. ^ Fields.
TiARELLA cor^Zz/oZtrt, Linn. w. M. ^ 10 — 12 i. Rocky banks.
TiLiA glabra, Vent. Bass-wood. y-io. J. k 20 — 40 ft. Woods.
T. pubescens, Ait. ?«. J. k 30—40 ft. Woods.
Tradescantia virginica, Linn. Spider-wort. b. M. 21 1 — 2 ft.

Meadows.
Trichodium laxijlorum, Mx. M. 21 18 i. Road sides.
Trichostema dichotoma, Linn. Blue Curls, b. Ju. 6 — 12 i.

Sandy fields.
Trifolium repens, Linn. White Clover, iv. M. 11 Fields.
T. pralense, Linn. Red Clover, r. M. % Fields.
T. arvense, Linn. Hare's Foot. r-w. Ju. Dry fields.
T. agrarium, Linn. y. J. © 8 — 12 i. Open woods.
T. procumbens, Linn. y. J. 3—6 i. Pastures.
Trillium erectiim, Linn. False Wake Robin, p. lo. M. :V 6 — 15 i.

Damp woods.
T. grandijlorum, Sal. w. M. 21 12 — 18 i. Rocky meadows.
Triosteum perfoUaium, Linn. Fever Root. p. J. J^ 2 — 3 ft.

Rocky woods.
Triticum aestivum, Linn. Wheat. J. (v) 3 — 4 ft. Fields.
Tripsacum dactyloides, Linn. Sesame Grass. J. 21 3 — 6 ft.

Meadows.
TussiLAGo/ar/ara, Linn. Colt's-foot. y. Ap. ^ 6 — 10 i. Low

grounds.
TypHA latifoUa, Linn. Cat-tail. Ju. 2/ 4—6 ft. Marshes.
Ulmus americana, Linn. White Elm. Ap. I2 40—70 ft. Low

grounds.
V.fuha, Mx. Slippery Elm. Ap. k 20—40 ft. Woods.
Uniola spiccr/a, Linn. Au, J/ 12 — I8i. Brackish meadows.
Uraspermum claytoni, N. Sweet Cicely, w. J. 21 2 ft. Woods.
U. hirsutum, Bw. w. J. 2; 2 ft. Woods.
Urtic A ;3wmiZa, Linn. g. Ju. 8— 12 i. Damp places.
U. dioica, Linn. Nettle, g. Ju. J/ 2 — 3 ft. Road sides.
U. canadensis, Linn. Hemp Nettle, g. Ju. 21 3—6 ft. Damp

shady places.
Utricularia vulgaris, Linn. Bladder- wort. y. J. 2^ 6 — 3 i.

Water. Ponds.

88 CATALOGUE OF

I

VvvhARiA perfoliata, Linn. Bell-wort, y. M. 11 8 — 12 i. Woods. !

V. grandiflora, S. y. M.. 2/ 9 — 18 i. Woods. j

Vaccinium staviineum^ Linn. Deer-berry, w. M. \i 2 — 3 ft. Dry \

woods. Berries green.
Y.frondosum, Linn, w. M. ^ 2 — 3 ft. Woods, Berries blue, 1

V. resinosum, Ait. Black Whortleberry, g-r. M. \ 2 — 4 ft. Woods. j

Berries black. ;

V. corymlosum, Linn. High Whortleberry, w. M. I2 6 — 10 ft.

Swamps. Berries Black. |

Valerianella radiata, Dec. Corn-salad, w. J. 8 — 18 i. i

Meadows. i

V. rho7niicarpa, (mihi,) h-w. J. iv) 4 — 6 i. Meadows. Valeria- j

NELLA ccerulea, Eaton's Manual of Botany, 7th Ed. (6.) j

Vallisneria spiralis, v. mnericana, Tor. Ju. 21 Water. Rivers.
Veratrum viride, Ait. American Hellebore, g. J. 21 2 — 4 ft. •

Swamps.
Verbascum tJiapsus, Linn. Mullein, y. J. S 3 — 6 ft. Road

sides.
V. hiatfaria, Linn. Moth Mullein, p. y. J. S 2—3 ft. Road

sides. '

Verbena spuria, Linn. h. Ju. 3i;J 1 — 2 ft. Decumbent. Road

sides. ]

V. hastata, Linn. Vervain, p. Ju. ^ 2 — 4 ft. Road sides.
V. urticifolia, Linn. w. Ju, 21 2 — 4 ft. Road sides. j

V. august if olia,M.x. b. J. 21 10 — 18 i. Sandy fields. " |

Vereesina siegesheckia, Mx. y. Ju. ^ 3 — 6 ft. Rocky banks of

Potomac.
Vernonia novehoracensis, Willd. p. Au, 2^ 4 — 6 ft. Fields.
Veronica officinalis, Linn, Speedwell, b. M. J^ 6 — 12 i. Pro- ' j

cumbent. Dry woods, ' ■

V, serpyllifolia, Linn, b. M, 21 2 — 6 i. Road sides. I

V. anagallis, Linn. Water Speedwell, b. J. 2/ 12 — 18 1. Wet

places. ~ i

V. scuiellata, Linn. h. J. ^ 9 — 12 i. Wet places. \

V. arvensis, Linn. tr-J. M. @ 3 — 8 i. Fields. '

Y. agrestis,hmn. b. M. 5 — 10 i. Fields.
Viburnum prunifolium, Linn. Black Haw. w. J. ^2 8 — 15 ft.

Woods. ,

Y . pyrifolium, Lk. w. M. b 5 — 10 ft. Low grounds.
V. Zew^ago, Linn. Sheep-berry, w. J. h 8 — 15 ft. Woods.
V. dentatum, Linn. Arrow-wood, w. M. h 6 — 12 ft. Damp

thickets.

PLANTS AND FERNS^ 89

V, puiescens, Ph. w. J. Tj 3 — 6 ft. Bushy fields.

V. acerifolium^ Linn. Dockmackie. lo. J. ^2 3 — G ft. Dry woods.

ViciA saliva, Linn. Vetch, h-p. J. 1 — 2 ft. Fields.

V. craccct, Linn. b. .Ju. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Meadows.

Viola cucullata, Ait. Blue Violet. Z». Ap. ^ 4 — 8 i. Meadows.

V. palma/a, Linn. Z>. M. 11 4 — Si. Dr. Bigelow very properly

considers this a mere variety of the preceding polymorphous

species.
Y . pedata, Linn. Bird-foot Violet, h. M. ^ 3 — 6 i. Rocky hills.
V. ovata, N. b. Ap, 7/ 2 — 4 i. Dry woods.
V. blanda, Willd. lo. p. Ap. % 2 — 4 i. Wet meadows.
V. striata, Ait. i/-?i». J. 2/ 6 — 10 i. Wet meadows.
V. canadensis, Linn. lo-h. M. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Damp woods.
V. mulilenbergiana, Dec. h. M. j^ 6 — 8 i. Low grounds.
V. jawSescens, Ait. Yellow Violet, y. Ap. 21 6 — 12 i. Woods.
ViscuM d/c7io/owi7<m, Bart. Misletoe. ^-i^. J. h Parasitic, on trees.
ViTis aestivalis, Mx. Summer Grape, g-iv. J. h Vine. Woods.
V. riparia, Mx. Odoriferous Grape, g-zo. M. ^2 Vine. Banks of

streams.
V. labrusca, Linn. Fox Grape, g-iv. J. h Vine. Woods.
WiNDsoRiA;jo«/b?-TOis, N. Red Top. Ju. 2/ 3 — 5 ft. Wet meadows.
Wistaria speciosa, N. b. p. Ju. If. Twining. Cultivated.
WooDsiA ilverisis, Br. J. 2/ 4 — 6 i. Rocky banks. Fern.
W. j9err//i?a?ia, Hook, and Grev. Ju. ^ 8 — 12 i. Rocks. Hypo-

pELTis obtiisa, Tor.
Xanthium strumarium, Linn. Clot Burr. Au. 2 — 3 ft. Shores

of streams.
X. spinosum, Linn. Ju. 1 — 2 ft. Road sides.
Xanthos-Ylvm fraxineu7n, Willd. Prickly Ash. g-w. M. ^ 8 — 12

ft. Low woods.
Xyris caroliniana, Wr. Yellow-eyed grass, y. Ju. 2/ 9—18 i.

Swamps,
Y ucc K filamentosa, Linn. t^. Au. 21 2 — 5 ft. Eastern Shore.
Zapania nodijlora, Lk. iv. Ju. ^ Creeping. Sandy shores of

Potomac.
Zea mays, Linn. Indian Corn. Ju. Cultivated.
Zizania aquaiica, Lamb, Wild Rice. Ju. 4 — 8 ft. Marshes.
ZiziA aurea, Koch. y. J. 2/ 1 — 2 ft. Meadows. Smyrnium

aureum, Linn.
Z. integerrima, Dec. ?/. J. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Woods. SisoN infe-

gerrimus, Sp.
Z. cordata, Koch. y. J. 2/ 12 — 18 i. Meadows. Smyrnium cor-

datum, Wr.
12

REMARKS

ON SOME OF THE PLANTS OF THE CATALOGUE.

(1.) The Aster alatus described below, is the species generally referred
to the A. prenunlhoides, 'WiMdi. I subjoin the characters of Willdenow's
plant as given by Sprengel, and cannot help thinking that a slight exami-
nation will satisfy any one, that it is a distinct species :

Aster alatus, stem angled, flexuous, glabrous below, pubescent above:
leaves ovate, slenderly acuminate, tapering to the petiole, sharp serrate,
scabrous above, glabrous and paler beneath, serratures sub-mucronate ;
upper leaves lanceolate sub-entire; petioles winged, clasping: scales of
the calyx linear, acutish, reflex-spreading at the apex.

Inflorescence, a loose terminal corymbed panicle, peduncles about
1-flowered, bracted. Calyx sub-ovate, flowers large, rays numerous,
narrow, lilac purple; disk yellow, becoming brownish, receptacle flat,
naked, sub- alveolate ; seeds oblong, minutely pubescent; egret pilose,
hairs finely scabrous, root fibrous. Damp shady grounds, Ju. 12-24 i.

Aster prenanthoides , Willd. stem branching, branches fastigiate, pilose :
leaves clasping, sub-cordate-lanceolate, serrate in the middle: scales of
the calyx lanceolate, elongated, lax. A. longifolia, Lk?

(2.) The Euphorbia Eatonii of the catalogue, is the Fi. peplus of our
American botanists, but distinct from the European species, as a com-
parison of the following descriptions will show. I have suggested the
above name for our plant, in remembrance of an old and valued friend,
long since dead, T. Dwight Eaton, formerly of the Rensselaer Institute,
N. Y. an assiduous and enthusiastic student of nature.

Euphorbia Ealonii, umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous: involucels, heart-
reniform, sessile : lower cauline leaves obovate, petiolate, sub-crenulate,
undulate; upper ones sessile, cordate and reniform, entire: fruit 3
smooth, ovoidal, 1-seeded capsules; arils cinereous pitted.

Stem branching, floral leaves large, calycine involucre often 4-cleft
or lobed with lobes, bicuspidate. Sandy meadows, flowers light green.
May,©? 12-18 i.

Euphorbia peplus Linn, umbels 3-cleft, rays dichotomous: bracts
ovate, involucral appendages, bi-cuspidate : leaves obovate, obtuse, very
entire, emarginate: capsules angled, keeled.

(3.) Phlox revoluta, glabrous, stem erect, sub-simple : leaves sub-
sessile, scabrous and revolute on the margin, coriaceous, paler beneath;
lower ones lance-linear, acute at each end ; upper ones lanceolate, rounded
at the base: divisions of the corol obovate, slightly crenulate: divisions
of the calyx lanceolate, acute, unawned.

Stem slightly scabrous at the top; corymb sub-fastigiate, few flowered :
pedicels sub-scabrous; divisions of the calyx half as long as the corol.
Easily distinguished from the other species of this region by its thick,
shining leaves. Damp woods, flowers light purple, June, X 12-18 i.

REMARKS ON SOME OF THE PLANTS OF THE CATALOGUE. 91

(4.) Sprengel has reduced five of our generally received species of
Physalis to two, by giving the P. jihiladclphica, Lk. and P. obscura, Mx.
as synonyms of Physalis aiigulata, Linn, and the P. lanceolatci, Mx. and
P. viscosa Jac. as a synonym of Physwis pennsylvanica, Linn. I would
feel disposed to go still farther^ and consider the P. angulata and P.
pennsylvaiiica, Linn, as synonyms. The P. viscosa, Linn, is given by
Sprengel, as a native of South America, from the vicinity of Buenos
Ayres. If it is a distinct species, one might venture to assert, that it is
not quite as common in the United States, as has been supposed by our
botanists ; and we may safely say too, that if the P. angulata, and P.
pennsylvaiiica, Linn, are distinct, we have but one in this country. All
our varieties being evidently varieties of one species. I add Sprengel's
descriptions of the three, for the satisfaction of the curious.

P. pennsylvanica, Linn, leaves ovate-oblong, repand, sub-villose
beneath : branches sub-villose : flowers peduncled, sub-solitary : stem
herbaceous: root fibrous. North America, (P. viscosa, Jacq. P. lanceolata.
Mx.)

P. angulata, Linn, leaves ovate, glabrous, repand, tooth-angled : stem
very branching; branches angled. N. Amer. E. and W. Indies. (P.
philadelphica, Lk. P. obscura, Mx.)

P. viscosa, Linn, leaves subcordate-ovate, repand-angled, obtuse, sub-
villose beneath: flowers sub-solitary, peduncled: fruit viscose: stem her-
baceous ; branches sub-villose. Buenos Ayres.

(5.) Scutellaria levigala, stem simple, smooth: leaves petioled, ovate,
acute, or sub-acuminate, tapering to the base, coarse serrate, entire at the
base and apex, glabrous, paler beneath : raceme simple, terminal ; flowers
sub-pubescent, erect.

Stem slender, leaves opposite, minutely ciliate, veined, lower ones
more rounded and broader, flowers large bracted, upper bracts smaller,
entire. Open woods, flowers blue, — May, 2^ 12-18 i.

It has been suggested by a friend, that this species is the one generally
called S. ovalifolia. It cannot be the S. ovalifolia of Persoon ; and I am
unable to find any other authority for that name. Dr. Torrey has described
a Scutellaria ovalifolia in his compendium, but I do not know that
he considers that species identical with Persoon's. If distinct, as I believe
it to be, it requires a distinct name. The following is Persoon's des-
cription of his plant :

Scutellaria ovalifolia, leaves sessile, ovate, serrate, upper ones
lanceolate, somewhat entire. S. integrifolia L? Hab. in Virginia,
Canada. Flowers glabrous.

(6.) Valerianella rhombicarpa, stem dichotomous above : radical
leaves obovate ; cauliue leaves, spatulate-oblong, ciliate ; upper leaves
toothed at the base: fruit compressed, rhomboidal. Valerianella
cctrulea, Eat. Man. 7th Edit.

Stem ciliate angled, cyme sparingly branched, level topped, involucre
ciliate, scarious at the apex. Meadows, flowers very smafl, blueish
white; June, (v) 4-6 i. This plant is found abundantly with the V.
radiata, but can easily be distinguished by its habit, and by the form of
its fruit.

92 FROSTBURG COAL FORMATION.

ARTICLE IV.

A descripfAon of the Frosthurg Coal formation of Allegany
county^ Maryland^ with an account of its geological position.
By Philip T. Tyson.

[Read before the Academy, Feb. 9, 1837.}

The centre of this basin is about 115 miles from Baltimore,
in a direct line, bearing N. 80° West; its northern limit is
near the southern boundary of Pennsylvania, from which it
extends south south-westerly, about 525 miles, with a breadth
varying between six and seven miles. The Potomac river
enters the south-western part of the basin, or rather trough,
and flows N. N. E. about six miles, when it receives the
Savage river through a gap in Savage mountain, and soon
after passes laterally out of the trough through a gap in Dan's
mountain. About six miles from the N. N. Eastern limits of
the trough, a col or spur crosses it, laterally connecting Dan's
and Will's mountains. Three streams take their rise in.
this col, near the village of Frosthurg. The largest, called
George's creek, flows longitudinally through the trough, and
enters the Potomac, about IJ miles in a direct line, below
the mouth of the Savage river. Braddock's run flows easterly,
through a gap in Dan's mountain, and enters Will's creek
about 1§ miles above the town of Cumberland. Jenning's
run flows north-east about six miles from Frosthurg, then east
through a gap in Dan's mountain, and enters Will's creek
about three miles above Cumberland. It will be observed, in
the sections, that the coal series is deposited between Dan's and
the Savage mountains. The eastern part forms the summit
of Dan's mountain, while the Savage is almost entirely com-
posed of the coal rocks. The strata dip on every side towards
the central parts of the trough, which consequently somewhat
resembles in form an American canoe; the inferior limit of
the series, is estimated to be from 550 to 600 feet above tide
water; the edges of the upper half of the series only, was
exposed on the hill sides, within the limits of the lands to
which our professional investigations were confined. These
embraced the central portions of the trough, within which, a

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FROSTBURG COAL FORMATION. 93

topographical survey was made, under the direction of my
colleague, J, H. Alexander, Esq. over a tract of country
embracing more than twenty square miles. The streams
before noticed, with their numerous tributaries, have formed
ravines to such an extent, as to have removed perhaps two-
thirds of the contents of the beds as they once existed ; they
have however compensated for the waste, in furnishing
facilities for the investigation and extraction of the valuable
materials, without the expenses attendant upon deep mining
and pumping; for the whole quantity of coal and iron ore at
present known, amounting to about sixty feet of the former,
and more than ten of the latter, may be extracted without the
use of a shaft, and consequently without having to lift the
water.

George's creek, in its passage from Frostburg, cuts through
beds of the series, whose aggregate thickness is about 1300
feet, and nearly reaches the inferior hmits. The Potomac has
carried off nearly the whole of the principal beds of coal in
the part of the trough through which it flows; the main coal
or fourteen feet bed being 8 or 900 feet above the river, and is
only found in small areas in the few hill tops, or spurs from
the mountains on either side, which preserve that elevation.
Jenning's run descends 100 feet to the mile, and as the strata
rise considerably in the direction of its course, it cuts through
the whole series within a few miles of its source. Braddock's
run has carried off but a small portion, because it flows
laterally, and soon runs out of the basin.

In order to assist in ascertaining the structure of the region
and its contents, sections were excavated on divers hill sides,
and the position of the beds determined by levellings and
measurements. One of these is selected, as the best calcu-
lated to illustrate the character of the region. The position is
about the centre of the formation on the south-eastern slope
of Dug hill, a spur of the Savage mountain. The hill rises
abruptly about 550 feet in elevation from the bed of George's
creek, and then slopes off gradually 150 feet more. The
surface of this last portion, is covered by detached fragments
of coarse grit and sandstone, and no excavations were made
into the strata thus covered ; but in descending, we first find

04

FKOSTBURG COAL FORMATION.

the sandstone (No. 1,) in situ about 500 feet above the creek,
and 1300 feet above the estimated inferior limits of the series,
it is succeeded at 467 feet as follows :

No. Thickness. Name.

2. 1.5 ft. Shale.

3. 2. Coal.

4. 31. Slate.
6. 18. Slate.

6. 4. Coal.

7. 6. Sandstone, (fine grained.)

8. 41. A covering of detritus, containing fragments of

limestone, slate and sandstone. It is believed
that one of the six feet beds of limestone which
have been opened in the vicinity, in the same
relative position exists here.

Coal.

Similar to No. 41. Slates and slaty sandstones
appeared where the strata which had not suf-
fered disintegration were reached.

Hard sandstone.

Slate.

Shale.

Coal.

Shale.

Coal.

Shale, containing vegetable impressions.

Coal, (the principal bed.)

Shale.

Clay containing nodules of iron ore.

Slate.

Sandstone, (exclusively siliceous.)

Clay.

Sandstone, (fine grained.)

Nodular iron ore in clay.

Detritus, except in the lower part, where fine
grain sandstone appears in situ.

Iron ore stratified sp. gr. 2.946.

Coal, (called the 8 feet bed.)

Shale.

9.

2.

10.

101.

11.

8.

12.

42.

13.

2.

14.

4.5

15.

2.

16.

1.

17.

12.5

18.

14.

19.

3.

20.

3.

21.

23.5

22.

31.5

23.

5.

24.

5.

25.

1.

26.

17.5

27.

1.

28.

7.5

29.

5.

31.

2.

32.

2.

33.

1.

34.

2.

35.

1.

36.

1.8

37.

1.8

38.

1.4

39.

1.3

40.

3.

41.

3.

42.

5.

FROSTBURG COAL FORMATION. 95

No. Thickness, Name.

30. 1.5 Stratified iron ore, sp. gr. 3.255. This closely
resembles some of the ores of South Wales, and
has calcareous spar irregularly interspersed
through the mass.

Slate clay.

Coal,

Stratified iron ore, sp. gr. 3.541.

Coal.

Shale,

Stratified iron ore, sp, gr, 3.473,

Slate.

Stratified iron ore, sp. gr. 3.374.

Shale.

Iron ore in layers, alternating with slate sp. gr.
3.374.

Shale.

Iron ore, similar to No. 40, alternating with shale
or soft slate,

43. 4.5 Iron ore, similar to No. 40, alternating with hard

slate.

44. 1. Coal.

45. Indurated ferruginous black slate, thickness un-

known.

The last brings us down to the surface of the valley, where
the excavations were discontinued, and below this the beds
have not been much examined ; it is, however, known that a
bed of coal 6 feet in thickness crops out near the Potomac,
about 600 feet below the 14 feet bed, and that several small
beds occur above and below this 6 feet bed.*

The coal of all the beds is analogous in some respects to
that of Wales, and may be ranked among the dry coals, the
volatile matters being 15 to 20 per cent.; the 14 feet bed
appears to be free from sulphuret of iron, of which there are
some slight traces in the smaller beds.

The quality of those above the 14 feet bed has not been

* Since the foregoing was written, I have met with a bed of limestone, slightly
ferruginous and about six feet in thickness, situated about twenty feet below No.
45. Also one of greater thickness and free from iron, about fifty feet lower than
the last.

