MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Received
Accession No
Given by
Place,

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3

(S' t jH. Co

*»*flo book op pamphlet Is to be removed from the Lab-
oratory uuithout the permission of the Trustees.

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

VOL. Ill,

FOK

18 8 3.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.

L883.

*

JOINT RESOLUTION authorizing the Public Printer to print reports of the United States Fish
Commissioner upon new discoveries in regard to fish-culture.

Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America hi
Congress assembled, That the Public Printer be, and he hereby is, instructed to print
and stereotype, from time to time, any matter furnished him by the United States
Commissioner of Fish andFishenes relative to new observations, discoveries, and
applications connected with fish-culture and the fisheries, to bo capable of being dis-
tributed in parts, and the whole to form an annual volume or bulletin not exceeding
live hundred pages. The extra edition of said work shall consist of live thousand
copies, of which two thousand live hundred shall be for the use of the House of
Representatives, one thousand for the use of the Senate, and one thousand five bun
died for the use of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries.
II

3 rv 7

ADVERTISEMENT.

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries,

Washington, D. G.
For the purpose of utilizing and of promptly publishing the large
amount of interesting correspondence of the Fish Commission in refer-
ence to matters pertaining to fish culture and to the apparatus, methods,
and results of the fisheries, Congress, on the 14th day of February, 1881,
by joint resolution (H. Ees. 372), authorized the publication annually of
a Bulletin, a portion of the edition to be distributed signature by signa-
ture, and the remainder in bound volumes. The present volume is the
second of this series, and contains many announcements which are be-
lieved to be of great importance in relation to the subject in question.
Chas. W. Smiley., A. M., is the Editor of this volume.

SPENCER F. BAIED,

Commissioner.
m

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.
Abbe, W. A., 120. Proposed Limitation of Menhaden Fishing to July 1, and of Mackerel

Fishing to June 15 — Occurrence of Herring 468

Anderson, John, S6. Notes on the Biology of the Salmon and Grilse 429

A I wood, IV. E., S9. Unexplained Variations in the Yield of Oil from Cod Livers 431

Babbitt, John ©., 116. The Injurious Effect of Menhaden Steamers upon the Food

Fisheries 463

ISaii'd, Spencer F., 30. The Instruction of Naval Midshipmen in Taxidermy, Ichthy-
ology. &c, at the United States National Museum and on board the Steamers of the United

States Fish Commission 239

, 94. Purchase of Professor Poey's Ichthyologia Cubana by the Spanish Government. 439

Barker, E. E., 110. The Incipiency of the Menhaden Oil Business 456

Barnes, William M., SO. Supposed Occurrence of Sail-fish (Histiophorus) 423

Bartlett, S. P., 61. The Cultivation of Croppies in Ponds 362

Bean, Tarleton EI., 19. Directions for Collecting and Preserving Fish 197

liclir, von, 60. Management of Spawning Carp 392

Borne, VI ax von deni, 26. The American Black Bass 221

Brown, James Temple., 75. Some Notes on Whales 411

Buck, II. II., 108. R.port upon Hatching One million Whitefish Eggs from the Great

Lakes, at Orland, Me., and upon Planting the Young in Eagle Lake, Mount Desert 454

Gary, II. II., 104. Period of Incubation of Eggs of German Carp 447

Church, Daniel T., 115. Why the Size of Mesh in Menhaden Seines should not be

Restricted 463

Clark, Frank IV., 34. Spawning of California Mountain Trout, Reared in Confinement,

from Eggs brought from McCload River 256

Clark, Frank IX., and Seymour Bower, 58. On the Propriety of Depositing

Whitefish Minnows off the Harbor of Cleveland, Ohio 349

Collins, J. W., OS. Success of the Gill-net Cod Fishery on the New England Coast,

Winter of 1S82-83 441

Crosby, John Schuyler, 49. Stocking the Streams of Montana with Fish 301

Ball, William H., 82. Notes on the Pacific Coast Trade in Shells, Shrimps, Cod and

Salmon 425

D'lloinergne, Eouis C, 111. Reasons for Restricting the Use of Steamers and Seines

in the Menhaden Fishery 456

Bohrn, Anton, 91. The Zoological Station at Naples, Italy 433

Bownmau, B. II., 67. What Frogs sometimes Eat 392

— > , 68. Shad, Herring, &c, excluded from the Rappahannock River by Dams 392

Bresser, Henry, 92. Notes on the Natural nistory of the Buffalo 436

Ear!!, B. E., 102. Proposed Limitation of the Herring Fishery in Maine and its Effects

upon Bait and Canning Interests 445

Farr, S. C, S4. Description of a California Salmon (Oncorhynchus sp.) found in one of the

Kivers of New Zealand and Identified by Dr T. H. Bean 427

Friedlaender. Oscar O., 112. Notes on 1 he Menhaden Fishery 459

Gardner, A. P., 78. Experiments in the Fond Culture of Trout, Suckers, and Catfish .. 417

Grant, Isaac H., 123. Movements of Menhaden— Catch of Herring 470

Hauna, S. W., 73. Description of an Eel-like Creature taken in a Net at New Harbor,

Maine, in 1 880 407

Harris, Ctwynn, 131 . Total Amount of Shad and Herring caught on the Potomac River

during the Spring of 1882 - .- 477

Hessel, Bud., 100. Arrival of Blue Carp from Germany 443

Ilolberton, Wakcman, 16. The Successful Stocking of Streams with Trout 192

Hubrecht, A. A. W., 56. Fish Culture as seen at the London Exhibition, with Special

References to its History, Apparatus, and Methods iu the United States 337

V

VI TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.

Banger, Or. Oscar, 72. Varieties of Carp in Saxony 406

Hnskc, €'. J., 1<>:{. Shad "Work in South Carolina 446

Jennings, Ralph «., 55. Process of Preserving Fish 336

Johnston A- Bona, .low., 118. Scotland Fisheries and Apparatus 466

Horn, It. A.. 129. Trout and Trout Culture 473

l.si Valette tit. <;<<ii;;('. von. 2:1. A New Fish-batching Apparatus 209

. IOO. A NYu Fish-hatching Apparatus 448

Eiennurl, J. T., 97. Catch of Spawning Shad in the Potomac, above Georgetown 440

I, ii><l<iiK<>lil . A., 107. Notes on tin' Model of the Gulf of Maine, constructed fur the

United States Pish Commission 449

Ljangman, Axel Yilhelm, 29. Sweden at the Great International Fishery Exposition

at London, 1883 231

Lowell. .Inium Riixwell, 105. Success of the United States Exhibit at the London In-
ternational Fisheries Exhibition 447

I. nee, Thomas IS.. 122. Occurrence of Batistes capriscus Gmelin (Leather-jacket or

Pile-Fish) at New lied lord. Mass 469

Mt -Donald, .Vlar.vhall, 15. History of the Experiments leading to the Development of

the Automatic Fish hatching Jar 183

, 40. Summary of Distribution of Fish by Car No. 1 during the Past Season 295

Itlnluitfren, A. .1., 02. Memorial addressed to the Bureau of Agriculture of the Imperial
Senate for Finland. January 20, 1883, in regard to the Advisability of Introducing Arti-
ficial Fish Culture in Finland . 363

Rlartin, *. J., 10. Some of the Early Results of the Introduction of Cod Gill-nets at

Gloucester, Mass,, 188ii-1881 153

, 11. Notes on the Cod Gill net Fishing at Gloucester, Mass., 1882-1883 15

, 12. The American Purse-si ine successful in the Herring Fisheries of Sweden 161

, 13. Notes on the Fisheries of Gloucester, Massachusetts 162

, 47. The Movements of Schools of Mackerel 295

, 48. Notesonthe fisheries of Gloucester, Massachusetts 297

,81. Fitting out with Cod Gill-nets 424

, 121. Movements of Mackerel 470

."Tlawoii. Frank II., :i,s. Proposed Exportation of Whitefish Eggs to Switzerland 272

.tlullier. Fred, 127. Exchange of Live Marine Specimens with France 472

Meek, Neth E., S7. A Note on the Atlantic Species of the Genus Angwilla 430

Metcalf, .Martin, 120. Sine ess in Propagating California Mountain Trout from Eggs

brought to Michigan by the United States Fish Commission 471

Tlolmi-., Karl, 2 1. On Experiments, begun in 1880, to plant American Oysters in the
Western Baltic, and the Usefulness of Continuing these Experiments with the Aid of the