96 FROSTBURG COAL FORMATION.

ascertained; the coal of the 14 and 8 feet beds is of the caking
kind, but the coherence of the pieces cemented together is so
slight, that it may be readily broken on the grale, a circumstance
that, when taken in connection with the fact that the coal of
the 14 feet bed, does not make smoke or deposite soot in the
chimney, peculiarly adapts it to the warming of apartments •,
those below the 8 feet coal do not cake. The 14 feet bed is
very uniform, wherever it has been opened, but the 8 feet bed
does not present exactly the same appearance in any two dis-
tant points; for instance, at the Dug hill section it is 7i feet
without seams of shale ; H mile west it is divided by two beds
of shale, each 1 foot in thickness — into three beds of coal each

3 feet thick, while three-fourths of a mile to the south-east of
the section it is separated by 1 foot of shale into two beds of

4 feet each. In some parts of the district it has been called a
10 feet bed.

The iron ores are such as are common to the coal forma-
tions of Great Britain, being carbonate of iron, more or less
mixed with argillaceous and calcareous matters, and contain-
ing from 25 to 40 per ct. of iron.

Casts and impressions of fossils, have not been found
abundantly, and no marine remains have been met with.
Among the vegetable remains, are the Glossopteris Phillipsii,
calamites, and others not yet determined. The beds in the
north eastern part of the formation, are more highly inclined
on the side towards Savage mountain, than on Dan's moun-
tain ; while the reverse is the fact in the vicinity of Dug hill,
and in the south-western parts of the trough; but the dip
no where exceeds 10°, and very rarely 2 or 3°. The shales,
slates and limestones, are such as are common to the regular
coal formations ; but the sandstones, as far as at present
known, are less micaceous than usual. The millstone grit,
upon which the European coal measures usually rest, has not
been observed under this formation; or if it does exist, its
thickness must be insignificant; but it seems probable that
the formation was originally covered unconformably with the
grit, because it appears to be the only rack on the summits of
Dan's and Savage mountains, where it lies horizontally.
Detached fragments of it are frequently seen on the present
surface of the coal basin.

FROSTBTTRG COAT. FORMATION. 97

The whole series rests unconformably on the old red sand-
stone, which appears on tlie western side of Savage mountain,
about 1400 feet from the summit, as represented in the
sections in plate 2. It dips at an angle of about 20° under the
coal rocks, and re-appears on the eastern flank of Dan's moun-
tain, with a western dip. When first seen in the gap of Jen-
ning's run, its inclination is also about 20°, but the strata
curve upwards at a greater distance from the axis of the
mountain, and become much more highly inclined. Among
the fossils in the red sandstone, which are all marine, only
the Producti were determined. Towards the western base of
Dan's mountain, the sandstone alternates with red limestone,
and finally gives place to the carboniferous, or mountain lime-
stone, against which it rests conformably. Producti have also
been met with in this limestone. In colour, it varies from
brown to dark blue, and is cavernous: it is inclined at a high
angle, and rests conformably upon the siliceous white sand-
stone of Wills' mountain. The structure of this mountain,
is well exhibited at the gap traversed by the waters of Wills'
creek; an escarpment on the northern side, reaches an eleva-
tion of about 900 feet above the creek, and on the western
portion, is covered by a talus for several hundred feet from its
base. The central portion of the mountain consists of old
red sandstone, which like that under the coal series, is made
up of alternations of moderately hard sandstone, and a softer
variety passing into shale. When first seen on its western
limits, it is highly inclined, and dips westwardly. The strata
then bend over in the form of a flattened arch, and dip to the
eastward, with an inclination of 12° or 15°, until they
pass under the bed of tlie creek. It is covered by beds of the
siliceous sandstone, before referred to, which are several hun-
dred feet in thickness, and form the summit and flanks of
Wills' mountain; on the western side, they are almost ver-
tical, and then curving to the eastward, are nearly horizontal
at the summit; on the eastern side, we find them bending
down until they dip about the same as the red sandstone upon
which it rests. At the base of the mountain, the limestone
precisely similar to that which was mentioned on the western
side, rests conformably upon this siliceous sandstone, and is

13

98 FROSTBURG COAL FORMATION.

itself followed by a thick bed of shale, with a conforming
stratification.

It is very probable, that the form of Wills' mountain is due
to a force acting from beneath, and that the carboniferous
limestone, resting upon the flanks of the mountain, formerly
constituted a continuous covering, whose upper limits may be
represented in the manner which is seen by the dotted line
a a a on the section. It may be readily conceived, that the
portion now wanting, might have been removed in the course
of time, when we take into the account the solvent power of
carbonic acid, aided by the ruptured condition of the lime-
stone. The greater amount of the elevation must have taken
place before the coal series was deposited, because the eastern
edges of the carboniferous rocks crop out on the eastern face
of Dan's mountain near the summit, and the basin shape
proves that there must have been rocks on the eastern side
considerably higher than exist at present. Another evidence
of the elevation having taken place before the coal era, is in
the fact, that the coal series bears the strongest evidence of
not having been disturbed by subterraneous movements.
There is no appearance of a fault or dike; on the contrary,
the same bed at a distance of fifteen miles, and at the inter-
vening points, is found just where it should be if it had never
been deranged by partial movements ; and we can hardly
imagine that the upward motion was every where directly
vertical so as to elevate the beds without the least derange-
ment; the amount of elevation must have been at least 2400
feet, that being the elevation of the highest part of the old
red sandstone. At the epoch of the completion of the coal
formation, no mountains existed in this district where we
now find Dan's mountain and the Savage. They are the
result of denudation by water, which perhaps required many
series of years, and a countless number of floods in the
Potomac and Savage rivers and other streams to produce.

COMPOSITION OF PRUSSIAN BLUE. 99

ARTICLE V.

On the Composition of Prussian Blue, prepared from different
oxides of Iron. By T. Phillips Allkn, Corresponding
Member of the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature.

[Read before the Academy, January 26, 1836.1

Is Prussian blue, prepared by decomposing a salt of per-
oxide of iron with ferro-prussiate of potash identical with the
Prussian blue obtained by decomposing a salt of joro^oxide of
iron with ferro-prussiate of potash, and oxidating the pre-
cipitate?

This question has not yet been satisfactorily answered.
Considering it worthy of investigation, I undertook a series of
experiments to endeavour to determine it in my own mind.
Many conflicting opinions have been advanced on this in-
teresting subject. The observing manufacturer has always
contended that to obtain a blue of first quality, it was necessary
to precipitate the solution of ferro-prussiate of potash, with a
solution ofjyro^o-sulphate of iron, and then to oxidize the preci-
pitate by washing it with water, or in preference with acidu-
lated water. The theoretical chemist, on the other hand, has
advanced that the blue obtained in this manner was different
from thai obtained by decomposing a solution of ferro prussiate
of potasU with a solution of /peroxide of iron ; that the former
is inferior to the latter in intensity of colour, and that it is not
a neutral prussiate of iron, but is a sub-salt containing an
excess of oxide of iron.

Having had occasion to prepare some prussian blue on a
large scale, I dissolved 300 lbs. of ferro-prussiate of potash, to
which I added a quantity of solution of proto-sulphate of iron,
containing 390 lbs. of crystallized salt. On testing the
liquor after the precipitate had subsided, I found it contained
a large excess of sulphate of iron; whereas, had the decompo-
sition taken place as has generally been supposed, that is, had
all the cyanogen in combination with the potassium of the
cyanide of potassium and iron, combined with the iron
of the 390 lbs. of proto-sulphate of iron, neither the proto-
sulphate of iron nor the ferro-prussiate of potash should have
been in excess; for I had employed the proto-sulphate of iron

100 COMPOSITION OF

and ferro-prussiate of potash in quantities proportional to their
equivalents, not wishing to have either in excess. Thinking
that tliere might have been some mistake in the weight of
the materials, I weighed carefully 300 grs. of ferro-prussiate of
potassa and 390 grs. of crystalhzed proto-sulphate of iron,
dissolved them separately and poured the solutions together,
and obtained precisely the same result, a large excess of proto-
sulphate of iron. Satisfied as to the accuracy of the experi-
ment, I then dissolved 100 grs. of ferro-prussiate of potassa to
ascertain how much crystallized proto-sulphate of iron was
requisite to produce a complete mutual decomposition. After
several trials, 1 found that S6 grs. were required, instead of
130 grs. the equivalent of 100 of ferro-prussiate of potassa; so
that a portion of potassium is retained in the precipitate, which
may be considered as a double cyanide of iron and potassium,
containing much less potassium than the common prussiate of
potassa. The presence of potassium in this precipitate was
discovered by Proust, who did not ascertain its quantitative
composition; but from this experiment it is evident that one-
third of the ferro-prussiate of potassa is retained in combination
with the precipitate, which instead of being FeUy^ or FP^, is
llFe Cy -|- 4P (Jy, that is, a double cyanide of iron and potas-
sium, in v/hich the cyanogen combined with the potassium,
is just one-third of that which was originally combined with
it in the ferro-prussiate of potassa. When this precipitate is
washed with, water, the potassium it contains is dissolved, in
the form of ferro-prussiate of potassa, as the iron becomes
oxidated, but if the precipitate is washed with acidulated
water, the precipitate becomes blue much sooner and no ferro
prussiate of potassa is separated; but as the iron becomes
oxidated, its capacity of saturation is increased one-third, and
the hydro-ferro-cyanic acid combines with it, and the potassa
resulting from the potassium, combined with the acid used to
acidulate the water. To ascertain whether this was really
the case, I dissolved 100 grs. of ferro-prussiate of potassa,
precipitated the solution with 86 grs. of proto-sulphate of iron,
and after the precipitate had subsided, I drew off the water,
then filled up the bottle with water and added 16 grs. of
>sulphuric acid, a quantity just sufficient to form a neutral

t»RUSSlAN BLUE. 101

sulphate of potassa, if all the potassium combined in the pre-
cipitate were to combine with it. The water was acid to the
taste and reddened litmus paper, but the materials being left
together five months, and shaken every day or two, the pre-
cipitate became of a very dark blue, and the water no longer
gave any indications of acidity, and was found to contain
sulphate of potassa, instead of sulphuric acid. The next thing
to be ascertained was to see how much of a salt of peroxide of
iron was requisite to decompose 100 grs. of ferro-prussiate of
potassa; for which purpose I dissolved 100 grs. of prussiate of
potassa, took a given quantity of proto-sulphate of iron, to
which I added the necessary quantity of sulphuric acid to
constitute the per-sulphate, the iron was oxidated by adding
nitric acid, then evaporating to dryness and redissolving in
water. After several trials, I found that 100 grs. of prussiate
of potassa required to decompose it, a quantity of per-sulphate
of iron containing the same quantity of iron as that contained
in 86 grs. of crystallized proto-sulphate of iron, that is to say,
86 grs. of proto-sulphate of iron converted into per-sulphate of
iron were just sufficient to decompose 100 grs. of prussiate of
potassa. From this we are led to conclude that prussian
blue, made by decomposing prussiate of potassa with a salt of
joro^oxide of iron, and washing the precipitate with acidulated
water until it becomes completely peroxidated is identical
chemically with prussian blue obtainedin decomposing prussiate
of potassa with a salt ofjoe^'oxide of iron; but if the precipitate
is washed with water only, it will contain an excess of oxide
of iron, and in both cases if dried before it has become com-
pletely oxidated, it will contain potassium or potassa as one of
its constituents. Having incinerated some prussian blue made
with a salt of protoxide of iron, and some made with a salt of
peroxide of iron, I f)und that on washing with hot water the
oxide of iron obtained from the incineration of blue made
with a salt of protoxide of iron, the water became strongly
alkaline ; wliereas on washing the oxide obtained from the
incineration of blue made with a salt of peroxide of iron, the
water became very slightly alkaline, from which I infer that
prussian blue owes its beauty to the presence of a little potas-
sium or potassa as one of its constituents. Berzelius states
that prussian blue made with a salt of protoxide of iron differs

102 MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

from that made with a salt of peroxide of iron, in being readily-
soluble in water ; whereas that made with a salt of peroxide
of iron is not soluble in water. I always succeeded in dis-
solving both ; but it is true that the blue made with a salt of
peroxide of iron requires much more washing than that made
with a salt of protoxide of iron to become soluble.

From the foregoing experiments it appears then, as Mr.
Robiquet suggested in a memoir, published in the An?i. de
Chim. et de Physique^ torn 44, that the difference we observe in
Prussian blue may be attributed to the presence of potassium
or potassa, for it is evident that the blue made with a salt of
peroxide of iron cannot contain any potassium or potassa, and
that made with a salt of protoxide of iron does contain some,
unless perfectly oxidated by washing for a long time with
acidulated water.

ARTICLK VI.

A descriptive Catalogue of the piincipal Minerals of the State
of Maryland. — By P. T. Tyson.

[Read before the Academy, March 9, 1637.]

For greater convenience and to avoid repetition in noticing
localities, the State will be divided into six districts.

The first, embracing more than half of its territory, which
lies south-east of a line drawn from Washington through Balti-
more, Havre-de Grace, and Elkton, will be called the Hide-water
district.'' Its north-western portion, comprising a narrow belt
whose edges are not yet defined, is believed to belong to an
upper secondary series, and rests upon the primary rocks of
the second of our divisions. It is covered on the south-east
by the remainder and larger portion of the first district, con-
sisting of the great tertiary deposiles of the United States,
which constitute nearly one-half of the territory of the State
of Maryland. This region abounds with organic fossils,
but its mineralogy possesses little interest. It consists of
sands, clays, gravel, and loam (in many places abounding
with fossils) and in ihe secondary portion some small beds of

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. 103

ferruginous sandstone, which passes into a coarse conglome-
rate, composed of siUceous pebbles with a ferruginous cement.
Bog iron ore forms extensive deposites in the northern parts
of Somerset and Worcester counties; indeed its formation is
still in progress. It is smelted at the Naseongo furnace.
Phosphate of iron occurs in crystals lining the cavities of the
bog ore, and of course impairs the quality of the metal.

Sulphate of lime in crystals is found in many places, but
most frequently within the tertiary region. An interesting
locality occurs on St. Mary's river, in a bed of clay of a bluish
gray colour and very siliceous. The upper portion of the clay
abounds with fossil shells, above which there is a considerable
covering of ferruginous sand and gravel, containing lignite and
iron pyrites. The spontaneous oxidation of the latter pro-
duces sulphate of iron, which in its descent by percolation is
decomposed by the carbonate of lime of the shells, and pro-
duces the groups of crystals of sulphate of lime, which are
mostly to be seen below the shells. Near the mouth of the
Patuxent, there is another and similar natural factory, but the
form of the crystals differs. Those on the St. Mary's river
are all grouped together at one of their ends ; frequently eight
or ten of them in a group are so arranged as to radiate from a
central point, and the flattened prism sometimes six or seven
inches long is lessened in thickness outward from the radiating
point so as to assume a lanceolate form. The Patuxent
specimens are grouped in a similar manner, but the prisms
are shorter, more perfect on their sides, and are concave on
their outer terminations.

Quartz is found frequently constituting the casts of fossils,
both animal and vegetable, and is usually of a coarse impure
variety ; but in one locality Professor Ducatel met with a
specimen of silicified wood, partly composed of fine blue
chalcedony.

Amber* exists at Cape Sable on the Magothy river.

Lignite at the same place; and also,

Sulphuret of irofi, which in connection with the lignite
forms an extensive deposite and furnishes the material for a
large manufactory of alum and copperas. The amber is

* Dr. Troost.

104 MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

opaque or faintly translucent, and varies in colour from brown
to dull yellow. The sulphuret of ii^on is either crystallized
or takes the form of wood, the structure of which may be
seen.

In that part of the district nearest the primary rocks argil-
laceous carhonate of iron exists in abundance. It is in the
form of nodules, varying from a few inches to several feet in
diameter, of a gray colour, and has a compact structure when
it does not embrace sand. The cavities of the nodules are
often lined with crystals of pure carhonate of iron, which in
most instances are so small and confused that their form
cannot be determined ; they approach nearest to that called
mixte by Haliy. The composition of these nodules in many
localities is gradually changed into hydroxide of iron; by
acquiring an additional portion of oxygen and combining with
water. The carbonic acid being liberated forms bicarbonates
of lime, and magnesia or manganese, if these earths be
present. The soluble bicarbonate of lime, meeting occasion-
ally with sulphate of iron resulting from the oxidation of
pyrites, which is sparingly found in the iron ore deposites,
produces the small crystals of sulphate of lime occasionally
observed in the cavities of the nodules. The structure of the
nodules is changed as well as the composition, but the ex-
ternal form remains unaltered. Tlie oxidation commencing at
the surface and proceeding inwards produces a series of con-
centric layers. The composition of the crystals is also
changed, so as to present us with hydrated peroxide of iron,
whose crystalline form is that of the carbonate of protoxide.

These ores were extensively smelted before the revolu-
tionary war, and the greater part of the iron exported to
England. They now furnish to three furnaces the material
for producing a very superior metal. The scarcity of fuel
prevents their being more extensively worked.*

The second division consists of primary rocks, and ex-
tends north-westerly from the first to Parr'^s spring ridge y
where the rocks begin to assume the character of transition.
This ridge passes through the northeast part of the new county
of Carroll, and running south-southwest reaches the Potomac

* Bruce's Mineralogical Journal, vol. i. p. 323.

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. 105

river between Rockville and the mouth of Seneca creek. The
principal rocks of this division are granite, gneiss, and mica
slate in all their varieties, besides hornblend rocks, primary
limestones, serpentine primary argiilite, talcose and chlorite
slates, &.C.

Quartz is of course abundant, and although it frequently
occurs in crystals, fine specimens are rarely obtained. The
largest crystals are found in the part of the granite and gneiss
region, situated between the Patapsco river and the head waters
of the Little Patuxent. Mr. Gilmor* mentions a fragment
of one weighing nine pounds. These crystals are mostly of
the smoky variety and often only semi-transparent. Trans-
parent and limpid crystals have also been found in this and
other localities.

Chalcedony^ jasper^ hornsionc, and agate exist in several
places, and mostly in connection with the hornblend and ser-
pentine rocks ; good specimens of the two former are frequently
found, but the finest chalcedony occurs in a primary limestone,
15 miles north from Baltimore; it has a smooth uniform aspect,
a beautiful sky-blue colour, and is highly translucent. Fetid
quartz also occurs in the primary limestone.

The felspar of this district is mostly of the ordinary kind, and
in some localities constitutes almost the whole of the granite.
On the Baltimore and Ohio rail road, 9 or 10 miles from this
city, large veins of a granite of this kind are protruded from
below into both the gneiss and hornblend rocks. Occasionally
specimens of the felspar have a regular crystalline structure,
so that laminse of several inches in length may be obtained by
cleavage; the colour is mostly dull white or yellowish white
and salmon, but sometimes greenish. Mr. Gilmor notices
crystals of felspar in the gneiss on Jones' fulls.

Compact felspar^ embracing small imperfect crystals of
quartz and specks of specular oxide of iron, form a rock that
may be ranked with the weissteiti of the Germans. It occurs
just where the Patapsco passes out of our primary division.

Afi aggregate of quartz and felspar, both white and crystal-
line, occurs on Jones' falls, 8 miles from Baltimore, containing
minute prisms of tourmaline. It lies on the edge of the lime-

* Bruce's Mineralogical Journal, vol. i. p. 323.

14

106 MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

Stone, and so closely resembles it when seen from a short
distance that it has elsewhere been described as litnestofie con-
taining crystals of hornblend. It constitutes the leptinite of
Brogniart.

Mica in nearly all its varieties occurs in many places, and
it is much to be desired that the different kinds should be in-
vestigated, the more especially since the very interesting optical
properties of this subgenus have been discovered. For our pre-
sent purpose, it is only necessary to notice a few of the most
interesting localities. On the Patapsco (the ^prismatique and
bitiaire'') crystals of Haliy occur in large grained granite. On
Jones' falls, 2h miles from the city, in a similar granite, pris-
matic crystals abound, but their sides are much obliterated.
One remarkable property of these crystals is that when viewed
through the sides of the prism, they are translucent, even if
more than one inch broad; yet they are perfectly opaque
across the laminas, when less than the twentieth of an inch in
thickness. In the same vicinity, the mica in a coarse granite
exists in masses of a cuneiform shape of considerable size and
with a peculiar structure, which may be understood by sup-
posing the annexed diagram to represent a section through

the mass. The lines represent
the laminas, although they are
not so uniform, but are partially
interlaced.
A-^^^^^^^^^^^^J Upon separating a portion of

the laminse and holding them up

to the light, lines of a dark colour

appear, forming part of two or

more sides of a regular hexahe-

dral figure, whose centre would

be at the apex of the wedge, marked (A). It is probable that

the form of the pieces is the result of the operation of a regular

law of crystallization, which has not been developed.

In another spot in the same vicinity, mica of similar form
embraces jorecioMs garnets, whose crystallization has been in-
terrupted by the plates of mica, so as to have produced flat
crystals ; some of which are nearly a quarter of an inch broad,
the thickness is variable, some not being thicker than writing
paper. They have not been flattened by pressure while soft,

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. 107

because their edges show portions of the faces of symmetric
crystals; their form is just what it would he if a perfect
crystal were cut by tlie lapidary on any two opposite sides until
it was very thin.

Garnets occur sparingly in the granite and gneiss, but
abound in the mica-slates, some of which contain so large a
proportion and are of such an extent that the aggregate de-
serves a specific name. Near the Gunpowder river, 14 to IG
miles north-north-east of Baltimore, this garnetiferous mica-
slate may be traced for two or three miles.

The forms are (primiiif and trapezoidal) of Hauy, and the
prismatic or elongated primitive crystals. Garnets of a large
size occur in a disintegrating mica-slate, 3 miles east of the
Gunpowder, frequently two inches in diameter; but they are
very ferruginous and opaque.

Tourmaline of the common variety occurs in the granite,
gneiss, and mica-slate, and occasionally fine specimens are
obtained. The yellow and brown varieties occur in the lime-
stone.

Sp/icne is sparingly disseminated in souk; of the Fatapsco
granite.

Beri/l has been found in the granite and in the granite veins
of the gneiss, in large crystals.

Phosphate of lime occurs in similar situations.

Sulphuret of iron rarely occurs in the granite, but more
frequently in the gneiss, and presents many varieties of crys-
talline forms.

Pyritous copper exists in small isolated grains in the
granite and hornblend rocks on the Fatapsco.

Of the minerals hitherto noticed in the granite, all except
the sphene also occur in the gneiss. And there are many
others in the latter rock which have not yet been seen in
the Maryland granites. One of the most interesting localities
in the gneiss is about 1| mile from Baltimore, on Jones' falls,
where Dr. Hayden first noticed the following Uiinerals.

Chabazie, (primitif) or Haydenite.

Zeolite^ (pyramidal) and radiated.

Sulphate of baryta^ (form indeterminate.)

Sulphuret of iron ^ in crystals of divers forms.

Carbonate of iron ^ (lenticular.)

108 MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

These minerals exist in a seam of hornblend, from one to
four inches thick; and in the adjoining gneiss, there are
cavities whose surfaces are studded with crystals, mostly of
chabazie and zeolite, furnishing beautiful cabinet specimens.
The crystals of chabazie are transparent when perfect, but are
found in every stage of decomposition, which first renders
them opaque and finally they fall to powder. The crystals of
zeolite are transparent, and of a fine honey yellow colour; the
radiated variety is opaque and light yellow.

It is much to be regretted that a disagreement between the
two owners of the quarry should prevent either from working
at this spot, which has been untouched for several years, and
the quarrying is not likely to be resumed. The seam ap-
peared to be increasing in thickness when the operations were
suspended.

Sulphureis of zinc and lead were found in a small vein near
the locality of chabazie, but as it was not worth working, it
has been covered by the refiise from the quarry.

Graphite occurs 16 miles from Baltimore, on the Gun-
powder, it is lamellated and very pure.

Sulphuret of molybdenum has been met with near the last,
in laminated masses more than one inch broad.

Magnetic oxide of iron occurs in small quantities in several
Jocaliiies.

Titaniferous oxide of iron ox fer-titane occurs in abundance
in the gneiss of Harford county, and is smelted at two estab-
lishments. It is magnetic and possesses polarity.

The common magnetic oxide of iron is disseminated in
large octahedral crystals in chlorite-slate, near the 'Rocks of
Deer creek,' in the same county. It also occurs in an aggre-
gate of chlorite and quartz, near the Forks of the Gunpowder
river, 25 miles north from Baltimore, and is associated with

Pyritous copper, (in grains.)

Sphene, in very large crystals : and

Pycnite.

The specular oxide of iron is very rare.

Peroxide of manganese has been worked in Montgomery
county. It occurs sparingly in other places.

The mica-slate is variously mixed up with the granite and
gneiss, but towards the north-western edge of the granitic range

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. 109

it constitutes the principal rock. It has hitherto furnished but
few species of minerals and none possessing much interest.

Mica of course is abundant, and also

Garnets^

SiauroHcle, and

Cyanite.

The most important localities of garnets have already been
mentioned ; the staurotide and cyanite are abundant, particu-
larly the former ; large crystals of each are common, but
mostly imperfect. 1 have a crystal of staurotide, 1 inch thick
and 3^ inches long.

At Scott's mills, IS miles north from Baltimore, magnetic
oxide of iron is disseminated in large proportion in the mica-
slate, accompanied by cyanite.

The primary limestone of this region occurs in tiie gneiss
and mica-slate, and at one place in hornblend rock; it most
usually constitutes the surface of the valleys and in no instance
forms a hill oi any magnitude. It frequently appears as a large
nest or isolated mass embraced by the other rocks. The most
important localities are from S to 20 miles north to west from
Baltimore, where it forms the surface of a number of valleys
which are mostly connected together. In some valleys where
stratification is visible, it is usually nearly horizontal and the
rock is very pure; in other places it is mixed with foreign
matters and passes into gneiss or chlorite-slate and is thrown
up and much confused.

It varies in structure from very large crystalline grains of
pure carbonate of lime to a small grained saccharoidal appear-
ance, which latter kind is used extensively for architectural
purposes in Baltimore.

Dolomite abounds in the limestone districts and passes into
compact magnesian limestone ; in one locality a large grained
variety, apparently pure, emits a very fetid odour when struck
or rubbed.

The following mitierals occur in the limestone: —

Quartz, in detached masses and opaque crystals, is often
disseminated.

Fetid quartz also occurs in the limestone.

Mica, in small spangles, in those limestones which appa-
rently pass into gneiss.

110 MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

Talc is most common in the dolomite.

Tourmaline^ brown and yellow are occasionally seen.

Tremoliie, white, in fibrous and radiated masses is common.

Asbestiis, a seam or vein of this substance, extending for
many yards, from 1 to 4 inches thick, in dolomite, was ex-
posed recently by the excavations for the Susquehanna rail
road. It is perfectly white and its fibres remarkably fine and
soft.

Augile, in white and grayish white crystals, rarely perfect,
is very abundant in the dolomites. I have part of a crystal,
(being as usual a flat prism) which is Ai inches long and 21
inches broad.

Red oxide of titanium^ in crystals, is occasionally seen.

Fetid, felspar^ semi-transparent, occurs in a fine grained
limestone, at Scott's mills.

Sulplmret of iron, in crystals, is often dispersed through the
dolomites, and large pentagonal dodecaedrons are occasion-
ally seen.

Graphite occurs sparingly.

The serpentine and associated tales enter the northern boun-
dary of the State, a few miles west of the Susquehanna river,
and are apparently in isolated and independent portions in
gneiss and mica-slate. They are generally in a line running
south-westerly through the State to the Potomac river, a little
west of Rockville. It is probable that they are intrusive rocks,
but have not been sufficiently investigated to permit more than
a mere suggestion that such may have been the case. This
formation embraces a variety of interesting minerals, which
will be adverted to.

Serpentine, both common and precious, (the latter most
abundant near Gooptown) and of a variety of colours; it
is opaque or translucent.

Diallage, in lamellated masses, in all the localities.

Talc, in every variety, but rarely in distinct crystals. The
finest specimens are the lamellated masses near Gooptown,
which present every shade of purple, rose colour, blue, and
green.

A beautiful translucent variety of a delicate apple green
colour and foliated, occurs in serpentine, on the Gunpowder
river, 23 miles north-north-east from Baltimore.

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. Ill

Liihoniarge, occuvs at 'Soldier's Delight' and Barehills; liiat
of the former locality has all the variety of colour of the Coop-
town talc.

Asbestus, of the flexible varieties, most abounds at the Bare-
hills, while the ligniform occurs principally at Cooptown.

Hydrosilicates of tnaguesia occur at the different localities
and furnish a material for the production of a large amount of
magnesia and its salts. The proportions of the constituents of
this mineral vary considerably. And as its external appear-
ance is somewhat variable, some of the mineralogists of the
present day, who cannot be satisfied unless each mineral has at
least a score of names, have gratified themselves by favouring
the scientific world with a goodly number of new names for this
substance. It seems almost to graduate into opal on the one
hand, and hydrate of niaguesia on the other. Both in appear-
ance and composition ; in fact se7ni opal and the pure Ity-
drate of tnagnesia exist in the serpentine formation.

Hornhlend occurs at the Barehills in radiated masses in
felspar, accompanied by radiated tremolite of a gray colour.

Tourmaline^ in olive coloured crystals of a large size, exists
at Cooptown, accompanied by a white opaque substance, in
small crystals, whose nature has not been determined.

Pitchstone occurs in a thin seam at Barehills.

Aveiiturine felspar and beryl are noticed by Dr. Hayden,*
on the eastern border of the serpentine at Barehills.

A dendrilic appearance in the fissures of the magnesian
minerals is very common, and beautiful specimens occur at
the Barehills ; the dendrites are usually oxide of man-
ganese.

Ferroxide of chrome occurs throughout the serpentine. It
was first found at the Barehills, in quantities sufficient for
manufacturing purposes. But for several years past the ser-
pentine of Harford counly, as well as that on the northern
border of Cecil county and extending into Pennsylvania, yield
the largest amount.

Green oxide of chrome. At the last mentioned locality, a
mineral of a beautiful bright green colour, compact, and liaving
a smooth waxy aspect, occurs in very small quantities and has

* Silliman's Journal, vol. 2-1, pp. 357, 358.

11^ MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

not yet been analyzed, tt appears to be either a hydroxide of
chrome or a hjdrosilicate. The oxides and acids of chrome
enter largely into the composition of the colouring matter of
the serpentine and its associated magnesian minerals, and with
iron and magnesia produce their inniunerable varieties of
beautiful shades and tints.

Pyritous copper and magnetic oxide of iron occur at one
spot, iu the Cooptown district, associated with ferroxide of
chrome and talc in serpentine.

Sulphuret of antimony has recently been found in the ser-
pentine formation of 'Soldier's Delight.'

It has been already remarked that the mica-slates most
abounds in the north-western part of the primary region. It
passes by imperceptible gradations into talcose slates, and pri-
mary argillites, which are remarkable for their great uniformity
and for the scarcity of mineral species in that part of this range
within the limits of Maryland.

Quartz, having a greasy lustre, is either disseminated in it,
or forms veins, which are sometimes of considerable thickness
and extent, and it contains no other mineral that has come to
my knowledge, except sulphuret of w■o?^. In one place the
sulphuret of iron has existed in abundance, but the greater
part of it has become oxidated, and the rock presents precisely
the appearance and is in the same relative geological position
as part of the gold region of North Carolina. Of late years
this metal has been traced from North Carolina, through
Virginia, almost to our borders, and there is some reason io fear
that it will eventually be found in this state ; an evil which it is
to be hoped will be averted, because of the tendency that it
would inevitably produce of drawing off the attention of the
people from more useful and more profitable pursuits.

The third division we proposed to extend from Parr's
spring ridge to the foot of the Catoctin mountains, being the
basin of the Monococy river. Parr's ridge has usually been
considered about the line of separation between the primary
and older transition formations, but in fact there is no line of
separation. The mica slate absolutely alternates with and
passes into the primary argillite, which itself by imperceptible
changes passes into both roofing slate and compact blue lime-
stone, decidedly transition. That portion of this division east

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. 113

of the Monocacy river, consists of transition argiilite, em-
bracing as subordinate rocks, a variegated silico-magnesian
iiniestone, quartz rock, compact hornblend rock, and old red
sandstone in its north-western part. Its minerals are

Sulphiirel of copper^ (pure.)

Carbonate of copper ^ (large and fine specimens.)

Pyritous copper.

Sulphiiret of lead.

Specular oxide of iron.

Oxide of manganese.

Carbonate of Ihne in crystals.

Sulphate of baryta.

Quartz in crystals.

Extensive quarries of roofing slate are opened in various
parts of this district east of the Monocacy, and some of it is
well adapted to its appropriate use. There is also an in-
durated slate, which is easily wrought, resists the action of the
weather so as to be used for tombstones and building.

The copper ores, consisting principally of the carbonate and
pure sulphuret, exhibit very favourable surface indications, iw.
numerous localities between the villages of Newmarket and
Taney town, and are always associated with the variegated
limestone, which is not a continuous formation, but consists
of isolated masses (without appearance of stratification) em-
braced by the argiilite ; in one spot a spherical mass about
forty feet in diameter, was completely enveloped by the slate
and its existence only known in consequence of an excavation
having been made for a road. Althougli the copper ores are
associated with the limestone, yet thus far it appears to be
most abundant in the adjacent slates. It does not appear in
the mining of these ores, that the true vein has been dis-
covered ; the ore exists in pockets, or is disseminated through
the rocks. The whole appearance of the region induces us to
think that valuable copper-mines will, at some day, be opened
in this part of the country.

Sulphuret of lead exists north of the village of Liberty, but
has not been explored.

Specular oxide of iron appears, scattered over the surface,
in masses of fifty pounds weight and less, in the vicinity of
15

114 MINERALS OF MARYLAND.

Liberty and is very abundant; the cavities are sometimes
lined with imperfect crystals.

Sulphate of baryta occurs in lamellated and amorphous

masses.

Fine crystals of calcareous spar were obtained from one of
the mines, and among them I have a specimen containing
apparently hemitrope crystals, whose form I have not been
able to reconcile with the primitive form of carbonate of lime.

Oxide of manganese is a constitu ent of a peculiar material
of this district ; containing black oxide of copper, peroxide of
iron, oxide of manganese, and earthy matters. This substance
is in a friable condition, and loosely fills up cavities or veins
in the slate.

Crystals of quartz, usually white and more or less opaque,
were obtained at some of the openings.

It is to be regretted that the mining operations have been
suspended; because, under judicious management, it is likely
the profit of the owners as well as the cause of science would
be promoted by their being continued. The limestone is
compact, and presents various shades of green, red, and
yellow, but the presence of silica renders it so hard, that the
polishing is too expensive to admit of its being brought ex-
tensively into use as an ornamental marble. In the northern
part of the range a beautiful white marble has been dis-
covered, which is exactly similar to the celebrated Carrara
marble,

A seam of anthracite^ about two inches thick, occurs near
the Monocacy river, as I have been informed, but the character
of the rock was not stated.

The portion of our district west of the Monocacy, consists of
compact blue limestone, clay slate, old red sandstone, and a
calcareous breccia with an earthy ferruginous cement. The
component masses of the latter vary in size from very minute
to twelve inches in thickness, and in many instances they
seem to have had their angles and edges rounded off by attri-
tion, before they were cemented together. They have a great
variety of colours and shades, such as brown, red, yellow, and
white. When polished, they have a very rich appearance, as
is exhibited in the columns of the representative hall, in the
capitol of the United States.

MINERALS OF MARYLAND. 115

A few miles north-west of the city of Frederick, there is a
micaceous gray sandstone of the coal series, containing
vegetable remains converted into coal. Beneath the sandstone
these is a bed of shale, four or five feet thick. This is a coal
field, geologically speaking ; but whether it contains productive
beds can only be known by boring. The rocks have been
much deranged, and a fault exists at the only spot where the
shale has been seen.

A pressure of other engagements renders it necessary to
bring these notices to a close. In the next publication it is
proposed to give some account of the minerals in the western
parts of the iState, embracing the fourth, fifth, and sixth
divisions. At present they will be briefly alluded to.

The fourth consists of the Catoctin and South mountains
and the narrow valley between them. Both of these moun-
tains consist of primary rocks, composed of granular quartz,
with epidote and chlorite, and covered by graywack, coarse
gritstone, and amygdaloid. Middletown valley laying be-
tween them, consists of argillite and chlorite slate. Pyritous
and carbonate of copper are extensively disseminated in the
rocks of the Catoctin mountain, and native copper has been
seen, but I am not aware that there are indications of a true
vein, or of a quantity of the ores likely to be of practical im-
portance.

The fifth division extends from the western base of the
South mountain to the western base of Will's mountain, and
has been supposed to belong exclusively to the transition
series. It consists almost entirely of mountains, with the ex-
ception of Hagerstown valley, about twenty miles broad, and
a few other valleys of small extent. We are disposed to
question whether the portion of this division, lying between
Sideling hill and Evatt's mountain, does not belong to the
older secondary or carboniferous era. There is, in fact, but
little known of the mineralogy or geology of this division. It
consists of the blue compact limestone, sandstones (red, gray,
and white) with conglomerates, slates, shales, &c.

Red sapphire, in minute grains or crystals, exists at the
eastern base of the South mountain. Sulphuret of lead and
iron, specular oxide of iron, and sulphate of baryta occur near
Hancock. Anthracite, forming a productive, field has been

116 MINERALS OF MARYLANB,

opened on the Virginia side of the Potomac, on Sleepy
creek.

An impure ferruginous limestone occurs a few miles west of
Hancock, capable of producing a hydraulic cement, and at the
eastern base of Will's mountain a material is found from which
specimens of cement have been made, which appear to be
fully equal to the celebrated Parker's Roman cement in the
property of resisting the effects of water.

The sixth division embraces all west of Will's mountain
and consists of coal mines and the old red sandstone, on which
they rest. The Frostburg coal region is the subject of a
separate paper in this volume, and the portion of the State
west of it has not been examined. We only know that the
'■great icestern coal field? embraces the western parts of Mary-
land. Sulphate ofharyta in nodules occurs in the Youghagany
river, and fine crystals of quartz are found on the Meadow
mountain; they are either limpid or beautifully clouded.

Peroxide of Manganese rather ferruginous occurs a few miles
east of the Youghagany river.

The browti hematitic oxide of iron has not yet been referred
to; it was omitted until the regions of country within our six
divisions had been noticed. It does not exist in the first
division, but occurs in independent beds, or is disseminated in
beds of clay or loam, resting on the rocks of all the districts
except the first. It occurs in many parts of Baltimore county,
and more particularly on the borders of the primary limestones.
Extensive beds of it, from 8 to 10 miles north of Baltimore,
furnished ore to Hampton furnace for seventy years before
they were exhausted, and the enhanced price of wood has
prevented the opening of new mines that exist in the same
region, of an ore that gives remarkably good metal.

At the eastern base of the Catoctin mountain it exists in
abundance; but the quality of the metal is injured by the pre-
sence of the earthy phosphate of iron, which fills the cavities of
the masses of ore. It is however worked at the Catoctin fur-
nace and produces castings of good appearance. At this place
it is associated with an ore of zinc, whose oxide forms incrus-
tations in the upper part of the furnace, but we were unable
to find any distinct specimens of the zinc ore.

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. ll'

Again, it occurs in the Hagerstown valley in several places,
but has less of the external appearance of hematite, although
it has the same composition.

Both the brown and red hematite occur in the clay and
loam which forms the surface of parts of the Frostburg coal
region, the latter kind at the gap formed in the Savage moun-
tain by Savage river.

It having been thought desirable that this volume should
contain an article upon the mineralogy of Maryland ; the
writer has attempted to supply it by the foregoing notices,
which are intended as a mere outline in order to give a
general idea of the mineralogical character of the State, or
rather of the eastern portions of it. The consideration of the
western portion is the more willingly deferred, because the
professional avocations of the writer, during the present year,
will probably enable him to become better acquainted with its
mineralogy.

ARTICI. EVII.

On the detection of Arseiiic in Medico Legal Investigations.
By William R. Fisher.

[Read before the Academy, Feb. U, 1836.]

The form in which arsenic may be most readily adminis-
tered intentionally as a poison, or accidentally, without any
design to destroy life, in this country, is in the condition of
white oxide, that being almost the only form in which it is
accessible to the community at large. It is the white powder
familiarly known as ratsbane or arsenic, and sold in all the
shops, subject to no other restraint in its dispensation, than the
conscience of the dealer may impose. There are, however,
several preparations or forms, in which arsenic is found, in
commerce and the arts ; — the white oxide of arsenic already
alluded to, metallic arsenic commonly called cobalt or Jly-
powder ; the red and yellow i^ulphurets, realgar and orpiment,
and Fowler's solution, the arsenite of potassa. The latter of
which may be employed as a poison, though more likely to be
administered accidentally, as its composition is not generally
known. A description here of these several substances is

118 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

omitted, my purpose being solely to demonstrate the means
by which the arsenic they contain may be recognized in com-
plex fluids, or mingled with organic matter. Instances have
come within my observation where arsenic has been detected
in soup, and iii bread. The processes by which the know-
ledge of its presence has been ascertained and confirmed in
those cases have been elsewhere detailed, and I shall presently
proceed to demonstrate that the evidence which accumulated
during those investigations, was such as forced upon me the
conviction of its presence. It is deemed proper here to advert
to the principles on which these experiments are based, and 1
shall occupy but a short space in laying down the few general
laws involved in this examination.

The only mode by which any substance may be discovered
in a chemical analysis is by combining it with some foreign
body called a test or reagent purposely introduced by the ex-
perimenter, which by the exercise of affinity, or mutual rela-
tion may either combine with the body which we desire to
separate, or combining with that, by which the object is alrea-
dy united, may by releasing it from its compound, occasion
the separation, and consequent precipitation of the object of
our search, either in an isolated or compound form. The ex-
perienced chemist is generally sufficiently acquainted with the
colour, form, and habits of the precipitates which he has occa-
sion to produce to determine promptly whether that v/hich
is yielded by his reagent is characteristic of the substance
sought for, or if no particular object be sought, to judge what
substance has been developed by his experiment. On this
principle of precipitation by reagents are almost all processes for
analysis conducted. Another process, however, and one which
is essential to the separation of arsenic, is sublimation, directly
the reverse of precipitation, and which is accomplished by the
agency of heat, as in precipitation we avail ourselves of solu-
tion in water. It can only be employed when the substance to
be separated is not liable to be destroyed or decomposed at an
elevated temperature. Where sublimation is employed, it may
either be accomplished per se, or by the intermediate aid of
reagents. This process as well as that of precipitation will be
illustrated hereafter. For the ordinary purposes of investigation
the production of one well known and characteristic precipi-

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. 119

tate or sublimate is generally sufficient to establish the identity
of any chemical body. But when human life itself may de-
pend upon the colour, specific gravity, and other properties of
a precipitate or sublimate, whose weight is scarcely appreciable
by a delicate balance, it becomes an object of vast importance
to be enabled to decide without the shadow of a doubt, on the
identity of our results with the character of those compounds,
which are produced when we apply our reagents to solutions
containing certain known elements. Hence every possible
care has been taken by toxicologists in describing those phe-
nomena, which are most, nay, infallibly characteristic of the
presence of arsenic, and they have not less carefully noted
down the false lights by which our steps may be led astray,
and our conclusions rendered incorrect by deductions from
false facts.

Premising then, that the experimenter who is engaged in a
medico-legal investigation where poisoning by arsenic is sus-
pected, should come to his task entirely unprejudiced, and with
a calm, philosophic determination to note and observe facts as
they occur and draw inferences fully warranted by the facts as
observed, I proceed to arrange the tests by which his experi-
ments will be performed, and to detail his manner of using
them, describing at the same time the results which they pro-
duce, and noticing the fallacies to which they may give rise.
This caution of preserving an unbiassed mind, may perhaps
excite a smile from those whose philosophic pursuits qualify
their minds for the investigation of truth alone, but the remark
is induced from having met with a recorded case, where cer-
tain physicians in a country village having conceived that a
brother practitioner had treated a patient incorrectly, took up
the idea that the man had been poisoned by arsenic, and esta-
blished, as they thought, the certainty of its presence by a post
mortem examination and chemical investigation of the stomach
and contents, to the satisfaction of a coroner's jury ; while,
subsequently, a review of their analysis, by the medical gen-
tlemen accused of malpractice, fairly demonstrated that the
patient had died of ordinary inflammation of the bowels, and
that a large dose of something which had been given him, and
which the inquisitors thought or had heard was arsenic, was
an ounce of sulphate of soda, which his physician had pre-

120 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

scribed. Counsel in one of our courts, have been known
during a trial for poisoning, to apply the Scripture expression
of 'seek and ye shall find,' to the chemists who were examined
on the trial. Thus much in extenuation of the caution which
has been given, to come to the examination totally unbiased.
The pieces of apparatus required for such an analysis, are few
and simple in their construction: they consist of a spirit lamp,
test tubes, a funnel, two or three reducing tubes, a pair of small
copper plates, and a small galvanic arrangement invented by
Mr. Fischer of Breslaw. With this appareil and the necessary
tests, which will be hereafter mentioned, the experimenter is
provided with all the means necessary to a full examination of
the suspected matter. His process is founded on the follow-
ing facts : That certain reagents which he employs are known
to produce precipitates of a particular colour and density with
the salts of arsenious and arsenic acid: that the salts of these
acids, when exposed in a reducing tube, with the black flux,
(consisting of carbon and an alkaline salt,) are decomposed, the
acid of the arsenic being reduced, and the metal sublimed in
the upper portion of the tube, under a particular aspect; that
compounds, containing arsenic, mixed with black flux, when
heated between two copper plates, are decomposed, the metal
being reduced and combining with the upper plate, forming
an alloy of silvery whiteness ; and finally, that when a solu-
tion containing a salt of arsenic is brought into contact with
the poles of a galvanic battery, the salt is decomposed, the
metal being reduced and found alloyed with the negative pole
if it be susceptible of such a combination, or else simply coat-
ing it. There is also another property peculiarly character-
istic of arsenic, which is the odour exhaled, when arsenic, or
any one of its compounds, is thrown upon burning coals. This
odour has been compared to that of garlic, or phosphorus, and
is generally described in the books, as alliaceous. It is so
strongly marked, that when once smelled, it is scarcely possi-
ble to forget it.