German Fishery Association 213

, 09. Can we do Anything to Decrease, Preserve, or Increase the Number of our Useful

Marine Animals? 393

IHonher, <.i<!< on, 74. Do Striped Bass {Itoccus UneaUis) Feed on Menhaden? 410

rYicklas, Carl, 70. Production of Young Fry of the Carp 401

Nye, Willard, jr., IS. Do Snakes Catch and Eat Fish? 196

Phillips, Bamel, 43. Early Catch of Mackerel 280

, 70. A St ray Cod up the Hudson 416

Pieree, II. I>., 5:1. Tin 1 Spawning of Blueftsli — An Opinion of the Cause of Mortality

of Fish in the Gulf of Mexico 332

Polcnar., Chain berlain von, 04. Au Opinion Regarding R. Eekardt's Answer to Pro-
fessor Malm <i\ rii 387

Pollt, William It.. 109. Experience, of a Menhaden Oil Manufacturer in Northumber-
land County. Va, 455

I'oii-., llilnanl, 05. Freshwater Sponges: what, where, when, and who wants them. .. 389
Knveret-Wallel and Rnrtef. 22. Reproduction of California Salmon in the Aqua-
rium of Trocadero 207

Redmond, Rolaiiil, 2.N. On Rainbow Trout reared from Eggs brought from California. 230

Ryder. John A., 17. On the Thread-bearing Eggs of the Silversides (Mrnidia) 193

, 27. Preliminary Notice of the Development and Breeding Habits of the Potomac Cat-
tish, A mi urns nlhi ilus (Le Sueur) Gill 225

. 44. Rearing Oysters from Artificially Fertilized Eggs, together with Notes on Pond

Culture. Ac 281

90. Report on the Abnormal Appearance of some Shad Eggs from a Fish kept in Con-

linemen t at Havre de Grace, Maryland 440

Wt. John, J. Hector, 14. An Account of the Whale Fishery of Nantucket, Mass., One

bundled Tears ago 179

TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII

Page.
Schieflelin & Co., W. H., 88. Unexplained Variations in the Yield of Oil from Cod

Livers 431

Slade, Elisha, 132. Dates of the Appearance of Herring, Shad, Bass, Tautog, Scup,
Frostfisk, Fish-hawks, Kingfishers, and Greenland Seal in Taunton River, from 1871 to
1883, inclusive 478

Smiley, C'has. W., J. List of Papers relating to the Work of the United States Fish
Commission, from its Organization, in 1871, to July 1, 1883, and which have been Published
under the Direction of the United States Fish Commission, National Museum, and Tenth
Census, together with a Topical Synopsis of the Titles 1

, 2. A List of the Published Reports of the Cemmissioners appointed by Authority of

the various States of the United States ... 85

, .'!• Checklist of the Published Reports of the Fish Commissioners of the various

States of the United States 108

, 4. The Organization and Personnel of the United States Fish Commission, June 1,

1883 115

, 5. A List of the Names and Addresses of the Fish Commissioners of the various

Stales of the United States, and of Superintendents of Hatcheries, corrected to June 1,

1883. with some Indication of the Limits of the Terms upon which they are now serving.. 117

, 6. A List of the Names of all Persons who have been appointed Commissioners of

Fishe tes of the Various States of the United States, with their Addresses, and the Dates

of their Terms of Service 123

, 9. F ur Tables, showing the Amount of Public Money appropriated for carrying on

the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, and the various State Commissions,

from 1865 to 1882, inclusive . 149

, '-JO. Planting and Catch of Shad in Coosa River, Alabama 200

. 32. Answers to One hundred and eighteen Questions relating to German Carp 241

, 39. First Appearance of Porpoise 272

— — , 40. Tonnage of Vessels of the United States employed in the Whale, Cod, and

Mackerel Fisheries, from 1860 to 1882, inclusive 273

, 41. Statistics of the Imports and Exports of Fish, Fish-oil, Whalebone, &c., for Ten

Fears ending June 30, 1882 273

— , 52. Notes on the Edible Qualities of German Carp, and Hints aboutCooking them. .. 305