Having thus explained the principles upon which the ope-
rations about to be described are based, I proceed to specify
the tests which are usually applied in the analysis of a fluid
supposed to contain arsenic. They are ammoniacal sulphate
of copper ; ammoniacal nitrate of silver ; sulphuretted hydrogen

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. 121

gas, or water impregnated with that gas ; black flux, a com-
pound formed by deflagrating nitre and cream of tartar; — all
these furnish evidence so decided in its character that when they
all concur, it is almost impossible that the experimenter can be
deceived, in concluding that he has ascertained the presence of
arsenic. But when having secured these precipitates, he sub-
jects them to his reducing tube, Hhe experimentum cruciSy he
finds again the characteristic appearances produced, his mind
cannot fail to be convinced that he has in his hand the fatal
agent, which has caused the death, perhaps, or severe illnes/
of some unfortunate victim to carelessness or design.

The matter to be examined may be either food, which ban
been poisoned, and a portion of which has been eaten, or r
portion of that which having been swallowed has been ejected
from the stomach, and is much mixed with fluids from the
stomach. It belongs not to this place to describe the symp-
toms or effects which, following the ingestion of a meal, should
induce suspicion of poison having been taken. When the task
of explaining what pertains to the duties of the chemist who
is called upon after well grounded suspicions have been excited,
has been undertaken, the examiner should first ascertain that
due precautions have been observed in securing the sus-
pected matter, especially if fluid, in a perfectly clean vessel,
and that no opportunity has occurred for any admixture of a
deleterious agent subsequent to its having been suspected, or
before it is given into his charge. Having obtained this
essential information a ready mode of deciding promptly whe-
ther there be any reason for proceeding to an analysis, will be
for the chemist to evaporate a small portion of the fluid, and
to throw the resulting extractive upon burning coals. Should
the alliaceous odour of arsenic be developed, it induces him
at once to proceed to the employment of his liquid re-agents,
and his experiments commence. If the subject of examina-
tion be a simple colourless fluid it is filtered, and the filter care-
fully washed with distilled water. The resulting clear solu-
tion is then distributed among as many test glasses as it is pro-
posed to apply tests, say three or four. To each he applies
re-agents, which are appropriate to indicate the presence of
arsenic, and if it be dissolved in the filtered solution, he finds
that the ammoniacal nitrate of silver gives a bright yellow
16

122 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

precipitate, ammoniacal of sulphate of copper an apple green
precipitate.

The sulphurreted hydrogen gas, the solution being first
slightly acidulated with a drop or two of muriatic or acetic
acid, produces a bright yellow precipitate, which subsides
upon the liquid being boiled. If these experiments be per-
formed with due care, his mind in an ordinary case would be
satisfied with the confirmation of his suspicions, but as his
testimony may involve the fate of a fellow-creature, he pro-
ceeds to investigate still further the character of his newly
formed compounds. Either one or all the precipitates are care-
fully separated from the fluid in which they are enveloped, by
a filter, are dried, and being mixed with black flux, the mixture
is introduced into the reducing tube, the powder adhering to
its sides is carefully wiped away, and the end containing the
mixture is heated in the flame of a spirit lamp to redness, this
process as has been already said causes a decomposition of the
arsenical salt if it be present; the metal is reduced and sub-
limed within one half an inch above the flux, forming a bril-
liant ring of a steel gray lustre ; when examined with a lens
the inner crust appears a group of minute shining crystals.
This crust may be sublimed higher up in the tube, and if the
heat be adroitly applied the metal is converted into octahedral '
crystals of white oxide of arsenic. His opinion may be still
further confirmed by re-dissolving the crystals last obtained,
and applying the fluid re-agents de novo, when if the charac-
teristic precipitates be again produced, no doubt can possibly
exist of the identity of the subject of his examination with

-ARSENIC.

The process here related is a general sketch of a mode of
procedure proper to be pursued in the examination of a simple
colourless fluid, suspected of containing arsenic in some one of
its forms ; but should it be required to examine a mass of solid
organic matter under the same suspicions, some preparatory
means must be employed to render the arsenic sensible to re-
agents. The organic matter which has a tendency to embar-
rass the experiments, and invalidate our confidence in the
results must be destroyed, and this may be best accomplished
by treating it with muriatic acid, boiling and evaporating to
dryness repeatedly, until all appearance of organic structure

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. 123

is destroyed, and nothing is apparently left but a black car-
bonaceous mass. The effect of this operation is to deprive
the animal or vegetable matter of its nitrogen, oxygen and
hydrogen, and to leave the carbon, which is indestructible
by these agents, with the arsenic, if any be present, diffused
through it. It is perhaps necessary to suggest as a caution
that the evaporation be conducted at a moderate heat, the
arsenic may otherwise be volatilized and escape a subsequent
examination. This metal if it have been introduced in the
metallic form or fly-powder, or white oxide, rats-bane^ is by this
action of the nitric acid, if any have been employed, con-
verted into arsenic acid, a higher degree of oxidation than it
has been supposed to possess in the first hypothetic case.
In cases when the destruction of the organic matter can
be accomplished without the use of nitric acid, I consider it
decidedly preferable to omit it, for this reason, that its effect
must invariably be to bring the arsenic into its highest state
of oxidation, arsenic acid, a precipitate from which by sul-
phuretted hydrogen is obtained with far less facility than
from arsenious acid, or one of its salts. When brought into
this condition, the next process is to lixiviate the carbonaceous
mass, by triturating it well with boiling distilled water, which
dissolves out the arsenic, or arsenious acid. The solution being
now filtered, there exists for the purposes of experiment, the
arsenical compound, in a simple almost colourless fluid, and
the mode of rendering its presence apparent, is almost precisely
the same as in the former case. To the solution thus obtained
lime water should be added. The addition of which occa-
sions a white precipitate of insoluble arsenite of lime. This
arsenite of lime is to be dried, mixed with black flux, and the
mixture submitted to the process for reduction and sublima-
tion as before explained. It may be proper to mention here
that if this process be conducted in a tube, open at both ends,
we may have beside the deposite of crystals and the lus-
trous ring, an aUiaceous odour, with fumes proceeding from
the upper orifice. Another very satisfactory process, if we
have obtained tlie solution of arsenic acid, in distilled water,
is to test a portion of it with the ammoniacal nitrate of silver,
when instead of a lemon yellow coloured precipitate, which
followed its addition in the former case, we have one of a brick

124 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

red colour. The remaining portion of the solution may then
be treated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, or water containing
that gas in solution, and the bright yellow coloured precipitate
is thrown down, as shewn in the former example. This pre-
cipitate, dried, mixed with the flux, and submitted to the re-
ducing experiment, yields the ring, the crystals, and other
characteristics of the metal, which will be readily recognized
by an experienced operator. As preliminary to these more
minute experiments, the carbonaceous mass, resulting from
the action of the acids may be thrown upon burning coals,
when the well known alliaceous odour will be exhaled if
arsenic be present in the mass.

The operations necessary under two forms, in which chemists
may be called upon to show the presence of arsenic have now
been detailed ; there are two general heads yet remaining,
requiring attention. These are where arsenic may have been
mingled with liquid food, as soup, tea, milk, &c. <fcc. and
finally, where neither the food which had been eaten, nor the
matter which had been vomited, is accessible, we are compelled
to avail ourselves of the contents of the stomach, or even of
the substance of that organ itself. The proceeding in both of
these cases is almost precisely analogous to that last described.
In both of them we have the poison mixed with organic mat-
ter, and so far they resemble it and must be subjected to the
de-organizing powers of the strong mineral acids heretofore
alluded to. But anterior to the application of the acids there
are one or two minor operations, which it were well to describe.
In the case of poisoned fluid food, the first process is to evapo-
rate the fluid to the consistence of an extract, after w^hich the
digestion in the muriatic acid is proper, followed by the same
lixiviation and application of the same re-agents, as in the case
of the solid organic mixture. Where the stomach and its con-
tents, or any of the other intestines are involved in the exami-
nation, we boil the fluid matters as above to an extract, and
having pursued the same course as above described, where the
anatomical investigations and symptoms of disease, indicate
poison as the cause of death, and the frequent vomiting or vio-
lent purging may have removed, all traces of it from the fluids,
and when our tests applied remain insensible of its presence. —
We then commence to look for small undissolved portions

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. 125

which may have attached themselves to the membranes of the
intestines.

I shall not attempt to describe the appearances in the intes-
tines resulting from poisoning hy arsenic, as that duty may be
more ably discharged by the pathological anatomist, but pass
directly on to the chemical proceeding necessary to discover it.
The stomach or intestines must be cut up into small pieces, and
boiled for some time in distilled water, and the fluid filtered
off. The remaining animal matter may then be treated with
muriatic acid, and after disorganization is complete, the mass
must be lixiviated with the water which had been employed
to wash it, (the filtered solution above spoken of,) and then
commences the application of the usual re-agents as before
indicated. It will be readily seen that in all these cases the
general mode of proceeding is analogous. The object being
to bring the suspected matter into such a form as will render
the results of the tests decided and well marked. The process
recommended by Mr. Venables, is justly held in high esteem
by some chemists, and although I think that the course alrea-
dy indicated will prove satisfactory and efficient, I introduce
that of this gentleman, which varies somewhat from that we
have described. After having removed the organic matter,
and produced the sulphuret, he deflagrates that with nitrate
of potassa, which forms arseniate of potassa, dissolves the
product, supersaturates the liquid with acetic acid, precipi-
tates with nitrate of silver, and employs the arseniate of
silver thus formed for the reduction experiment. His reason
for preferring arseniate of silver for reduction being that it
parts with all or nearly all of its arsenic, while the sulphuret
only yields about a third. Christison considers this process to
be too much complicated to be generally successful, except
in the hands of a very expert operator. There are, perhaps,
never two cases requiring investigation presented to the che-
mist under precisely identical forms and circumstances. He
must, therefore, be guided altogether by general principles in
making his analysis, and the principle of the greatest conse-
quence, and to which he must give the strictest attention is
to reduce his subject to such a form as shall render the action
of his re-agents prompt, decided, and not liable to afford any
deceptive result in colour, form or density. This can most

126 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

easily be accomplished by adopting the processes which have
been before described, whereby the metal, or its compound, is
brought to our use dissolved in a simple colourless fluid.

Tlie many and variously designed processes which have
been recommended by writers for the detection of arsenic liave
been purposely omitted. It would serve no useful purpose to
recapitulate them, and would merely tend to embarrass the
memory, witliout at all elucidating the subject. The pro-
cesses which are described are simple, easy of manipulation
and have answered in cases which faU within each of the
general divisions. So far as can be foreseen, they are adapted
to any case which may occur — they are at least as well adapted
to practice as any of the numerous processes by which the
books are overloaded. Indeed there has always seemed to me,
an appearance of empiricism in the processes laid down for the
detection of arsenic, as though an analysis of an inorganic, or
organic compound, supposed to contain arsenic, were to be
pursued upon other principles, than those by which ordinary
analysis is conducted.

I do not wish to be understood as preferring any claim to
originality in these descriptions of the processes or the employ-
ment of any new means for the discovery of arsenic. I merely
wish to dispel the idea, which a student may acquire, that the
process for discovering arsenic, is a process -per se, and not
one based upon the general principles of chemical science,
an idea, which it is thought he may easily acquire, from the
manner in which the process is described in the books.
A regular routine is described through which ever\^ part
must pass, without any regard to the particular form and
circumstances under which it may be presented for examina-
tion, and which may be infinitely varied beyond the concep-
tion of the most fertile imagination. From this stricture the
excellent treatise of Dr. Christison on the detection of arsenic,
in his work on poisons must be exempted, as he has placed
the matter in its true light and properly excluded, or but casu-
ally mentioned, many of the obsolete and imperfect processes.
Having thus expressed my antipathy to a routine practice, I
must emphatically disclaim all desire of prescribing the course
which should be pursued, in the analysis of substances sup-
posed to contain arsenic. I claim to stand upon a broader

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. 127

basis, and ask for the analysis of such substances the same
application of the general principles of chemical science,
which are applied to other analysis. The opinion is enter-
tained, that if such were the case, the results of the ana-
lyst would be less liable to fallacy, and his opinions less fre-
quently subjected to the criticism of the gentlemen of the bar,
or the mortifying fact of finding all his inductions contradicted
by a professional rival, deemed perhaps by ihe auditory, equal-
ly expert and profound.

Impressed with the importance of these views, I have desig-
nated, in a former portion of this essay, the great principles
upon which the processes subsequently described were based,
and having performed that duty, the propriety of such a course
is humbly submitted to the judgment of all those whose studies
and pursuits enable them to decide on Its advantages and
defects. These general observations are perhaps all that this
branch of the subject requires, and I shall now proceed to
describe the action of each particular test, the effect which it
produces, and the fallacies to which it is liable. They will
be described in the order in which they have been used, and
first, therefore, the Ammoyiiacal sulphate of copper. The fal-
lacies to which this test is liable, are chiefly referrible to the
presence of organic matters in the solution to be examined, but
if the means be employed to remove them which have been
elsewhere indicated, these fallacies cannot occur. A yellowish
tint in the fluid under examination, or the reflection of yellow
rays will give any precipitate which may follow its use, a
greenish colour, and such a precipitate almost invariably fol-
lows the addition of the ammoniacal salts of copper to any
fluid, even distilled water. The least yellow reflection gives a
pea green colour to the blue oxide thus precipitated. 'The
operation of this test is prevented by hydrochloric, nitric, sul-
phuric, acetic, citric and tartaric acids in excess. These diffi-
culties are however obviated by manifest precautions. The
muriate, nitrate, and sulphate of ammonia also interfere with it
according to Hunefeld.' 'Almost all vegetable and animal infu-
sions likewise interfere with its accuracy, as it will strike a
green colour where arsenic is not present.' — Christison.

We do not however recommend this test where arsenic acid
is present. It is the arsetiile and not arseniate of copper which
has the grass green colour.

128 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

The ammo7iiacal nitrate of silver produces in fluids contain-
ing arsenious acid, a lively lemon yellow precipitate, changing
to dark brown when exposed to the light, this change is com-
mon to all the precipitates of silver. The chemical action is
analogous to that described above, the resulting salts being
arsenite of silver, which is insoluble, and nitrate of ammonia
retained in the solution. This test is also liable to some falla-
cies. Its action is prevented by the presence of nitric, acetic,
citric or tartaric acid in excess, particularly the first and the
last, says Christison, an excess of ammonia is also inconsistent
with its use. But the salt which is most likely to embarrass
its results, is the muriate of soda, which is more likely to
occur than any other, and the presence of which may be un-
suspected in a simple colourless fluid. The best way to over-
come this difiiculty, should it exist, is that proposed by Dr.
Forbes, professor of chemistry at Aberdeen, which is to
employ simple nitrate of silver, until all the muriatic acid be
precipitated, adding a slight excess, when the addition of a
few drops of caustic liquor of ammonia instantly produces the
lemon yellow coloured precipitate, so characteristic in its
colour as not readily to be mistaken. Another objection to
this test is the presence of any soluble phosphate in the liquid
under examination — as the precipitate of phosphate of sil-
ver bears a striking resemblance in colour to that of the arse-
nite, but here we have two safeguards against a false conclu-
sion ; one of which is that if but a small quantity of the phos-
phate be present it will be immediately redissolved in the
excess of ammonia present in the test, and the other, is the
marked difi'erence in the density of the precipitate, thrown
down by arsenious and phosphoric acids. The former being
heavy and subsiding promptly, while those of the latter are
very bulky, absorbing nearly all the fluid, when first precipi-
tated from which they subside slowly. This test cannot be
implicitly relied on, when organic fluids are the subjects of
examination, unless the quantity of arsenious acid be rather
large. We have before stated, that arsenic acid, or its salts
produced with this test, a precipitate of a brick red colour, the
arsenite of silver — this we believe is liable to no fallacy.

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, or water impregnated with that
gas is a test, to which most implicit confidence may be given,

DETKCTION OE ARSENIC. 129

as its characteristics are well defined, it is easily applied, and
but few precautions are necessary for its use. Should the
fluid to be examined by it contain any free acid, it must first
be neutralized by potassa, and then slightly acidulated by a
few drops of acetic or muriatic acid. When the fluid is thus
prepared, a stream of the gas, is to be passed through it, for
ten or fifteen minutes, or the water saturated with gas is
to be poured into it. The eflect of this test is, if the arsenic
be present in sufficient quantity, to produce a bright lemon
precipitate, or if the quantity be exceedingly small, to change
the colour of the solution to a bright lemon colour. To
insure the full separation of the precipitate the solution must
be boiled, because the sulphuret of arsenic is soluble in an
excess of sulphuretted hydrogen. This test is liable to a few
fallacies. The salts of cadmium are precipitated by it of a
very similar colour, but these are exceedingly rare, besides
which, the sulphuret of cadmium is soluble in muriatic acid,
and insoluble in ammonia, in this respect difl'ering from the
sulphuret of arsenic. The salts of selenic acid under certain
circumstances yield yellow precipitates with sulphuretted hy-
drogen, but these salts are exceedingly rare. The per salts
of tin, which are of almost equally rare occurrence, in any
case requiring a medico-legal investigation, yield yellow pre-
cipitates with this test, but they are turned brown by am-
monia. It has been objected, that antimonial salts, when
treated by sulphuretted hydrogen, give yellow coloured pre-
cipitates, but their colour, as is well known to chemists, are
of an orange red hue, very distinctly recognized, and distin-
guished from sulphuret of arsenic. Tlie presence of any acid
in the solution, except acetic and muriatic, will produce a
dirty yellowish white coloured precipitate, with sulphuretted
hydrogen, caused by the separation of the sulphur, but this is
easily distinguished from sulphuret of arsenic. When the
arsenic exists in the state of arsenic acid, or one of its salts,
after the sulphuretted hydrogen has been added to the solu-
tion, it is necessary to boil it, and allow it to stand by for some
time, before the precipitate forms. Dr. Christison says, that
he cannot consider the process he recommends in complex
fluids as competent to develope the presence of arsenic acid ;
from a careful examination of bis process, I cannot discover
17

130 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

any other reason for his doubt, than the belief that sulphu-
retted hydrogen will not produce a precipitate with that acid,
and if this be his reason, in my opinion it is unfounded; for
we have the authority of Rose, perhaps the first analyst of the
day, for the fact that sulphuretted hydrogen does produce a
yellow precipitate with arsenic acid, and its salts, but to do
this requires more boiling and a longer time than for arsenious
acid or its salts. . This test, of all others, is most implicitly
relied on, and its action is so delicate as to produce a pre-
cipitate, if the arsenical compound be dissolved in a hundred
thousand parts of water. It is an essential aid in the reduc-
tion process presently to be described, and is certainly liable
to none of the objections by which each of the other tests
may be rendered null.

The reduction process next claims attention. The tests
which have just been described, may be considered rather as
incidental, than indispensable, except the last, while we are
possessed of so certain a proof, as that about to be explained.

The reduction process, has been emphatically called the
'experimentum crucis,' and it yields a result so eminently
decided in its character, being the metal itself in a state of
chrystallization generally, that it may be implicitly relied
upon by the operator, and when exhibited to a jury, must pro-
duce conviction in the mind of the most incredulous. The
small quantity of arsenic in any form which may be made
sensible by this process, is almost incredible to one who is not
familiar with the minute operations of chemistry. The charac-
teristics of arsenic are well marked, says Christison, in crusts
which weighed only a 286th part of a grain. Berzelius says,
that the 190th of a grain of oxide will yield a good crust, and
that he has prepared a crust from a quantity so small as to be
insensible to any of his balances.