— -, 51. The German Car]), and its Introduction in the United States 333

Smiley, (.'has. W., and C'has. W. Scuilder, 8. A List of the Blank Forms, Circu-
lars, and Minor Publications of the United States Fish Commission, from its Organization,

in 1871, to August 1, 1883 ; 129

Smith, Everett, 99. A Mammoth Cod 443

Snell, illerwin P., 36. An Important Fishway Cause '. 266

Spinney, Benjamin II., 60. Return to Gloucester of Young Codfish hatched by United

States Fish Commission in 1879 362

Honthwell, Thomas, 117. Notes on the English Herring Fishery of 1882 465

Stabler, Edward, 7. Giowth and Protection of Carp from Turtles, etc 127

Stearns. R. E. G\, 59. Edible Clams of the Pacific Coast, and a Proposed Method of

Transplanting them to the Atlantic Coast 353

Stearns, Silas, 119. Fluctuations in the Fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico and the pro-
posed Investigation of them 467

Sterling, E., SO. On the Impropriety of Depositing Whitefish Minnows off the Harbor of

Cleveland, Ohio — Fishing for Saugers 302

Stone, Livingston, 130. Scarcity of Salmon in the Little Spokane and other Streams on

Pacific Coast 476

Swan, James C, 21. Report of Investigations at Neah Bay, Wash., respecting the
Haoits of Fur-seals of that vicinity, and to arrange for procuring Specimens of Skeletons

of Cetacea 201

Tanner, Z. E., 125. Movements of Mackerel 471

Taylor, Fred. W., 57. Analysis of Artesian-well Water from the Shad-hatching Station

at Havre de Grace, Md 348

Treskow-Weissagk, von, 51. What Dangers threaten the Products of the old Pond

Carp Fisheries from Artificial Fish Culture 303

Vail, David F., 121. Why the Catching of Menhaden with Seines, etc., should be

Restricted 469

Walke, E. H., 45. Spawning of Esox (Pike or Pickerel) in North Carolina 295

Walleui, I Kill ilv M., 31. Export of Fish-oil from Norway, 1878-'82 240

Ward, Lester F., 35. Marsh and Aquatic Plants of the Northern United States, many

of which are suitable for Carp Ponds 257

VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Page.
W.iH rlnny, E. B.. ei al., 79. Obstructions to Salmon in Pend d'Oreille River, Montana,

requiring a Fish-way or removal of Falls 421

Wharton. Joseph, 113. Why Menhaden Seining should nol be Prohibited ■within Two

Miles of the Shore 462

White, C. .»!.. 101. Ability of Carp to endure Muddy, Slimy, and Stagnant Water 444

Wilcox, w. A., 95. Reappearance of young Cod Hatched by tin- United States Fish

Commission .... 439

Willequet, E., 25. Fish Culture in Belgium 218

. 9'. Fish Culture in Belgium— Proposed Government action 437

Wood, W. RE., 42. Report on tin- Trap-nets Fished in the Spring of L883 in the Potomac

River and ( Ihesapeake Hay , 278

Zeiilt. I-'.. 71. Prices of Carp, Tench, and Goldorfe in Germany 4u6

MISCELLANEOUS AND KEFBINT8.

Atlantic City Review, 114. Large Haul of Drum-fish 462

Capo Ann Advertiser, 77. Success of the Cod Gill-net Fishery 416

,90. A. JNew Process of Drying Fish 432

Deutsche Fiselierei Zoituii:;, Oil. A Verdid againsl Artificial Fish Culture, and an

answer thereto 382

. S5. 'lie- Artificial Raising of ''oil in America 428

London Daily Telegraph, i'2S. The Scotch Herring Fisheries 472

Maryland Fi*h Commission JJIeport, 33. Directions Concerning the Construction

of Carp Ponds 249

!Vew Cork Market Index and Journal, S3. Report for 1879 and 1880 of the Sale

of Fish in Fulton Market, New York 426

Tenth Census, 37. Statistics of the Fisheries of the United States in 1880 269

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FISH-HATCHING APPARATUS.

Page.

Fig. 1.— Original form of apparatus employed in the experiments. Used May, 1881, on the

Potomac barges ." 185

2. — An alternate form, used in the spring of 1881 185

3. — Original form of apparatus, in which the method for automatic separation of dead

from living eggs was demonstrated 186

4. — Details to illustrate hatching and transfer of shad-fry to collectors 188

EMBRYOLOGY.

Fig. 1. — Thread-bearing eggs of the silversides 195

FISH-HATCHING APPARATUS.