The manner in which this test is to be applied is, to take
the precipitate which has been thrown down by the sulphu-
retted hydrogen, and to mix it with black flux, or with charcoal
and carbonate of soda, and to introduce it into a small glass
tube, closed at one end. The dust must be carefully wiped
away from the sides of the tube, and any moisture which may
be condensed on the sides during the process, must also be
carefully removed during the operation. The heat of a spirit

DETECTION OF ARSENIC. 131

lamp is gradually applied, commencing a little above the por-
tion occupied by the flux, &c. The heat is then gradually
raised, until the glass and its contents become red, while the
tube is held steadily in one direction, the open end being
inclined upwards. The crust which forms, possesses the fol-
lowing characters — 'The surface next the tube is almost
exactly like polished steel, being a little darker in colour but
equal in brilliancy and polish ; and the inner surface is either
brilliantly chrystalline to the naked eye, like cast-iron, or has
a dull grayish colour, but appears chrystalline before a com-
mon magnifier.' This crust may be converted into white
oxide by diminishing the heat of the spirit lamp, and chasing
it up and down in the tube, until small octahedral crystals are
formed of adamantine lustre. This mode was proposed by
Dr. Turner. It would swell this notice far beyond its proper
length to comment upon the various modifications which have
been proposed for this process of reduction, I shall therefore
refer to Dr. Christison for the more minute account of it, and
proceed to explain the chemical action which takes place in
the process for reduction. If metallic arsenic be subjected to
the process, no other efiect is produced by the carbonaceous
alkaline matter mixed with it, than to reduce the small portion
of brown sub-oxide, which is apt to exist with it, and the metal
is at once sublimed by the heat, forming the crust before
spoken of. But if arsenious acid, or arsenic acid, be present,
the acid combines .with the alkaline base, forming an arsenite
or arseniate, which is less volatile than the metal or its acids,
and it is thus retained long enough to afford the carbon, an
opportunity to unite with the oxygen of the acid, passing off
in the form of carbonic acid, while tiie metal is sublimed as
already described. The arsenic is not all sublimed by any of
these processes as has been proved by the experiments of
many accurate analysts. When the sulphuret of arsenic is
exposed in the reducing tube, the sulphur is separated from the
arsenic, and combines with the alkali of the flux, the carbon
present preventing the arsenic just liberated from being con-
verted into arsenious acid, by rapidly seizing its oxygen as fast
as acquired, and allowing the metal to be sublimed in its
uncombined form. A portion of undecomposed sulphuret may
be sublimed along with the metal, if the heat be applied too

132 DETECTION OF ARSENIC,

rapidly, or the flux be scanty in proportion to the quantity of
sulphuret. Several objections have been made to this process,
but I think none which are irrefutable. It has been said that
a ring of charcoal finely divided may be taken for the arsenical
crust, that antimony forms a crust similar to it, that the action
of the flux on the glass in reducing its lead may be mistaken
for it, and finally that zinc may be sublimed in its metallic
state. But the three former can never deceive one who
examines with any care the crust which is produced, and the
full white heat required for the sublimation of zinc cannot be
obtained in a spirit lamp. The reduction of the lead in
the glass, occurs at the bottom of the tube, and cannot extend
beyond the actual contact of the charcoal, while the arsenical
crust, which only resembles it in its lustre, is generally formed
about half an inch above it. The value of this process is now
generally appreciated, and in the opinion of most chemists, is
alone sufficient to determine the presence of arsenic, how small
soever the quantity reserved for examination may be. It isy
however, of infinite importance that the preliminary operations
be conducted with great accuracy and nicety, where the quan-
tity of material which is brought to the chemist for examina-
tion is either very minute in quantity, or much involved by
admixture with organic matters. The presence of any empy-
reumatic matter in the reduction tube is a great source of em-
barrassment, and is positively interdicted. The tests essential
to the detection of arsenic having now been described in gene-
ral terms, it remains to mention the two or three others which
have been enumerated, which will be done in a cursory man-
ner; these tests having become almost obsolete, except the
small galvanic circle, which by the way is rather an elegant
experiment for the illustration of a lecture than a test, properly
so called, for the detection of so violent a poison.

The alliaceous odour, is to be sure strongly marked, but it is
liable to so many exceptions, as to be scarcely worthy the name
of a test. It may serve the analytic mineralogist, whose analyses
are never embarrassed with organic matter, but cannot cer-
tainly be relied upon in cases where zinc, phosphorus, burn-
ing papers, and animal matter exhale an odour, so similar to
that of arsenic.

The 7^educiion beticecn copper 2:)lates is now seldom used.
It is accomplished by laying the suspected matter on one of

BETECTION OF ARSENIC. 133

the plates mixed with black flux, and surrounding it with a
circle of the flux ; the plates are then placed in contact, and
being bound together by iron wire are exposed to the heat of
a common fire for a few minutes, when cooled and opened, the
upper plate is found coated with a brilliant silvery alloy. The
objections to this process are, that charcoal gives an appear-
ance somewhat similar; oxide of tin is said to produce the
same appearance, but the most material objection, says Chris-
tison, is that it requires a quantity sufficient to try much better
tests ten times over.

The galoanic circle of Mr. Fischer, of Breslau, is, as has
been said, an elegant mode, where the quantity of arsenic is
at our control, but is not sufficiently delicate. It requires
too long a time for its operation where the quantity of arsenic
in solution is very small, which affords an opportunity for the
fluid in the tube to pass out by exosmose. When successfully
applied, the effect is to reduce the metal upon the negative
wire within the tube, or else to throw it down in the form of
powder. The inventor says he could detect by this instru-
ment the tenth of a grain of arsenic, but not when it was dis-
solved in more than five hundred times its weight of water.
From all that lias been said, it will now, I trust, be evident
that the means are certainly within our power of detecting
arsenic under any circumstances, and however minute in
quantity. The objections or fallacies to which the tests are
liable, are confined respectively to each test, and are not com-
mon to them all, so that when all correspond in their results,
it is impossible to doubt their indications. The fallacies too, to
which they are liable, are owing in each to a different cause,
and hence, they can never all deceive, for it is scarcely possible
to conceive a case which shall combine every cause of embar-
rassment. The chief difficulty, and perhaps, one of the most
frequent occurrence is that poison is only suspected after a
period when it is almost impossible to collect any of the poi-
soned food, or whatever other medicine may have been used
for its administration. In such cases recourse must be had to
the disinterment of the sufferer, and search may be made in
the intestines for the poison. The investigations of Orfila and
others, induce us to believe that during the decomposition of
the animal structure, combinations may occur, which will
render the operation of ordinary tests, not only uncertain,

134 DETECTION OF ARSENIC.

but null and void ; and if a soluble salt be generated, as may-
be, the humidity of the soil in which the body is interred,
may by percolating through the decomposing mass, entirely
wash it way. It is scarcely possible to assign limits to the
almost infinitely small portion of arsenic, which may be
detected by analysis, so accurate and inevitable are the results
of chemical science, when skilfully obtained; but great nicety
and scrupulous adherence to every rule which it inculcates,
are indispensable to the attainment of such results. In
this country, unfortunately, we are compelled to depend in
great measure upon unpractised hands, except in large cities,
and hence, where evidence is submitted to a jury, unless the
chemical witness be known to be expert and practised in his
profession, his testimony should be received with extreme
caution. It has been shown, by what has already been said,
that numerous counteracting causes exist, which may deceive
the analyst, and in a case to which reference was made in a
very early part of this paper, so great was the deception, that
all who were convinced by their experiments of the presence
of arsenic, were subsequently shewn, by a critical investiga-
tion, to have been completely deceived in their results. With
this knowledge of the difficulties and responsibilities which
environ the chemical witness, in cases where poison has been
suspected to have been administered I have endeavoured to
shew what his true course is, and how he may avoid those cir-
cumstances which lead to false inductions. If I have failed
to do this, an apology is due for having so long occupied your
time and patience, but if, on the contrary, these remarks have
had any tendency to instruct, I shall consider the time occupied
in their preparation, exceedingly well spent. They have been
compiled, in the few leisure hours which could be snatched
from the active pursuits of business, and are doubtless, far less
complete than the importance of the subject demands. They
may perhaps, however, awaken a spirit of investigation among
some who have hitherto not particularly investigated the sub-
ject, and as all of us may be called upon, either as witnesses
or jurors, in cases where justice demands a rigid scrutiny into
the dark designs of some foul murderous spirit, they may serve
to prepare our minds for the proper exposure of its weapons,
or to the certain expression of a righteous judgment.

LATITUDE OF ANNAPOLIS. 135

ARTICLE VIII.

The Latitude of Annapolis. — By Hector Humphreys, D. D.
President of St. John's College.

[Read before the Academy, April 27, 1837.]

The methods adopted for the determination of the latitude at
St. John's college, have been, 1st, by meridian altitudes of the
sun, and of known stars, south of the zenith ; 2d, by altitudes of
Polaris, at the upper and lower culminations, and at the greatest
eastern or western elongation ; 3d, by altitudes of any well
known stars, taken at distances from the meridian, ascertained
by the most exact rate of a well regulated time-keeper ; and
4th, by Professor Bessel's rule, for the transit of a star across
the Prime Vertical, east and west of the meridian. The baro-
meter is placed in the spacious hall of the college, in which
the air is not affected by artificial heat, at an elevation of fifty-
six feet above the mid-tide, in the Chesapeake bay. The
external thermometer, is placed in the shade, out of the build-
ing ; and both instruments, are well secured against distur-
bance by accidents. The time, has been found, occasionally,
by observing the sun, with an excellent sextant and mercury
horizon ; but, generally, from altitudes of two stars, near the
Prime Vertical, at the east and west, taken on the same even-
ing. The most frequent method, has been, to observe only a
single star, while in the best position, with a theodolite, taking
two altitudes, with the face of the instrument, in its natural
position, and two others, in the reversed position of the tele-
scope and of the vernier plate. The time has, also, been
obtained by meridian transits, using the theodolite for the pur-
pose. The instruments, were a fifteen inch repeating theodo-
lite, by Troughton, reading to five seconds, and a six inch one,
by the same artist, reading to twenty seconds. The first
mentioned, is mounted like a transit instrument, and was
placed in the plane of the meridian, by passages of Polaris and
of Beta, in Cassiopeia, and then verified by transits of other
circmnpolar stars. To avoid exposure to the open air, an un-
occupied room was taken, affording a view of objects at the
north and south ; and meridian marks were made at conside-

136 LATITUDE OF ANNAPOLIS.

rable distances in each direction. The variation was found
to be 3° 8' 10" west, while the instrument, was in the build-
ing, and 2° 41', when set up at a distance on the college green.
The number of observations, has not been sutficient, as yet,
to determine the mean amount, accurately. The needle has,
of late, exhibited uncommon changes in the variation. The
first of these occurred at the time of the aurora, on the 25th
of January ; when its oscillations extended through more than
a degree, the increase of the variation being to the west. On
the evening of the 21 st of April, at eight o'clock, another
aurora occurred, in every way resembling the former, except
that the waves did not extend so far to the south. It was
even more remarkable, however, for one broad column of
white light, extending to the zenith, in the direction of the
magnetic meridian, traversing the whole arch of crimson light,
and retaining its position for fifteen or twenty minutes. It
was succeeded by the ordinary pencils, of the same colour,
but of momentary duration. The whole sky, to the north,
was covered with the same gorgeous veil that was seen here
on the 25th of January, extending nearly up to the zenith ;
and if the ground had been white with snow, the effect would
have been the same. This aurora occurred at about the same
age of the moon as the former, a little after opposition, and
was not sensibly affected by its presence. The same activity
was observed as before in the needle, the variation being
increased, for the time, a fall degree to the west. Another
remarkable aurora took place here, between seven and eight
o'clock, on the 3d of April, when the sky was clouded and the
wind blowing hard. The light was seen, notwithstanding, in
three separate columns, towards the north and east, reaching,
at times to altitudes of thirty degrees, exhibiting occasionally,
an orange colour, and fluctuating. On this occasion, the
motions of the needle, were watched for a considerable
time, and were observed to extend over nearly a degree in
short periods, when the instrument was as much as possible
secured from the agitation of the building. The tendency,
was, as before, to the west. A rise of the mercury in the
barometer, of four hundredths of an inch, was, also, observed
to take place on that evening, in the course of half an hour.
A similar rise, had been observed on the 25th of January.

LATITUDE OF ANNAPOLIS. 137

On that occasion, also the needle had shown a stronger ten-
dency than usual to dip, being drawn down to the plate, as is
observed, when one, improperly, excites electrical action, in
a compass, by rubbing the glass. No display of auroral light,
of equal splendour, is remembered to have occurred here by
any person at this place. It reached as far south as Sirius,
and spanned the whole heavens, Orion and Taurus, lying
within its border. It exhibited, to that extent, the white light
of the common aurora, after the crimson waves had receded.
A more interesting fact was observed in connection with this
display, in the sudden appearance of the zodiacal light, on the
evening of January 26th, in great distinctness at the west,
extending upwards, nearly ninety degrees from the horizon,
and having density enough, towards its base, to conceal the
stars in that quarter. This light Avas observ^ed for many
evenings afterwards, and diminished in its altitude, till it
ceased to attract attention. A bank of light, of the same kind,
was also seen in the west, after the aurora of the 3d of April.
In that case, however, it extended along the horizon, instead
of forming an inclined column. Another appearance of the
same light, was noticed on the 22d of this month, and, now,
on the 24th, is observed with great distinctness, as late as nine
o'clock, p. M. The light in question does not differ from the
common diffused northern light. The appearances, perhaps,
are owing, to a highly attenuated electric vapour, or elastic
fluid, floating in space in large and small masses, visible only
when great depths of its substance are presented to the obser-
ver's eye ; or when its presence in the rarer strata of our
atmosphere, is manifested by the passage of some form of
electrical, or if it be preferred, magnetic light.

The latitude of St. John's College, as deduced from many
observations, 38° 58' 35".617 N. is laid down in the best
books at 39.° A series of observations has been commenced
for an accurate determination of the longitude 5 the result of
which shall be communicated hereafter.

Annapolis, April 24, 1837.

18

138 KEPORT OF THE

ARTICLE IX.

Report of the Meteorological Committee.

The Committee of the Maryland Academy of Science and
Literature, to whom was confided the charge of co-operating
in the Meteorological Observations, proposed to be continued
on four fixed periods of the year, beg leave to present the fol-
lowing report and tables :

It being an object of great interest, before making, as well
as before describing such observations, to be provided with a
set of accurate and well constructed Meteorological Instru-
ments, the Committee applied themselves first of all, to the
arrangement of a barometer, more suitable to the occasion,
than those constructed for ordinary purposes. As the best
account of the instrument now in the possession of the Aca-
demy, and of the novel and excellent arrangement which
characterizes it, they would give here the description fur-
nished at their request by the successful artist himself: —

'Gentlemen : — Having been directed to construct a standard
barometer for the use of the Meteorological Committee of the
Maryland Academy of Science and Literature, I submitted to
you a plan for such an instrument. Upon your approval of
the modifications I-proposed to introduce, and of the general
method offered for its manufacture, I executed for you an
instrument, of which, at your request, I furnish the following
description.

The glass tube is 32.5 inches in length ; 0.25 internal, and
0.60 external diameter ; the upper end being hermetically
closed, the lower extremity was ground to a slightly conical
form for a length of L25 in. for the purpose of being fitted air-
tight within a pierced circular plate of glass through which
the tube passes about one inch ; the tube and plate are so
ground to each other, that, when the former is placed verti-
cally, the latter shall be perfectly horizontal. This plate,
which has a diameter of 3 inches, and a thickness of 0.20,
forms the upper part or cover of the cistern, and is introduced
for the purpose of furnishing a horizontal surface, against
which, the mercury of the cistern may extend and contract in
its changes of volume, arising from tiie varying length of the

METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE. 139

barometric column, without suffering any change in the
height of its surface.

The cistern is made of well seasoned mahogany. The
excavation for containing the mercury, consists of a circular
pool of 1.100 inch diameter and of the same depth, for receiv-
ing the end of the barometer tube ; tlie upper part of this pool
is, however, extended to nearly the diameter of the glass plate
before mentioned (3 inches) which covers it, leaving only a
narrow rim for supporting the plate and attached tube : this
part has a depth of 0.167 inch. The cistern thus propor-
tioned, being filled until the mercury shall extend from the
tube against the glass plate to a diameter of 2 inches, will
admit of fluctuations beyond the barometric range, without
the mercury either extending beyond, or leaving the under
surface of the plate. This under surface, then, becomes a
fixed point from which the measurements for the scale may be
accurately laid off. At the coincidence of the lower surface
with the tube, a mark was made on the latter; the plate being
removed, 30 inches were measured off and another mark
made on the tube ; to this mark the scale was laid down.

The arrangement for the scale consists of a brass tube, 7
inches long, and of a diameter to fit over the barometer tube,
to which it is firmly cemented. This tube extends two
inches above the top of the barometer ; and from the top of
the barometer tube, for a length of three inches downwards,
is opened on opposite sides one-quarter of its circumference,
so as to expose the barometer tube and admit of vision
through that part of it which is unoccupied by the mercury.
Over this brass tube, a sliding one is fitted of nearly the same
length, the lower end of which is brought in coincidence with
the top of the mercurial column, when observation is made of
its altitude. Attached to the upper end of the tube, is a
micrometer screw, which works in the top of the fixed tube ;
affording an easy means of bringing the termination of the
sliding tube in the same horizontal line with the surface of
the mercury.

On the fixed brass tube a scale is graduated to fiftieths of
an inch. The micrometer screw has fifty turns to the inch,
and the micrometer head being divided into twenty parts, a
subdivision of the scale is effected to thousandths.

140 REPORT OP THE

The glass plate covering the cistern is pierced between the
centre occupied by the barometer tube and its rim, with a hole
just sufficient to allow the stem of a small thermometer to pass
through it, the bulb of which is immersed in the mercury of
the cistern, for indicating its temperature. The cistern has a
number of small holes made through it, on a line with the
under surface of the plate for establishing a free communica-
tion with the external air ; which otherwise would be pre^
vented by the mahogany rim that confines the plate in its
seat.

The end of the barometer immersed in the mercury, is fur-
nished with a thin platinum cylinder of 0.375 inch breadth,
constituting Professor DanielFs platinum guard.

The frame for supporting the tube, &c. consists of a
polished mahogany slab, four inches broad and thirty-eight
inches long, at the bottom of which is fixed a horizontal
bracket which supports the cistern. Another bracket is placed
at a height corresponding with the lower part of the brass
tube attached to the barometer tube, against which it is
clamped. The tube thus standing out from the board three
inches, admits of inspection throughout its whole surface
without removal.

L- Fastened to the frame, is a brass plate, on which are engra-
ven the correction for capillary attraction ; a table for reduc-
tion to the standard temperature S^*^; and a correction for
error in micrometer screw. This error of the screw, from
uncontrollable circumstances, I could not avoid at the time of
construction, but the correction may be rendered unnecessary
hereafter, by the substitution of a new screw, and re-gradua-
tion of tlie scale; the error is attended, however, with no
other evil, than the trouble of applying the correction.

The whole instrument is covered by a glass case to protect
it, when not in use, from all needless fingering. The mer-
cury used was prepared by distillation; ten pounds of mercury
of commerce, of specific gravity 13.619, were put into an
earthen retort, together with some copper and iron wire, as
recommended by Mr. Faraday, and 8.5 lbs. were distilled
over, the specific gravity of which was 13.625. This pro-
duct was redistilled in the same manner, and 7.5 lbs. driven

METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE. 141

over; which gave a specific gravity 13.628. It was then
carefully dried and well filtered.

The necessity of recording the specific gravity of the mer-
cury I think has been somewhat overlooked: but when it is
recollected that the difference between 13.625 and 13.626 in
specific gravity would be attended with a variation of 0.0022
inch in the altitude of a column of thirty inches, its impor-
tance is manifest.

The specific gravity of the mercury in the standard barome-
ter of the Royal Society, as ascertained by Mr. Faraday, is
13.624, which would create a discrepancy of near 0.009 inch
in absolute altitude between that instrument and mine, the
barometer standing at thirty inches.

Faraday, Turner and others, give the specific gravity of
mercury at 13.568, and if mercury of this weight should be
used in the construction of a barometer it would give rise to a
difference of over one-tenth of an inch between such an
instrument, and that of the Royal Society and the one now
described. The specific gravity of the mercury if given,
however, at the time of construction, admits of an easy cor-
rection for the purposes of comparison.

After introducing the mercury into the tube, it was well
boiled thioughout its whole length.

The measurement for the scale was laid off from a standard
mean yard, traced by Mr. Hassler.

For the utility of the application of the platinum guard, I
must refer to the interesting Essay of Professor Daniell on
the deterioration of barometers, as simply to state the facts
coimected with this subject, would occupy too much space in
this description.

The adoption of the micrometer reading of the scale, I
think will be found convenient, particularly for observers
unpractised in the use of the vernier in finely graduated
instruments.

On proposing the application of the glass plate as a hori-
zontal boundary for the surface of the mercury of the cistern,
although satisfied myself that no appreciable interference with
the free flowing of the mercury would arise from it, in the
measurements I had selected, it was thought by some of the
Committee that such might be the case. After completing

142 REPORT OF THE

the arrangement, however, I was gratified by finding on refe-
rence to Dr. Young's Natural Philosophy, that the principle
had before been suggested, and that he considered it free from
error, provided the distance between the surfaces in contact
with the mercury was not less than one-seventh of an inch.
It will be recollected that I had adopted a distance rather
greater, one-sixth of an inch. I am not aware that the plan
was ever before put in practice, but considering this good
authority, I felt justified in so doing.

Feeling much honoured by your confidence,

I am your obedient servant,

James Green,
Philosophical Instrument Maker.''

The comparative thermometric observations were very sim-
ple. The bulb of one of the thermometers being surrounded
with a piece of muslin, was a few minutes before each obser-
vation immersed in water, which had been allowed to acquire
in standing the temperature of the atmosphere. This ther-
mometer together with a dry bulb was suspended, and gendy
swung until the mercury became stationary. The stand of
both thermometers was then noted, and recorded in the table.

The Committee present herewith a Table which they have
calculated, exhibiting the amount of correction necessary for
variations of temperature, applied to different heights of the
barometric column. The calculation has been based upon the
apparent dilatation of mercury in glass and not the actual
dilatation of mercury only, because in our case the scale is
fixed to the glass and of course partakes of its variations.

Lewis Brajvtz,
James Green,
J. H. Alexander,
William R. Fisher,

Committee.

Arram/eme/il (>f Sca>/fi

Arrarf//r^r^f.S^4( f?/"^^/^£r/?

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METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE.

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144

REPORT OF THE

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

i

MADE BY THE

MARYLAND ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE,

On the 21st and 22d of June, 1836, at their Rooms, Baltimore, Lat. 39° 17' N.

Long. 76° 36' W.

Height of Barometer cistern 53ft-412 above mid-tide.

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June 21.

6 A.M.

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29,743

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((

a

6

29,768

66

68

N. E.

s. \v.

C(

Cirro-cumuli.

7

29,780

64

61.5

CC

((

cc

Cumuli & Cum. Strati.

8

29,806

63

61

Ci

S.E.

cc

Cumuli.

9

29,827

63

61

(f

ii

((

Rain.

10

29,831

62.5

61

(I

<e

cc

Nimbus, "

11

29.827

63

61

cc

((

cc

it a

12

29,831

63

61

(C

(C

cc

" Cum. Strati.

1A.M.

29,837

62

60.5

tc

C(

(C

CC

2

29,838

62.5

61

a

Still.

Light.

CC

3

29.836

62.5

61

ce

it

(C

cc

4

29,847

61,5

60

«

((

cc

" Rain.

5

29,865

60,5

59-5

tc

<c

Cc

'C

6

29,874

64

61.5

(<

<(

C(

CC

7

29,894

61

60

ti

(C

Cc

" Rain.

8

29,893

63

61

E.

w.

cc

'C CC

9

29,881

64

61.5

CC

4C

'C

Cumuli.

10

29,900

64

61-5

«

W. N. W.

Cc

Cumulo-strati.

11

29,902

69

635

cc

((

cc

Cirro-cumuli.

12

29,900

71

65

E. S. E.

W. N. W. lower
E. N. E upper.

cc

Cumuli.

1P.M.

29,895

715

64.5

S.E.byE.

W.N. W.

Moderate.

K

2

29,895

72

66

(C

W.N W. lower
S. E. upper.

Light.

Cirrus.

3

29,888

70

64

S. E.

N. W.

cc

Cumulo-stratus.

4

29,880

72

65

a

a

cc

Cirro stratus.

5

29,869

71.5

64.5

C(

N N. W.

Moderate

GG G(

6

29,870

69.5

64

cc

C£

cc

Gfr CC

Mean,

29,821

66 37 62.80

The Barometer readings are corrected for capillary attraction, and reduced to
32° Fahrenheit.

METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE.

145

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

MADE BY THE

MARYLAND ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE,

On the 21st and 22cl of September, 1836, at their Rooms, Baltimore, Lat. 39° 17'

N. Long. 76° 36' W

. Height of Barometer cistern 53ft.412 above mid-tide.

d

o

o

a

y. a

a

H

a •

m a
X

[I.

m

a r.

REMARKS.

in

H

Ui

w

a

z r*

BS

o

a

3

u i-

o

PS

z

o

OS r

o

n

DRY.

WET.

^

Sept. 21.

6 A. M.

30.083

71°.5

67°

N. N. W.

S. S. E.

Light.

Nimbus.

7

30.0S8

71

65

N. N. E.

S

ii

Cumulo-stralus.

8

30.107

71

65

N. E.

Station'y.

11

Cumuh.

9

30.109

71

65

a

((

Moderate.

" Rain, sprinkle.

10

30.113

72

64

a

(c

li

Cumulo-stratus, overspread.

11

30.121

70

64-5

N. N. E.

ii

11

Nimbus, heavy rain.

12

39.120

66

64

N. E.

a

li

" Rain continues, lighter.

1 P. M.

30.115

66

64

a

(C

11

CC CC CC CC

2

30.101

68

64

a

Ci

11

Cumulo-^stratus, overspread.

3

30.090

68

64

<£

tc

Very light

« thin.

4

30.084

70

64

iC

a

CC

CC ic

5

30.036

69

64

ci

li

CC

« overcast.

6

30.096

67

64

N,

a

CC

CC «

7

30.116

66

63

a

ii

Brisk.

« •«

8

30.124

66

63

i(

a

Light.

Strati, overcast.

9

30.110

67

63

a

u

CC

CC CC

10

30.106

66

63

a

I'

il

CC CC

11

30.103

65-5

62.5

a

a

Moderate.

CC CC

12

30106

65.5

62.5

u

((

Light.

CC CC

1 A.M.

30.107

66

63

a

a

ii

Cumuli.

2

30.091

65.5

63.5

tc

li

it

CC

3

30.090

65-5

63.5

cc

South'd.

Brisk.

" overcast.

4

30-091

66

63

a

11

Moderate.

CC CC

5

30.088

65.5

63.5

iC

It

ii

CC CC

6

30-089

66

64

u

ii

ii

CC c<

7

30-034

67

64

cc

<(

iC

CC (C

8

30-087

68

65

N. E.

11

Light.

" deep overcast, drizzle.

9

30-085

69

67

it

11

CC

(C CC CC CC

10

30-032

72

68

u

11

CC

" overcast.

11

30-070

73

69

S. E.

Station'y.

CC

CC CC

12

30-052

73

70

u

CC

CC

CC (C

1 P.M.

30-017

75

71.5

s. s. w.

N. E.

CC

CC CC

2

30-004

76

72

s. w.

11

CC

Cumuli, overspread.

3

29-977

78-5

72-5

.'C

u

CC

Cumulo-stratus.

4

29.973

78

72.5

u

a

CC

Cirro-stratus.

5

29-970

77

73

a

ii

CC

CC

6

29-964

75

72.5

a

S. E.

CC

CC

Mean,

30.07S

69.04

65.74

The Barometer readings are corrected for capillary attraction, and reduced <o
32° Fahrenheit.

19

146

REPORT OF THE

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

MADE BY THE

MARYLAND ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE,

On the 21st and 22d of December, 1836, at their Rooms, Baltimore, Lat. 39^*
17/ N. Long. 76° 36' W

Height of Barometer cistern 53ft.412 above mid-tide.

it

o
a.

o
H
m

S 5

REMAEKS.

to

Pi

o

P

H

a

n
a
o

O

DRY.

WET.

Dec. 21.

7 A. M.

29.592

5r.6

47°.5

s.

N. E.

Very light.

Rain.

8

29.609

51

44.5

a

cc

cc

cc

9

29.669

44

39

N. W.

E.

Very strong.

u

10

29.738

41

36

ii

"

a

Nimbus.

11

29.802

40

30

'•

a

ii

a

12

29.829

36

16

"

N. E.

Strong.

a

1 P. M.

29.879

39.5

14

a

Cirro-stratus.

2

29.894

35.5

12

Cl

Clear.

3

30.028

29.5

9.5

a

((

4

30.060

28

9

u

(t

5

30.141

24.5

7

cc

ii

6

30.218

24

8

cc

a

7

30.289

29

11

a

ii

8

30.317

22.5

10

<i

a

9

30.350

23

7

li

(c

10

30.405

19

11

ii

11

30.426

19

a

a

12

30.446

19

Light.

a

1 A.M.

30.457

16

a

it

2

30.508

16

a

a

3

30.527

14

a

a

4

30.533

10

a

Cf

6

30.564

14

.

a

'C

6

30.577

14.5

li

a

7

30.586

16

u

a

8

30.629

15

u

a

9

30.677

16

a

ii

10

30.711

17

Moderate.

ii

11

30.699

18

a

ii

12

30.672

19

u

ii

1 P. M.

30.639

20

a

ii

2

30.637

22

cc

Cl

3

30.607

21

u

ii

4

30.587

24.5

a

a

5

30 592

20

N. by W.

Light.

a

6

30.596

21

cc

u

ii

Mean,

30.414

24.72

The Barometer readings are corrected for capillary attraction, and reduced to
32° Fahrenheit.

METEOROLOGICAL COMMITTEE.

147

METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

MADE BY THE

MARYLAND ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND LITERATURE,

On the 21st and 22d of March, 1837, at their Rooms, Baltimoke, Lat. 39° 17' N,
Long. 76° 36' W.

Height of Barometer cistern 53ft.412 above mid-tide.

li

Ed

o

B

M b5

Bi

S Q

tn

X

g 5

REMARKS,

a

o

n

w -*

o

a

2;

a a.

o

a

a

DRY.

WET.

g

Mai-Lli2l.

7 A. M.

29.955

42°

40°

S. E.

Light.

Cuinulo-stratus.

8

29.955

44

42

ii

9

29.969

49

45

a

10

29.941

52

47

u

11

29.939

54

48

tc

12

29.943

56

50

s. w.

Nimbus, Rain.

1 P. M.

29.939

55

51

C£

2

29-909

54.5

51

S. by W.

Cumuli. No rain.

3

29.895

52

60

a

4

29.856

52

49-6

S. E.

Nimbus. Rain.

5

29.847

54

51

(C

«' with cirri. Ram.

6

29.836

54

61.5

iC

7

29-830

53.5

61.5

a

8

29.832

54

52

S. W.

9

29.791

52

50

10

29-761

53

51

Moderate.

11

29.719

52

50

((

12

29-668

53-5

52

Light.

1 A. 31.

29-627

54

62.5

S. S. E.

Nimbus. No rain.

2
3
4i

29.605

54

52.6

tc

29.540

52-5

51

iC

Light.

Heavy rain.

5

29-556

54

52

u

6

29.561

53

52

S. bv E.

Cumuli. No rain.

7
8
9

29.578

55

53

S. W.

29-616

53

48

N. VV.

Moderate.

10

29.659

49

43

u

Strong.

11

29-688

46

40

ti

Stratus.

12

29-720

47.5

40

N. N. W.

Stratus. Nimbus. Rain.

1 P.M.

29.725

45

40.5

N. W.

Cumulo-stratus. SpiculiB of snow.

2

29.738

43

37

u

Breaking away.

3

29-751

43

37

C£

4

29-769

41

35

ii

5

29-802

40

34

it

6

29.805

41

35

«

Cirro-stratus. Nimb. SpicuIiE of snow.

Me .Till,

29-774

50.22

46.62

The Barometer readings are corrected for capillary attraction, and reduced to
32° Fahrenheit.

148 PREPARING SPECIMENS

ARTICLE X.

Directions for preparing specimens of Natural History.
Issued by the Maryland Academy of Science and Literature.
QUADRUPEDS.

In preparing quadrupeds the object in view is to preserve
the skin entire, with the other parts that characterize the
species — such as the head with the jaws and teeth — the legs
with the hoofs and claws.

For this purpose an incision should be made along the
middle of the belly, commencing a little below the space
between the fore legs and ending at three-fourths the distance
between that and the root of the tail. The skin is then
dissected up on each side as far as the legs, which must be
disjointed from the body. The neck must be drawn out and
cut off close to the skull, over which the skin must be stripped.
All the soft parts are then to be removed from the skull, both
externally and internally, such as the muscles of the jaw —
the eyes — the tongue and the brain. The legs are to be
drawn out as far as possible and cleaned in a similar manner:
each as well as the skull being again returned into the skin,
to insure the preservation of which every portion of flesh or
fat must be entirely removed from it. The skin must then
be well rubbed in every part with the white oxide of arsenic,
a portion of which should also be thrown into the cavities of
the skull and the sockets of the eyes. If the arsenic cannot
be procured, corrosive sublimate in solution (3 oz. to a gallon
of spirit) may be substituted. Small animals may be pre-
served in spirits of wine.

For transportation, the skin, if practicable should be lined
with thick paper — the body folded flat — the legs turned inwards
across the body — and the whole rolled up, commencing at
the head. If the animal be not larger than a cat, it would be
far preferable to merely lay the legs across, and pack the skins
one upon the other, as this would tend to prevent any distor-
tion, which should in all cases be carefully avoided. When
the far is very thick or many skins are packed together, the
arsenic in the skin is not always a safeguard against insects,

OF NATURAL HISTORY. 149

as a precaution in such cases, powdered camphor may be
sprinkled between them.

It is well here to mention that there are certain necessary
precautions to be observed under this as well as under
the succeeding heads. The animal selected, if there is a
choice, should be well developed — of an adult a^e (the young
also when the age is known are useful,) should have all the
parts which furnish characteristics to the species perfect, the
skin free from abrasions and from spots of blood and dirt.
These last may with care be removed, and if the animal be a
scarce one and it be desirable on that account to preserve it,
some of these defects may be remedied by artificial means.

BIRDS.

The last paragraph though applicable to all animals, is
peculiarly so to birds. These should be preserved in full
plumage, and having the feathers of the wings and tail as
perfect as possible. *

Taking hold of the feet of the bird and permitting the head
to hang downward, gently compress the abdomen and neck,
so as to empty the stomach and craw of any fluid matter they
may contain, and then fill the throat with cotton. Separate the
feathers of the abdomen carefully along the middle of the
body and commencing a little above the lower edge of the
breast-bone, make an incision large enough to take the body
out, which by practice may be accomplished through a very
small opening, which is preferable. In making the incision
it must be remembered that the skin of birds is generally very
thin, and care should be taken not to penetrate the muscles of
the abdomen or viscera. The incisions may also be made under
one of the wings, which is thought by many to be a much
more convenient place, and it is certainly better concealed
than in the former. The skinning is continued to the legs,

*In shooting birds for the purpose of stuffing them very small shot
should be used, and in very small loads. A quantity of cotton should be
provided to fill both the throat and the wound. The latter if very
small may be dusted with pov\rdered rosin or chalk, which will absorb the
blood and prevent its soiling the plumage. Each specimen ought to be
separately wrapped in soft paper and deposited in a basket, as the usual
game bag is very liable to break the feathers and distort the bird.

150 PREPARING SPECIMENS

which must be disjointed from the body, and to the tail, the
bone of which must be cut off, carefully cleansed and left
attached to the skin. The body can now be drawn out so as
to get readily at the wings, which are also to be disjointed.
The neck is then drawn out and the skinning continued to
the root of the bill. The eyes as well as all the soft parts of
the head are next to be cleaned, taking care not to burst the
former which would discharge the fluid they contain and
injure the feathers. The neck is cut off close to the head,
which is then drawn back into its natural position. This
latter object is sometimes difficult to accomplish in birds
having long slender necks unless a string of sufficient length
be first attached to the bill, by which the head can readily be
drawn back. In birds having large crests as this process is
impossible without injuring them, an incision must be made
in the back of the neck and the head cleaned by that means.
The bones of the wings and legs are next to be freed from the
flesh, and the whole skin and skull, (fcc. &c. rubbed with
arsenic as previously directed. In cleaning the bones of the
wings of large birds it is generally difficult to draw them out
of the skin, when this is the case an incision must be made
along the under part of the wing, for the purpose of removing
the flesh. The bird must lastly be filled with tow or raw
cotton, inserting it with fine pincers into the neck and sock-
ets of the eye, &c. The wings are then folded, the neck,
legs and tail extended, the feathers smoothed and laid straight
or washed with warm soap and water if necessary, and the
bird dried.

When dried they can easily be packed, rolling each in a
separate piece of paper and sprinkling powdered camphor in
the box.

It is desirable to- have both male and female with the nest
and eggs, and also the young ones when the age can with
certainty be told. It is also well to know at what season of
the year the specimen was killed, as many birds change their
plumage during the course of the year. Eggs are preserved
by making a small hole at each end and blowing out the
contents.

OF NATURAL HISTORY. 151

REPTILES.

Small snakes, lizards, frogs, &c. are best preserved in spirits.
Large snakes and lizards are most conveniently transported
in spirits, bnt may afterwards be stuffed. *

With tortoises tlie skin should be separated from the lower
shell all around, and the shells sawed apart each side; the
skinning and stuffing is then easily effected. The upper
shell should be slightly oiled but not varnished.

FISH.

Are most readily prepared for transportation by simply
wrapping each specimen in muslin and putting them in
spirits, taking care not to pack them in such a manner as to
distort their shape. A piece of sheet lead may be attached to
each, having a number stamped upon it, as a reference to any
written remarks which may accompany it.

In stuffing those fish which have no scales, a slit may be
made in the belly, and with a little dexterity the head and
tail may be successively drawn out, taking care to preserve
the head, gills, fins and tail. The skin can then be filled
according to its size with bran, saw-dust, tow, cotton or straw.
The fins and tail must eacii be spread out on a piece of card
or thin board until dry, and the same precautions in preserving
the skin from attacks of insects used as before.

Fish having scales should be skinned by making an in-
cision along one side of sufficient length, and the body
removed carefully so as not to bend or wrinkle the skin of the
other side, which would deprive it of its scales. The in-
cision, if the skin is sufficiently strong may be sewed up,
or if not, may be closed by pasting a piece of bladder or
muslin over it, which, as but one side is intended for exhibi-
tion will not disfigure the specimen.

*In ihe collection of the Maryland Academy, the snakes and small
lizards are, at the suggestion of Dr. William Ed. Coale, enclosed in glass
tubes filled with spirit and hermetically sealed at each end. In this way
the specimens have a very neat appearance, besides which the minute
characteristics of the species, the length, number and shape of the scales,
&c. &c. can be more readily studied, and there is of course no evapora-
tion of the spirit.

152 PREPARING SPECIMENS

INSECTS.

Hard shelled insects, such as beetles, as well as flies, grass-
hoppers, &c. merely require to be pierced with a pin through
the right elytron or wing case, and stuck in a box. Butter-
flies should be caught with a net in such a manner as not to
deprive the wings of the down which covers them. In
preserving them, two specimens are desirable so as to exhibit
both surfaces of the wings, which should be kept extended.

When insects are preserved in a box the sides should be
plentifully daubed with turpentine and a large lump of cam-
phor be put into each box. As another precaution, a quantity
of arsenic may be mixed with the turpentine.

Spiders, centipedes, worms, and all soft insects are best
preserved in spirits.

SHELLS.*
Shells may be collected in great plenty and variety on the
shores of most continents and islands ; but after having lain
there for any considerable time divested of the animal, they be-
come broken and lose their colour, and of course are less valua-
ble ; choose therefore only such as are complete of their kind,
and not corroded by worms ; which are generally those having
the live animals in them, or those recently thrown upon the
shore by the sea. The animals may be killed by putting
them into boiling water, after which each must be extracted
from its shell, unless very small, reserving its operculum or
cover which closes up the mouth : this, however, does not
exist in every species. The shells, especially those from the
sea, should then be soaked in fresh water, afterwards well
dried ; then wrapped up carefully in soft paper or bran, and
packed in a box, leaving no room for shaking. Many kinds
of shells live out at sea, and never approach the shores; others
fix themselves to the bottoms of ships, old timber, turtles, &c.
These are generally the most rare and valuable, and may be
procured by trailing, or with scoop-nets, among the rubbish,
sea weeds, &c. that are frequently found floating on the
ocean.

* The three following articles on shells, starfish and sea eggs, as well
as on minerals and all that follows, are copied from the instructions issued
by the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, which have also been libe-
rally used throughout.

OF NATtJRAL HlSTORy. 153

llivers of all countries abound m fresh toater shells: these
are much sought after, and are easily taken. Their preserva-
tion requires the same process in all respects as sea shells.

The same remarks will apply equally well to la7id shells^
of which varieties are found almost every where.

Of bivalves, or those having two shells, it is important to
obtain both valves. The natural skin peculiar to many kinds
of shells, should not on any account be taken off, but may be
kept in its natural state by being rubbed with a little oil ; nor
should the shells be touched with acids, as they are spoiled
by them. It is also desirable to have a shell of each species,
containing the animal, which may be kept in spirits.

Corals, sea-fans, &c. may be simply washed in. fresh water
and dried in the shade.

STAR-FISH.— (.^sterns.)
Must be washed in fresh water, and dried in. the shade.

SEA-EGGS.— (EcAwws.)

Must be washed in fresh water, punctured around the
mouth, which is beneath, with a pen-knife, dipped into a
pretty strong solution of corrosive sublimate and spirits, dried
in the shade, and packed in cotton or bran to protect the spines
from being broken.

In addition to the specimens above enumerated, it is par-
ticularly desirable to have whole skeletons of different quad-
rupeds, birds, reptiles and fish, and if this is not practicable
the skulls, tlie pelvis or haunch bones, the feet, specifying
whether the fore or hind feet and the wings are valuable, and
it frequently happens that an animal may be too much soiled
or disfigured for stufiing, while some or all of these parts may-
be obtained from it. To clean the separate bones it is merely
necessary that they should be boiled so as to soften the meat
which is then readily scraped off, during which process care
must be taken not to break off any delicate points of bone.
In preserving whole skeletons, the skull and bones of the
neck and tail as well as the large bones of the extremities
may be prepared in the above manner, but the ribs and back
bone should be cleaned as much as possible with a knife
only, and not separated, A little arsenic rubbed upon them
20

154 PREPARING SPECIMENS

■will prevent smell from the flesh remaining attached, and
after they are received at the academy they can be further
cleaned and mounted.

The stomach and intestines should be first emptied, and
after putting arsenic into them be blown up, and varnished.
The windpipe must be stuffed with v/ool or left attached to
the tongue and preserved in spirits.

PLANTS.

1. The first direction to be given to the botanist is to collect
every things even plants regarded as mere weeds. Those not
higher than twelve inches should be preserved entire, branches
and root; larger plants must be cut or in some cases doubled;
and of plants still larger a specimen from parts bearing the
flowers with some leaves from the stem or root, will be sufl&-
cient. Specimens of the most common height, habit and
appearance, are to be selected, rejecting both dwarfs and mon-
sters ; while characteristic individuals constituting va?'ieiies
should be collected. Generally plants should be gathered
when the flowers are most perfectly developed, but some
which soon shed their petals must be gathered when not
fully expanded, that they may open by the time you are pre-
pared to preserve them. Of the umbelliferous plants, the
genus carex and some others whose seeds have distinguishing
characteristics, specimens should also be gathered when their
seeds are fully grown, but not so ripe as to fall. Also curious
fruits may be dried by laying them in the sun, and afterwards
kept in drawers with the cones of firs, &c.

2. The process of drying plants is simply this : place them
between layers of ten or fifteen thicknesses of unsized paper,
as old newspapers, place the pile between two boards and
subject them to pressure, eight or ten bricks or a few large
paving stones will be suflicient ; or a lever press which keeps
the pressure constant ; are either of them preferable to a screw
press. The papers must be changed for others perfectly dry,
once or still better twice a day, until free from moisture ;
requiring from one to three days, and for some succulent
plants as many weeks; while others may be removed from
the parcel as they become dried. The plant must be spread
out in its natural position, whether erect or drooping, whether

OP NATURAL HISTORY. 155

the stem be straight or tortuous, and the parts placed so as to
be as httle confused as possible. Where leaves or flowers are
very crowded, or where a number of stems arise from one
point and interfere, some may be removed, so as to preserve
and exhibit the remainder more perfectly. In very large
and succulent stems it is sometimes necessary to pare off the
under half, or split them in two and press the halves sepa-
rately, with their attached leaves, &c. Some flowers also
as the thistle are hard and unyielding and require to be
divided, and the parts pressed separately. To destroy the
vegetating principle of some plants, which resists even the
action of a powerful press, and to dry them more quickly they
may be dipped into boiling water and wiped before being
placed in the papers.

MINERALS, PETRIFACTIONS, &c.

Specimens of minerals may be collected in every soil, and
are preserved with the greatest ease, nothing farther being
requisite in general, than to detach masses from any rocks
you may meet with, and put them by. Delicate specimens,
such as crystals, or those procured from mines, should be pro-
tected from injury by wrapping each in a parcel of paper,
tow, «fcc.

Petrifications of all kinds may be preserved in a similar
manner: also specimens of the rocks composing canal districts,
canal routes, mountains, or particular sections of country.

All other natural productions not particularized, will be
valuable acquisitions to the academy, and in general are easily
procured and preserved, and we would here recommend you
not to be deterred from bringing any object from the circum-
stance of its being 'very common ;' but would rather advise
you to preserve every natural curiosity that you may meet
with, as particular characters which are interesting to the
naturalist very frequently escape the notice of casual obser-
vers. Specimens the most common are particularly desirable
from the western coast of America, and other countries little
explored, and the most familiar productions of our own State,
should there already be a sufficient number in possession of
the academy, are very valuable as means of exchange for
foreign specimens.