Fig. 1.— The outer vessel. 210

2. — The inner vessel 210

3. — The inner inserted in the outer vessel 211

4. — The complete apparatus 212

FISHES.

FiG. 1.— The leather caip, Cyprinus carpio 241

CONSTRUCTION OF PONDS.

Fig. 1. — A carp pond built in a meadow 250

2. — Sectional view of the dam of carp pond 251

3. — Vertical and horizontal projection of embankment 253

4. — Vertical section of embankment 254

5.— Horizontal section of embankment 254

6. — Horizontal section of embankment 255

7. — Vertical section of embankment ' 256

PACIFIC COAST CLAMS.

Fig. 1. — Schizothoerus nuttalli Conrad 354

2. — Saxidomug nuttalli Conrad 355

3. — Glyeimeris generosa Gould 356

4. — Glyeimeris generosa G ould 357

5. — Glyeimeris generosa Gould 358

6. — Glyeimeris generosa Gould 359

7.— The Stearns tank 361

8.— Screen for tank 361

9.— Slatted platform for tank 361

FRESH- WATER SPONGES.

Fig. — 1. — Relative sizes and shapes of like parts of several sponges 391

SEA SERPENT.

Fig. 1.— Sea serpent. S. W. Hanna's sketch 408

IX

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1883.

1.— LIST OF PAPERS RELATING TO THE WORK OF THE UNITED
STATES FISH COMMISSION FROM ITS ORGANIZATION IN 1872 TO
JULY 1, 1883, AND WHICH HAVE REEN PURLISHED UNDER THE
DIRECTION OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, THE
NATIONAL MUSEUM, A^D THE TENTH CENSUS, TOGETHER WITH
A TOPICAL SYNOPSIS OF THE TITLES.

By CM AS. W. SMILEY.

[Prepared by request of Prof. S. F. Baird for the Loudon Exhibition, 1883.]

This list was designed primarily for office reference and to prevent
the accidental republication of papers. But in order to show the extent
of the work done in this field, it has been elaborated for the purpose
already indicated. It is believed to contain titles of all the separate
articles, pamphlets, and important circulars which have been published
with the approval of the Commissioner.

Very many papers which regularly appeared in the reports, bulletins,
or proceedings also appeared as separate tracts, and all in the two last-
named publications have been available in signature. In many cases
the fact of separate publication will be noted.

LIST OF THE PUBLICATIONS CITED.

Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-'72. pp. 900.
Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73. pp. 910.
Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-'75. pp. 830.
Report of the Commissioner for 1875-'7G. pp. 1080.
Report of the Commissioner for 187G-'77. pp. 1042.
Report of the Commissioner for 1878. pp. 1052.
Report of the Commissioner for 1879. pp.. 898.
Report of the Commissioner for 1880. pp 1108.
Bulletin of the IT. S. Fish Commission, 1S8L pp. 474.
Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, 1882. pp. 475.
Proceedings of the National Museum, 1878. pp. 524. S. I. pub. No. 332.
Bull. IT. S. F. C, 83 1 August 3, 1 883.

2 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Proceedings of the National Museum, 1879. pp.503. S. I. pub.No. 333.

Proceed in. us of the National Museum, 18S0. pp.595. S. I. pub.No. 425.

Proceedings of the National Museum, 1881. pp.G78. S.I. pub. No. 467.

Proceedings of the National Museum, 1882. In press.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 5, 187G. pp. 84. S. I. No. 296.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. C, 187G. pp. 140. S. I. No. 297.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 9, 1877. pp. 50. S. I. No. 305.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 10, 1877. pp. 124. S. I. No. 306.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 11, 1882. pp. 64. S. I. No. 463.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 12, 1878. pp. 237. S. I. No. 308.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 14, 1879. pp. 351. S. I. No. 326.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 16, 1883. pp. 1018.

Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 18, 1 880. pp. 263. S. I. No. 413.

Census Bulletin, No. 176, 1881. pp. 6.

Census Bulletin, No. 261, 1881. pp. 8.

Census Bulletin, No. 278, 1881. pp. 47.

Census Bulletin, No. 281, 1881. pp. 8.

Census Bulletin, No. 291, 1882. pp. 7.

Census Bulletin, No. 295, 1882. pp. 35.

Census Bulletin, No. 297, 1882. pp. 14.