Ij56 METALLIC COATING

It is a material object, and the particular desire of tile
academy, that every information which can be gained respect-
ing the specimens presented, should accompany them", as
regards the climate, soil, locality, and other peculiarities.

The government of the United States having withdrawn
all restrictions on the importation, of objects of Natural His-
tory, there will be no difficulty at the custom-house.

ARTICLE XI.

On the Metallic Coating- for Electric rubbers. By William

R. Fisher.

[Read before the Academy, March, 1836.]

There are two compounds generally employed for this pur-
pose, the bisulphuret of tin (commonly called mosaic gold) and
an alloy of tin, zinc and mercury, (known as amalgam.) The
former when it can be obtained, is generally preferred on
account of its laminated structure; being unctuous, soft and
adhesive, but the preparation of it being attended with diffi-
culties, and its higher price, have induced many persons to
employ the latter, which is much cheaper and more readily
made. I shall endeavour, however, to describe the process by
•which the former is procured, so that its successful manufac-
ture may be pretty confidently relied upon. It^is made by
mixing two parts per oxide of tin, two parts of sulphur, and
one part muriate of ammonia, all finely powdered until they
are thoroughly diffused through each other. This mixture is
then put into a Florence flask, which is buried in sand, in a
Hessian crucible, up to the neck — the crucible is then exposed
to a red heat for several hours, until the full reaction of the
materials has taken place, and the bisulphuret of tin is formed ;
this may be known by introducing an iron rod into the flask,
frequently during the operation, and noticing the appearances
indicated upon it, when withdrawn. Until the sulphuret is
formed, the rod when withdrawn, is merely covered with
sublimed sulphur, but so soon as the mosaic gold begins to
form, the rod is found beautifully spangled with crystals of a
bright golden colour, and as the formation proceeds, the crys-

FOR ELECTRIC RUBBERS, 157

tals are found to extend higher up upon the rod. During the
process a considerable portion of the sulphur is sublimed and
escapes. The period for withdrawing the crucible from the
fire is known by the sublimation of the sulphur ceasing and
the depth of the crystalization upon the rod, when withdrawn.
The great difficulty it occurs to me, is to avoid giving too high
a heat — by carefully watching and regulating the heat I have
succeeded in obtaining a sulphuret, admirably adapted for
electrical rubbers. This which is now submitted was prepared
in two hours. If the crucible be allowed to cool very slowly,
much more brilliant crystals are procured having all the lustre
and beauty of gold. This process is evidently a great im-
provement over the old method which required several hours
for its completion. I have generally used an open furnace for
this preparation, and have succeeded in regulating the heat of
a charcoal fire without difficulty. Dr. Edmondson informs
me that he succeeded with a spirit lamp, in obtaining some
very fine mosaic gold, and 1 have seldom seen handsomer
than that which he employs. The smaller crystals are more
mutuous and adhere more readily to the rubbers than the
larger, which enables us to present a greater surface of metallic
coating to the cylinder or plate, they are consequently prefe-
rable for electrical purposes.

The Amalgam, used as a substitute for mosaic gold, is
made from two parts mercury, one part tin, and one part zinc.
The zinc is first melted in an iron ladle or crucible, the tin
then added, which readily fuses in the melted zinc, and then
the mercury. The proportions of this mixture are such as to
form a crystalized alloy or amalgam, when the melted mass
is poured out upon a sheet of iron or other cooling incombus-
tible. To avoid misapprehension, it seems proper to add, that
neither of the mixtures described, is original with myself.
The former is from Turner's Chemistry, and the latter from
Brewster's Encyclopedia, Art. Electricity. It is recommended
by Baron Keinmayer, who found that with the common amal-
gam, he could charge a liCyden vial having 1 \ square feet of
coated surface with ten revolutions, whereas, with the amal-
gam which he recommends, he required only six. A battery
consisting of 53 square feet of coated surface, required 250
revolutions with common amalgam, whereas with the new

158 METALLIC COATING FOR ELECTRIC RUBBERS.

amalgam, 150 revolutions were sufficient. This amalgam is
used by triturating it in a mortar and mixing it with lard.

The annexed extract from the report of my friend, Mr. Jas.
Green, to whom was referred the determination of the relative
values of these two substances as promoters of electrical
excitement, will enable experimenters to judge for themselves
of the comparative advantages of each. After detailing the
mode of experimenting, Mr. Green's report proceeds :

'In that condition of the atmosphere most favourable for
electrical excitation, I could discover no difference in the
amount of the effect produced by the two substances : but in
a moist and unfavorable condition of the air, I found the effect
greatly in favour of the amalgam. This difference augment-
ing with the difficulty of producing electrical development.

'The advantages attending the use of the bisulphuret of tin
over the ordinary amalgam, are, however, so great, that I
think it in common application, the most acceptable material.
Every one accustomed to use the electrical machine must have
felt the trouble attending the use of amalgam, particularly if
the machine has been idle for any length of time : the surface
of the rubber becomes hard and requires more or less labour
to put it in fit state for use, the cylinder or plate becomes
occasionally streaked and greasy, which holds the dust tena-
ciously, and then the trituration of the amalgam upon every
application is somewhat troublesome. Now, these inconve-
niences do not attach to the use of mosaic gold, it adheres to
the rubber without lard, does not streak the glass and is
readily renewed on the rubber, by rubbing a lump over its
surface, or by spreading it over with powder. These advan-
tages, with its superior neatness, render it admirably adapted
for the larger class of electrical machines.'

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 159

ARTICLE XII.

Tratisactions of the Marylmid Acade^ny of Scietice and

Literature.

1836. — At the sitting January 1st, the officers elected for the
present year are

P. Macaulay, M. D. President.

E. Geddings, M. D. ) vice-Preside7its.

P. T. Tyson, S

D. Keener, M. D. Treasurer.

J. I. Cohen, M. D. Librarian.

Wm. R. Fisher, Secretary.

A. B. Cleaveland, M. D. "]

Geo. W. Andrews, I ^

Geo. Frick, M. D. V Curators.

James Green, J

January 14.. — A series of specimens of zinc ore, were
received as a donation from Mr. J. Hitz, which were referred
to Mr. P. T. Tyson for examination. Dr. Geddings delivered
a lecture upon the respiration and circulation of fishes, which
he illustrated by drawings, preparations and dissections. A
committee was appointed to prepare a system of classification,
by which the various departments of the sciences may be
assigned to the members according to some fixed order.

January 28. — The following system of classification, was
reported by the committee, charged with that duty at the last
meeting, and adopted, and the members were subsequently
assigned to each class respectively, by the president. It is
expected that every member will enroll himself under one class
at least, but he may co-operate with as many of the classes as
inclination will permit. Each class is considered a standing
committee, upon the particular department of natural science,
whose title it bears, and all communications and specimens
submitted to the Academy are to be referred to that class,
having particular cognizance of the subject.

1st Class. — Mathematics, astronomy and physics, the latter
including natural philosophy and mechanics.

2d Class. — Chemistry.

3d Class. — Mineralogy and geology, including physical
geography and the history and classification of fossil remains.

160 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY

4th Class. — Zoology, embracing the comparative anatomy
and physiology of animals. This class is further divided into
six sections, viz:

1. History and classification of mammaha.

2. " " birds.

3. " " reptiles.

4. " " fishes.

5. " " insects, including Crustacea.

6. " " moUusca, including con-
chology and the zoophylic productions.

5th Class. — Botany, including vegetable physiology.

The first named member of each class, is chairman of that
class, and at present the chairmen are, 1st class, B. H. Latrobe ;
2d class, J. T. Ducatel, M. D. 3d class, P. T. Tyson ; 4th
class, E. Geddings, M. D. 5th class, W. E. A. Aikin, M. D.

A paper was received from T. Phillips Allen, corresponding
member, residing in North Carolina, 'on the chemical compo-
sition of the Prussian blue of commerce,' which was read and
referred to the section of chemistry.

The following donations were received and referred to the
different sections, viz. From Prof. Ducatel, a circular steel
plate, marked with various colours, by the agency of galvanism,
by M. Nobili of Florence, referred to section 1st. — From Dr.
J. R. W. Dunbar and Dr. Edward A. Worrell, a cougar {Felis
concolor,) prepared by them; referred to section 4th. — From
Dr. P. Macaulay, a fossil vegetable from the Virginia coal
mines ; referred to section 3d.

February ^th. — Donations were received and referred as
follows: From Messrs. Alexander and Ducatel, a copy of
their report on the new geographical and geological map of the
state, for 1S35 ; deposited in the library. From Dr. Macaulay,
a series of minerals and fossils from the coal formation of
Virginia, which having been examined and labelled, were
referred to the curators to be placed in the cabinet. From Dr.
Dunbar, two vols, of the Transactions of the American Phi-
losophical society, deposited in the library. From Mr. Geo.
W^. Andrews, a copy of 'the Manual of the Practical Natura-
list;' deposited in the library. From Dr. Geddings and Dr.
Dunbar, a cougar ; referred to section 4th.

A report on Mr. Allen's paper, read at last meeting, was

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 161

received from Mr. Wm. R. Fisher, of the section of chemistry,
which was read and ordered to be filed with the original paper.
Professor Ducatel, gave a lecture on the chemical phenomena
which occur during respiration, and offered some strictures on
the explanation of that function, as described in 'the treatise
on Vegetable and Animal Physiology, by P. MarkRoget, M.D.'

February 11. — Dr. W. E, A. Aikin deposited in the library,
'Rennie's Elements of Mechanics.' Mr. W. R. Fisher, read
a lecture on 'the detection of arsenic, m medico-legal inves-
tigations,' which was accompanied by experimental illustra-
tions, of many of the processes and phenomena described.
Dr. T. Edmondson, Jr. reported a meteorological table for the
month of January, 1S36. Mr. Jas. Green, of the first section,
made a report on the steel disc, referred to that section at a
former meeting. The experiments of Mr. Green, had afforded
him various brilliant colours, resembling in beauty and inten-
sity, those produced by the process of M. Nobili, although not
arranged with the same precision, in regular forms. The
process of the author of tliis species of galvanic etching, has
not been disclosed, but there is a prospect, that the conti-
nuance of Mr. Green's investigations, will enable him, if not to
discover a means identically the same, at least to furnish a
mode by which analogous effects may be produced. The
report was accompanied by illustrations, exhibiting the man-
ner in which the results obtained, had been produced. Mr.
Green was requested to continue the investigation.

Fehruarij 18. — Dr. Geddings presented to the library, a copy
of 'Lea's observations on the genus Unio,' and a copy of
'Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum,' by Latreille.

Professor Ducatel submitted to the Academy, a series of
experiments under the direction of Mr. Nicollet, with a view
to determine the magnetic intensity at this meridian. He
described the manner in v/hich the experiments were per-
formed, and exhibited one of the instruments employed.
This consists of a highly sensitive magnetic needle, suspended
in a glass vessel, by a single strand of silk, perfectly free from
any twist, so that no motion may be produced by the torsion
of the silk. The intensity was delermined by marking the
time, during which any given number of vibrations was
accomplished, through a given arc of amplitude ; the tempera-

21

162 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

ture, barometrical pressure and direction of the wind, being
noted. The consideration and further examination of the
subject was referred to section first. Professor Ducatel, also
presented a memoir on a system of meteorological observa-
tions, prepared by Mr. Nicollet, and submitted by him to the
secretary of war, being the basis of the observations now
being made at the different military and naval stations of the
United States, by order of the government.

February 26. — Donations for the library, were received from
Mr. Alexander and Dr. Geddings. From the former a copy of
'L'Histoire des Oiseaux d'Afrique,' by Levaillant, two vols,
folio ; from the latter, copies of 'Lehmann's Jungermania,'
'Baltimore Medical and Surgical Journal,' and 'North Ameri-
can Archives.' Mr, W. R. Fisher, read a short memoir on
'Amalgams for electrical machines,' and exhibited specimens
of mosaic gold, and Baron Keinmayer's mercurial amalgam,
prepared by the processes described in the paper ; all referred
to section first. Mr. Green exhibited some electro-magnetic
phenomena, and accompanied the experiments with an account
of the fact first observed by Mr. Ritchie, that the length of
time during which an electro-magnet retains its armature, after
the connection is destroyed, depends upon the length of its
arms. A donation was received from Dr. Geddings, of a
collection of southern plants; referred to section 5th.

March 3. — Donations of various books for the library were
received from Professor Ducatel and Mr. Alexander ; a dia-
gram of the human eye from Mr. Green ; a map showing the
connection of the Baltimore and Ohio rail roads, with other
rail roads projected and completed, from Mr. Fisher. Speci-
mens were received for the cabinet from Mr. I. Tyson, Jr.
chrome ore, in a matrice, said to be feldspar ; from Mr. P. T.
Tyson, a large specimen of asbestos, variety amianthus,
obtained at the intersection of the Susquehannah rail road with
the Gunpowder river; from Mrs. E. Geddings, a collection of
southern plants. Dr. T. Edmondson, Jr. reported a meteoro-
logical table for February, 1836— referred to the section of
physics, <fec. A list of minerals was submitted by Professor
Ducatel, at the request of the consul-general of France, which
the government of that country is desirous to obtain — referred
to the section of mineralogy. Don Ramon della Sagra, of

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 163

Spain, and F. R. Hassler, of Washington, were elected
honorary members.

March 10. — Donations of American insects were received
from Mr. Hazlehurst, and of Chinese insects from Mr. Fitz-
gerald, which were both referred to the section of zoology.
Mr. P. T. Tyson, from the section of mineralogy, reported
that the specimen of chrome ore, referred to that section at
the last meeting, is in a matrice of magnesian carbonate of lime,
the proper title of the mineral being ferro-oxide of chrome, in
magnesian carbonate of lime. Mr. Tyson also reported that
some of the minerals required by the French consul-gene-
ral could be supplied from among the cabinets of several
members.

March 17. — Numerous specimens for the cabinet were re-
ceived from Messrs. Tyson, Webster, Geddings, and Hazle-
hurst; among them a specimen of anthracite, containing
fossils, from Mr. Tyson. Donations for the library were made
by Mr. Alexander and Mr. Green.

March 24. — M. I. Cohen, Esq. presented a collection of
English birds, prepared under the direction of Mr. Audubon.
Mr. P. T. Tyson presented a collection of shells, and Profes-
sor Ducatel a large number of minerals, fossils, shells, &c.
Donations of books for the library were received from the Pre-
sident; and Professor Geddings, on behalf of Dr. Barnum,
presented five South American birds. Mr. Green, from the
section of physics, reported progress on the examination
the specimens of amalgam for electrical rubbers.

March 31. — Donations for the library were received from
Messrs. Alexander, T. A. Conrad, of Philadelphia, and J. E.
Heath, of Richmond, and some specimens of coral and shells
for the cabinet, from Mrs. Fisher. A letter was received from
the New York Lyceum of Natural History, acknowledging
the receipt of the Academy's circular, and proffering duplicate
specimens for the cabinet. The secretary was directed to
reply and acknowledge the gratification which this prompt
offer to assist has occasioned. Dr. T. Edmondson, Jr. report-
ed a meteorological table for March, 1S36. Mr. P. T. Tyson
gave a verbal account of the Ice mountain of Virginia, and
suggested the probable cause of that singular phenomenon.

April 7. — Specimens of fossil bones, from Talbot county, in

164 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

this state, were presented by Dr. A. H. Bayley — also an osprey,
falco halioetus, shot in the neighbourhood of this city, from Mr.
Hazlehurst ; several specimens were presented by Professor
Geddings. The contributions to the library were a copy of
'Opinions on various subjects, by Wm. Maclure,' from the
author ; 'Synopsis of the Flora of the western states, by J.
L. Riddell,' from Dr. Rogers ; and a copy of the plates to
Barton's Flora.

April 14. — Dr. Harlan, of Philadelphia, presented a copy of
his 'Medical and Physical Researches;' Dr. James Eights, of
New York, 'Report of the Regents of the University of the
State of New York ;' St. Mary's College of this city, 'Method
of computing the observations of an eclipse of the sun,' pub-
lished by the College ; and Charles Cramer, Esq. of New
York, several numbers of the 'Proceedings of the Imperial
Mineralogical Society of^ St. Petersburg.' The library was
also enriched by the receipt of fifty-nine numbers of the
'Iconographie du Regne Animal.'

April 21. — Numerous donations of books were received from
Mr. E. Durand, of Philadelphia, and Dr. W. E. Coale; Dr.
Edmondson presented six printed copies of the meteorological
table for February last ; Drs. Geddings and Riley presented
for the cabinet a pair of flickers '■picus auratus.'' A communi-
cation in German, printed by order of the Prussian govern-
ment, containing a method for the propagation and domestic
breeding of leeches, was received from Baron de Roenn6,
Prussian Minister, read and ordered to be translated for the
library.

April 28. — Specimens were received from Mr. Minifie and
Dr. Riley ; and from the Academy of Natural Sciences in Phi-
ladelphia, a copy of the notice of that Academy recently pub-
lished by them. Dr. Geddings, chairman of the section of
zoology, reported progress in his examination of the foreign
and indigenous insects, referred at a former meeting. Mr.
Fisher invited the attention of the Academy to a description of
the aurora borealis, which was seen on the 22d of this month.
The paper was referred to a committee of the section of physics,
with instructions to collect all the observations and facts con-
nected with its appearance in this city, and report to the next
meeting. Dr. Geddings described the marine animal recently

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 165

taken at Carpenter's point on the Chesapeake bay. The fish
is described to be of the genus delphinus — subgenus, delphi-
napterus leucas — known as the beluga. Mr. Fisher presented
for the use of the cabinet an alcholic sohuion of the arseniate
of baryta, which has been highly recommended for the preser-
vation of cabinet specimens, especially the plumage of birds.
This salt was prepared by fusing together at a moderate heat
in a sand crucible, in their atomic proportions, crystallized
nitrate of baryta and arsenious acid, made into a paste with
nitric acid. The process is simple, and attended with far less
trouble and expense than when the ordinary process described
in the books is employed. Mr. Quinby was appointed lec-
turer for the regular evening.

May 5. — Specimens were received from Dr. Keener, Dr.
Geddings, Dr. Riley, Joseph King, Jr. Esq., and A. Trevallyn,
Esq. of England ; and a copy of the Statistical View of the
United States, prepared under the direction of the Secretary of
State, was transmitted by the Hon. R. H. Goldsborough, of the
U. S. Senate. Joaquim Jose da Costa de Macedo, perpetual
Secretary of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Lisbon, trans-
mitted a copy of his treatise on the early Portuguese naviga-
tors. The same gentleman, in his official capacity, addressed
a letter to the Academy, inviting correspondence with the
Academy which he represents, and giving information that he
had sent for the library the proceedings of the Royal Academy
of Lisbon. These volumes have since been received, and form
a valuable acquisition to the library. Sir Nicholas Carlisle
was elected an honorary member. Dr. Geddings, from the
section of zoology, reported a catalogue of the insects formerly
referred to that section. Dr. Aikin, of the section of botany,
reported progress in the arrangement of plants. Mr. Fisher,
from the first section, reported as full an account as could be
ascertained of the late remarkable aurora borealis, which was
ordered to be published.

AURORA BOREALIS.

An unusually magnificent and brilliant display of this inte-
resting phenomenon was observed in this city on Friday even-
ing, April 22d. The appearance far exceeding any effort of
which 1 am capable, of conveying by words an exact idea of the
beauty and splendour of the scene ; but in conformity with

166 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

the wish expressed at the last meeting of the Academy, that a
record of the fact should be preserved, and a description of its
appearance recorded, I shall attempt to give such an account
as may at least revive the recollection of it in the minds of
those who saw it, though it fail, as it must do, to create a per-
fect image, which those who did not see it may consider a
representation of the reality. Unfortunately, the attention of
many ardent observers of natural phenomena was not directed
to it, and hence I have had the good fortune to receive the aid
of only two of my friends, whose observations have been incor-
porated in the description here given.

It was observed, soon after sunset, that an universal light
appeared in the northern and north-western horizon, about 20°
in altitude, which continued of an uniform colour and appear-
ance, gradually becoming brighter. At eight o'clock it had
the appearance of a fire in the northern part of the city ; the
colour of the light was precisely that of a fire just breaking
out, when the flames are not seen. At ten the appearance of
a fire still existed, and although the light earlier in the evening
had been attributed to an aurora, yet so nearly did the light
now resemble that produced by a fire, that I referred it to the
burning of a pottery, the light from which is often observed
in the same direction, for by this time it had extended com-
pletely round to the eastward. It was soon ascertained that
the opinion was erroneous, and the existence of the 'northern
lights' satisfactorily established. At nearly eleven o'clock the
light rose upwards in large parallel waves or undulations.
Yertical streaks darting upwards converged towards the zenith.
A broad belt of beautiful rosy, pink light, commencing in the
north-west gradually extended itself towards the north-east, at
an elevation of about 60° — and remained for some time, visi-
ble in a direction from w, n. w. to e. s. e. The colour of
this belt was most intense on its upper edge, and it gradually
softened down through white into a delicate green. The sky
was tinged with delicate prismatic colours, and the frequent
vertical corruscations, which continually darted upwards gave
animation to the picture. The upper edge above the rosy
nebulus, was in a constant undulatory state, resembling the
flapping of a flag or sail loosened in a breeze or shaken by the
hand. The rolling of flames will perhaps convey a good idea

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 167

of it, or the succession of billows upon the sea shore. In a
direction a little to the westward, there was a briUiant streak
of white light extending across the belt. The appearance of
the whole changed about eleven o'clock, when the belt was
not so distinct. It was now mostly of a pink colour, which
increased in intensity to a reddish hue — ascending towards the
zenith, it passed beyond it, and culminating in a point,
became quite a deep red, towards which the whole seemed to
tend.

Some of the streamers, after reaching their greatest height,
passed down the opposite arch of the firmament, toward the
southern horizon.

This I beUeve is one of the most brilliant displays of the
'northern light' ever noticed here, and none has ever been wit-
nessed to extend so high, as I am informed in this latitude.
I have not been able to obtain any observations made later
than a little after eleven, although I heard casually that the
aurora lasted all night. The moon was shining brightly
during this display, but its clear silver light was distinctly dif-
ferent from the brilliant emanations of the aurora. Unfortu-
nately no observations were made of the magnetic needle
during the day preceding or through the continuance of the
phenomenon. This is much to be regretted, as the observa-
tions during or preceding former occurrences of the aurora
borealis, have indicated a considerable disturbance of the mag-
netic influence. The barometer during Friday rose from
30.08 in. to 30.15 in. and the weather was clear and pleasant —
wind from n. w. Thermometer at 7 o'clock, p. m. 45° — at
10 p. M. 38°. Dew point 15° — at 10 a.m. much lower than
on either the previous or succeeding day, and indicating a dry
condition of the atmosphere.

These observations, though very inadequate to give a cor-
rect impression of the scene which they are designed to des-
cribe, may serve perhaps to revive in all their splendour, recol-
lections of the beauty and magnifi.cence of the 'northern lights
of 1836.'

May 12. — Dr. Geddings reported upon several specimens
referred to the section of zoology at former meetings. Pro-
fessor Ducatel reported upon the specimens presented by Mr.
Trevallyn, which had been referred to the section of mine-

168 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

ralogy. Dr. A. H. Bay ley, of Easton, presented a fine speci-
men of the coluber eximius, (corn snake :) Mr. Minifie the two
fore feet of a kangaroo, from New Holland ; Rev. J. J. Chanche,
six specimens of South American birds ; Dr. W. E. Coale,
several specimens of raim and coluber. A memoir was read
by Richard Wilmot Hall, M. D. *on the use of water as fuel,'
which was referred to the joint consideration of the sections of
physics and chemistry. Dr. Aikin proffered on deposite a
large collection of geological specimens from the Erie canal,
which was accepted and the section of mineralogy charged
with superintending their removal to the museum of the Aca-
demy. Mr. Fisher communicated the notice of a slight auroral
display on the night of Sunday the 8th inst., and also informa-
tion of the existence of a mineral spring in the western part of
the city, containing free carbonic acid, protocarhonate of iron^
muriates of lime and magnesia^ and a trace of vegetable
matter.

May 19.— Specimens were received from Dr. Cohen, Dr.
Keener, and Mr. P. T. Tyson, and several works for the library
from Mr. Fisher. Dr. J. W. Gretham, of Mount Vernon,
Illinois, reported a table of meteorological observations, made
at that place, for the month of April, 1836. Dr. Coale, from
the section of mineralogy, reported that the geological speci-
mens had been conveyed to the museum. The section was
further charged with the duty of arranging these specimens.
Mr. Green requested the attention of the Academy to a notice
in the American Journal of Science, from the Albany Institute,
containing a series of observations made on the 21st of Decem-
ber last, with the barometer, wet and dry bulb thermometer,
(fee. in compliance with the proposition published in the Lon-
don Athenaeum, that hourly observations should be made with
those instruments by the men of science throughout the world,
on four fixed days— 21st of March, June, September, and
December, for thirty-seven hours ; and commented upon the
advantage likely to result to meteorological science if the pro-
posed observations were generally undertaken and the results
compared. Whereupon it was resolved, that a committee of
three from the first section be appointed, to report at the next
meeting upon the most expedient means of co-operating effi-

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 169

ciently with such other societies and individuals as may join
in the proposed observations.

Maj/ 26. — Specimens of fossils, shells, insects, &c. were
received from Messrs. Alexander, Tyson, Minifie, and Dr.
Coale ; a fine specimen of Derbyshire spar was received from
Miss H. M. Davis, of Philadelphia; a handsome collection of
dried lichens, from Newport, R. I. from Miss P. W. Lewis, of
Philadelphia; an interesting historical relic, being part of the
beam of a house erected in St. Domingo, A. D. 1492, by
Columbus, was presented by D. Lewis, Esq. of Philadelphia.
Several pamphlets were contributed for the library by Profes-
sor Ducatel. The committee appointed at the last meeting
upon the subject of the meteorological observations proposed
to be made in accordance with the general system proposed in
Europe, submitted a report recommending that a committee
be appointed to co-operate on behalf of the Academy — that
the rooms of the Academy, and every facility for observation,
should be placed at the disposal of the committee — that the
expense of procuring and constructing the necessary instru-
ments should be defrayed by subscriptions amongst the mem-
bers — that the committee have authority to call upon the mem-
bers for the use of any instruments which they may possess
suitable for making the proposed observations — that any inte-
resting natural phenomena which may occur shall be included
in the table to be prepared by the committee — and finally, that
a copy of the table shall be furnished for publication in the
Journal of Science, and a copy to the Royal Society of London,
to be disposed of as in their judgment will best promote the
interests of science.

June 2. — Donations for the cabinet were received from Dr.
Keener, Mr. Alexander, Dr. Baxley, Dr. Geddings, and Dr.
Coale, and from Professor Ducatel and Matthew Carey, Esq.
of Philadelphia, several works for the library. Twelve volumes
of the transactions of the Royal Society of Lisbon, were also
received as a donation from that Institution. Professor Duca-
tel deposited in the library six livraisons of Goldfnss' Petrifac-
tions. Dr. Edmondson reported a table of meteorological
observations for May, 1836, which was referred to the section
of physics. The committee on meteorological observations
made a report recommending the appointment of a committee
22

170 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

of four, to have charge of the selection and construction of
instruments — to prescribe the method of conducting the obser-
vations — and to invite the co-operation of other members, in
the labour of observations. Lewis Brantz, James Green, J.
H. Alexander, and Wm. R. Fisher, were apix)inted the com-
mittee. Professor Jameson, of Quito, Dr. Lewis R. Gibbes,
of Charleston, and Rev. Virgil H. Barber, of Pennsylvania,
were elected corresponding members ; Commandeur Figa-
nlere, charge d'affaires from Portugal, was elected an honorary
member. The librarian was directed to have Greenough's
Geological Map of England, deposited by Professor Ducatel,
mounted and varnished.

July 7. — A donation of valuable minerals was received from
C. Tiernan, Esq. Several works were also presented to the
library by Dr. Riddell, of Cincinnati, and Drs. Wright and
Hall, of Troy. The committee on meteorological observations
reported having procured the necessary instruments, and made
the observation proposed on the 21st and 22d ultimo.

August 4. — Donations for the cabinet were received from
Dr. A. Maddox, of Maryland, Mr. C. De Selding, J. S. Skin-
ner, Esq. Mr. N. Potter, Mr. G. W. Andrews, and Dr. Coale.
Mr. Alexander presented a copy of a treatise on the principal
mathematical instruments employed in surveying, by F. W.
Simms; American edition, with additions by J. H. Alexander.
The committee on meteorological observations made a final
report, which was directed to be printed and circulated.

September 1. — Donations for the cabinet were received from
Dr. Geddings, J. S. Skinner, Esq. Dr. Cohen, Mr. Minifie,
Mr. Green, Mr. Fisher, and Dr. Coale. Donations for the
library were received from Dr. Riddell, of Cincinnati, M.
Carey, Esq. of Philadelphia, and Wm. Maclure, Esq. Dr.
Edmondson reported a table of meteorological observations for
July, 1836, which was referred. M. Carey, Esq. of Philadel-
phia, was elected a corresponding member. The meteorolo-
gical committee was directed to continue their duties on the
21st and 22d inst.

October 6.— Dr. Maddox, Dr. Geddings, Dr. Palmer, U. S.
Navy, and Mr. Minified presented specimens for the cabinet.
A treatise on the method of using chloride of soda, translated
from the French of A. G. Labarraque, by Dr. Jacob Porter,

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 171

was presented by the author. James C. Palmer, M. D. U. S.
Navy, and Dr. L. D. Gale, of New York, were elected corres-
ponding members. The committee on meteorological obser-
vations reported that the series of hourly observations had
been made on the 21st and 22d of September, and that the
table was being prepared for publication.

October 13. — The cabinet received donations from Mr.
Minifie and Dr. Coale. Charles Cramer, Esq. of New York,
presented a catalogue of plants growing in the vicinity of
Troy; and the report of the Geological Society of Brussels.
Dr. Edmondson reported a table of meteorological observa-
tions for August, 1836. Dr. J. W. Greetham reported a table
of meteorological observations made at Mt. Vernon, Illinois,
for June and July, 1836, both of which were referred to
the section of physics. The chairman of the section of
botany reported progress in the arrangement of plants referred
to that section. Dr. Aikin, was appointed to lecture at the
sitting of the 27th instant.

October 20. — Dr. Coale presented the skeleton of a wren.
The section of physics reported upon the tables referred at the
last sitting, embracing in the report suggestions of some
modifications, which were approved by the academy. The
section of mineralogy reported the receipt of a suit of geolo-
gical specimens from Heidelburg, and that they had been
placed in the cabinet.

October 27. — Donations for the cabinet, from Mr. Quinby,
Dr. Coale, Dr. ZoUickhofFer, and the Maryland Colonization
Society. The remainder of the session was occupied by an
interesting lecture from Mr. Quinby, on the mineralogy of the
ancients, which was listened to with much attention, and a
copy requested from the author for preservation in the library.

Nove7nber 3. — Dr. Coale presented for the cabinet the skin
of a monkey, tanned by the natives of Cape Palmas. Dona-
tions for the library from Professor Ducatel, Dr. Dunbar, Pro-
fessor W. R. Johnson, of Philadelphia, and Com. Figaniere.
Dr. Aikin delivered a lecture on the anatomy of plants. Dr.
Henry P. Sartwell, of Pen Yan, N. Y. was elected a corres-
ponding member. Mr. Fisher informed the academy that the
arseniate of baryta, recommended by him at a former meeting,
he had since ascertained should be employed only when the use

172 THANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

of powdered arsenic was impossible— hence its use should be
confined to the preservation of the plumage of birds. Mr.
Fisher was appointed to read a paper at the following sitting,
and Professor Ducatel at the succeeding one.

November 10.— Dr. Coale presented the prepared skeleton
of a 'corvus crestata.' Mr. Fisher read a paper on the present
state of pharmacy in the United States. J. J. Audubon was
elected an honorary member of the academy.

November 17.— Donations for the cabinet were received
from J. H. Nafi", Dr. Riley, and Dr. Coale. Professor Duca-
tel read the introduction to an essay on the submersion of the
Atlantis, being an attempt to show Che reality of this event,
and its probable connection with some geological phenomena.
Professor Geddings gave a brief account of the insect which
has proved so destructive to the elm tree. He described it as
belonging to the genus crioceros, species vittata ; and con-
cluded with a description of the mode in which the eggs are
deposited, and the insect subsequently developed

November 24. — Donations were received of several skulls
and casts of skulls from Dr. Coale, and a specimen of the new
British coin from Miss Minifie. A circular letter was received
from the Albany Institute, requesting the academy to under-
take a series of magnetic experiments, and acknowledging the
receipt of the table of meteorological observations for June.
The subject was referred to the meteorological committee,

December 1. — Donations were received for the cabinet from
Mr. J. H. auinby. Dr. Coale, Dr. Geddings ; and a donation
for the library from Mr. C. Z. Lucas. The chairman of the
section of botany reported that the arrangment of plants refer-
red to that section had been completed.

December 8. — Mrs. Richard Norris presented a collection of
shells ; and Professor Ducatel, and Mr. Quinby made addi-
tions to the cabinet. Matthew Carey, Esq. of Philadelphia,
and Professor Ducatel, presented several works for the library.
The section of botany made a final report upon the plants
referred to it.

December 15. — Donations were this evening received from
Dr. Coale, Mr. Wood, and Mr. Quinby.

December 22.— The Rev. Mr. Robertson, Mr. C. H. De
Selding, Dr. Coale, Dr. Cohen, and Dr. Aikin presented many
interesting specimens for the cabinet, embracing specimens of

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY. 173

meteoric stones, sulphate of strontian, a collection of shells
from Greece, &c. For the library, contributions were received
from R. Harlan, M. D. of Philadelphia, and the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The meteorological com-
mittee reported having completed the quarterly, hourly, series
of observations on the 21st and 2-2d of December.

December 29. — Donations for the cabinet were received from
Drs. Geddings and Coale ; and Mr. Tyson presented for the
library the geological and topograpliical survey of the lands
of the George's Creek Coal and Iron Company.

January 5. — The following officers were elected for the
ensuing year :

Julius T. Ducatel, Presidoit.

Philip T. Tyson, ) „ _

T, T-< /-I ^ Vice-Jrresiae7its.

R. Eglesfieli) Griffith, i

Wm. R. Fisher, Secretary.

David Keener, Treasurer.

J. H. Q,uiNBY, Librariaii.

James Green, 1

J. H. Alexander, _,

,,r -r. nt f Curators.

Wm. Edward Coale, /

Wm. Riley, J

Donations were received for the cabinet and library, from
Mr. C. H. De Selding, Dr. Coale, and Mr. C. Z. Lucas.
Capt. Lewis Brantz communicated to the academy his annual
summary of meteorological observations for the past year;
showing the mean temperature, barometic pressure, general
state of the weather, &c.

January 12. — Donations were received from Dr. Riley,
Professor Ducatel, Mr. Quinby, Dr. Coale, and Mr. Tyson.

January 19. — Dr. Griffith, Dr. Geddings, Mr. Tyson, Col.
Kearney, U. S. Army, and Professor Ducatel, contributed
various specimens for the cabinet ; and a large number of
works for the library were presented by Professor Ducatel,
Mr. J. D. Toy, New York Lyceum, Academy of Sciences of
Philadelphia, Albany Institute, and Mr. Q,uinby. Professor
Ducatel read an account of the prominent features of the
geology of Maryland, embracing the coal formations in the
western part of the state. A sufficient number of original
essays and treatises having been collected, which are consi-
dered worthy of publication, and calculated to enhance the

174 TRANSACTIONS OF THE ACADEMY.

scientific reputation of the academy and community, it was
resolved that a committee should be appointed to decide upon
the measures necessary to be taken for publishing a volume of
transactions.

January 26. — Donations of books were received from Mr.
Minifie, Dr. Coale, and Dr. Cohen. The committee appointed
at the last meeting, made a report recommending the publica-
tion of a volume of transactions, and prescribing the terms and
regulations upon which the work should be conducted. Pro-
fessor Ducatel read a description of the aurora borealis, which
had appeared on the evening of the 25th inst. He also read
a memoir of the early history of the academy.

February 2. — Dr. J. W. Greetham communicated to the
academy a table of meteorological observations, made at Mount
Vernon, Illinois, for October, November, and December, of
the past year. Professor Ducatel read a biographical memoir
of the first president of the academy, L. H. Girardin, LL. D.
intended for publication in the volume of the transactions.

February 9. — Many interesting donations for the cabinet
were received from Mr. P. T. Tyson, Dr. T. Buckler, Master
James Buckler, Master William Buckler, Dr. Coale, Mr. I.
Tyson, Jr. The Boston Natural History Society presented
several numbers of the Boston Journal of Natural History.
Mr. P. T. Tyson read a communication descriptive of the
Frostburg coal formation, illustrated with a map and drawings.

February 16. — Donations from Mr. Joseph Neal, Dr. Annan,
Master William Buckler, Dr. Coale, Mr. J. B. Fitzgerald, Mr.
duinby, and the Rev. Mr. Morris, were this evening added to
the cabinet. The library also received several publications of
interest from Professor Jacob Porter, of Plainfield, Mass., Pro-
fessor W. R. Johnson, of Philadelphia, and Professor Ducatel.
The latter gentleman read the first part of his description of
physical geography of Maryland. Mr. James Cheston Linn
exhibited specimens of water cement, prepared by himself from
a native mineral found in Allegany county, Md.

February 23. — Donations were received for the cabinet
and library, from Dr. Coale, BIr. Morris, Mr. Tyson, and Dr.
Aikin. The section of zoology reported progress in the
examination and arrangement of many specimens in natural
history which had been referred to them.

Transcribed by order of the Academy from the minutes.

Wm. R. Fisher, Secretary.

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c

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13S6.— February 4. Two volumes of the Transactions of the American Phil.
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Catalogue of Plants growing without cultivation in the vicinity of Troy, New
York.— By Drs. Wright and Hall.

jlugust 4. — A Treatise on the principal Mathematical Instruments employed
in Surveying, by F. W. Simms, with additions, by J. H. Alexander.— By Mr. J.
H . Alexander.

DONATIONS TO THE ACADEMY. 1S9

September 1.— The Book of Exodus, in the language of the Sandwich Islands.
By Dr. Coale.

Several Scientific Tracts. — By Dr. Riddell.

Harlan's Medical and Physical Researches. — By Win. IVIaclure, Esq.

A large collection of Pamphlets and several volumes of his works. — By Mat-
tliew Carey, Esq. Philadelphia.

October 6.— The method of using Chloride of Soda, translated from the French
of Labarraque. — By Dr. Jacob Porter.

Oct. 13. — Catalogue of Plants growing in the vicinity of Troy, and a Report
of the Geographical Society of Brussels.— By Charles Cramer, Esq.

Oct. 27.— Webster's Manual of Chemistry.— By Dr. Coale.

Novembers. — Memoire sur les fourneaux fumivores; and Statistical Reports,
presented to the Minister of Commerce, in France, 2 iios.— By Prof. Ducatel.

A copy of his Oration before the American Institute of Instruction.— By Prof.
W, R. Johnson, Philadelphia.

Fourteen odd volumes of the Encyclopedia IMethodique ; Description of Sierra
Leone, by himself, 1 vol.; and The Four Ages of Life, from the French of Count
S?c;ur, 1 vol — By Chevalier Figaniere.

A copy of Godman's Natural Plistory. — By Dr. Dunbar.

December 1. — Eight volumes of Tilloch's Philosophical Magazine. — By. Mr.
Charles Z. Lucas.

j)ec. 8. — A copy of the Museum Icthyologium of Gronovires. — By Professor
Ducatel.

A collection of folio documents.— By M. Carey, Esq. Philadelphia.

Dec. 22. — Their Catalogue. — By the Academy of Nat. Science, Phil.

Dec. 29. — Report of the Survey of the lands of the George's Creek Coal and
Iron Company. — By Mr. P. T. Tyson.

1837. — January 5. — A catalogue oi Alpine Plants. — By Mr. C. Z. Lucas.

A Summary of his Meteorological Observations in Baltimore, for the year
1836.— By Capt. L. Brantz.

Jan. 12. — Euclid's Principia, in Greek; Ainsvvorth's Latin Dictionary; and
two volumes of the Museum of Literature and Science. — By J H. Quinby.

Jan. 19. — Eight volumes Archives des Decouvertes et Inventions nouvelles ;
three vols. Manual de Chimie, par Bouillon Lagrange ; four vols. Histoire
Naturelle de Chimie, par Fourcroy ; two vols. Traite de Chimie elementaire, par
Thenard; three vols. Systeme de Connaissance Chimique, par Fourcroy ; one vol.
Tableaux Synoptiques de Chimie ; Featherstonhaugh's Geological Report for
183.5 ; Rogers' Geological Report of the Survey of New Jersey, 1835 ; Report
on the Explosion of Steam Boilers, by the Franklin Institute ; Disputatio Phy-
sica Inauguralis de terra natorum vegetatione, by Samuel S. Griffin; Cabinet of
Natural History and American Field Sports ; Memorial Encyclopedique et pro-
gressif des connaissances humaines. — By Prof. Ducatel.

'Introductory Lecture, delivered at the Medical Hall of the University of
Maryland, 1836.'— By Prof. Griffith.

A copy of the Strictures on Ingersoll's Letter.— By Mr. John D. Toy.

A number of their Transactions. — By the Lyceum of Natural History, of
New York.

A number of their Transactions.— By the Academy of Natural Sciences, of
Philadelphia.

Report of the Meteorological Observations, made at Albany.— By the Albany
Institute.

Higgins on the Earth. — By Mr. Quinby.

190 DONATIONS TO THE ACADEMY.

Jan. 26. — Philosophica Brittanica, S vols. 8vo. — By Mr. Minifie.

A series of Thermometrical Observations, made in the state of New York;
from 1829 to 1831, and also in Maryland, from January 1834, to July 1835.— By
Dr. Aikin.

Several Treatises in Italian, on volcanic and other phenomena, by Gemellara;
Geological Survey of Nova Scotia, by Alger and Jackson ; Description of Mas-
todon's Bones, and history of their exhumation, by R. Peale. — By Dr. Cohen.

Feb. 2. — Four pamphlets on literary subjects. — By Mr. Quinby.

Feb. 9. — Berzelius' Nouveau Systems de Mineralogie. — By Prof. Griffith.

Three parts of the Boston Journal of Natural History, — By the Boston
Natural History Society.

Feb. 16. — Topographical description and Historical sketch of Plainfield,
Mass.; also. Instructions and Observations in the use of the chlorides of Soda
and Lime, translated from the French. — By Dr. Porter.

Experiments on the fusing point of zinc, and the fusibility of metals in gene-
ral. — By Prof. W. R. Johnson, of Philadelphia.

Report of the United States' Geologist, for 1836; also Geological Report of
the state of Ohio, 1836.— By Prof. Ducatel.

Feb. 23 — ^Dr. Mitchell's Discourses on the lives and characters of Thomas A.
Emmet, and De Witt Clinton. — By Dr. Aikin.

March 2. — Report on the Nevr Map of Maryland for 1836 ; also several
pamphlets. — By Prof. Ducatel.

Description of two new species of Trilobites. — By Jacob Green, M. D.

March 9. — Eaton's Botany, sixth edition. — By Dr. Aikin.

Tableaux de distribution methodique des especes Minerales, by Brogniart.
By Mr. P. T. Tyson.

March 16. — First report on the. Geology of New York. — By Prof. Hall, of
New York.

IrfarchSO. — Murray's Chemistry, 2 vols ; Accum's Chemistry, 2 vols.; Parr's
Medical Chemistry ; Parr's Chemical Catechism. — By Dr. Cleveland.

Address of Dr. Dunglison. — By Prof. Ducatel.

Bibliotheca Americana. — By Mr. F. Lucas, Jr.

Jlpril 6. — Physiologie Vegetale, 5 vols. — By Mr. E. Durand.

First Annual Report on the Geology of Pennsylvania. — By Prof. Rogers, of
Philadelphia.

^pril 20.— Green's Monograph of the Trilobites of N. A.— ByT. R. Jackson,
Esq. of Philadelphia.

Annual Report of the Regents of the University of New York. — By M. H.
Webster, Esq. Albany.

Catalogue of Plants, growing in St. Helena. — By Dr. Palmer, U. S.N.

May 4. — An account of the improvements going on in the United States.
By Mr. Chevalier of Paris.

May 18. — Pamphlet published by the geologists of the state of New York.
by Prof. Ducatel.

Six copies Meteorological Reports. — By Capt. Brantz.

New York Botanical Garden Libra

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