Census Bulletin, No. 298, 1882. pp. 18.

Census Bulletin, special, 18-^1. pp. 251.

Census Bulletin, special, 1882. pp. 276.

Questions of the Census relating to Fish Trade and Consumption,
1879. pp. 3.

Specifications for two Steamers, 1879 and 1881. pp. 97.

Five series of Questions upon Cod, Mackerel, Smelt, Alewife, &c
1876 (?). pp. 20.

Hints for Emergencies. By Dr. J. H. Kidder. 1877 ('?). pp.7.

Directions for Collecting and Preserving Fish. 1881. pp. 6. S. I.
pub. No. 464.

Circular in Eeference to Shipping fresh Fish and other Animals.
18-1. pp. 4. S. I. No. 384.

Directory of Employes of the Smithsonian Institution, Fish Commis-
sion, &c. 1882. pp. 8 S. I. pub. No. 466.

Memoranda for the Construction of a Harbor of Refuge at Wood's
I loll, Mass. 1882. pp.6.

Laws and Regulations of the U S. Fish Commission. 1882. pp.32.

Classification of Exhibits at the London Exhibition. 1882. pp. 4.

Au account of the work of the Fish Commission has been published
annually since 1872 in the Report of the Smithsonian Institution, but
as it was not in papers separate from other matter, this is the only refer-
ence to be made to the fact.

The Fish Commission was also interested in the preparation of the
material for the American case as recorded in "Award of the Fishery

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 3

Commission. Documents and Proceedings of the Halifax Commission,
L- 77, under the Treaty of Washington of May 8, 187.1. In three vol-
umes. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1878." (Forty fifth
Congress, second session, House of Representatives, Ex. Doc. No. 89.)
pp. 1090, ^237, 1168.

The arrangement being by authors, it has been deemed best in the
case of translations to insert the paper twice, once under the author's
name and once under the translator's name.

A topical synopsis of the papers will be found at the close of the list.

I.— ARTICLES BY KNOWN AUTHORS ALPHABETICALLY

ARRANGED.

1. Abbott, Chas. C. Notes on some fishes of the Delaware River.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 525-845.]

2. Adams, A. Leith. The lake trouts.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 357-362.]

3. Akekio, Sekizawa. Memorandum on fish -culture in Japan, with a

notice of experiments in breeding the California trout.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 645-648.]

4. Albro, Samuel. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 8.]

5. Allen, William S. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 413-414.]

6. Allport, Morton. Present state of the salmon experiment in Tasma-

nia.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 819-823.]

7. Ameln, Johan. Society for promoting the Norwegian fisheries.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 241-243.]

8. Anderson, G. A. Report on shad-hatching in New Jersey in 1874.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
327-3 .'8.]

9. Anderson, It. B., Translator. Report on the Norwegian deep-sea

expedition of 1878. By G. O. Sars.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 18^0, pp. 257-281.]

10. Anderssen, Joakim. Report on the department of fisheries in the

world's exposition in Philadelphia, 1876.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 47-71.]

11. Anderton, J. L. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

fin Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 460-461.]

4 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

12. Armistead, A. Wilson. A transfer of leather carp (Cyprinus carpio)

from the Government ponds at Washington, U. S. A., to Scot-
land.

[ In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 341-342.]

13. Arnold, jr., Isaac. Successful propagation of black bass.

[In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 113-115.]

14. Atkins, Charles G. On the salmon of Eastern North America, and

its artificial culture.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 226-33.').]

15. . On fish- ways.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 591-616.]

16. . Eeport on the collection and distribution of Penobscot

salmon in 1873-'74 and 1874-'75.

[ In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
485-530. ]

17. '■ . On the collection of eggs of Schoodic salmon in 1875

and 1870.
[ In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 910-919.]

18. . Eeport on the collection and distribution of Schoodic

salmon eggs in 1877-'78.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 817-846.]

19. . Report on an attempt to collect eggs of Sebago salmon

in 1878.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 775-787.]

20. . Report on the collection and distribution of Schoodic

salmon eggs in 1878-'79.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 789-814.]

21. . Cheap fixtures for the hatching of salmon.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 944-965; also sep-
arately.]

22. . Report on the propagation of Schoodic salmon in 1879-

'80.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 733-766.]

23. . Report on the propagation of Penobscot salmon in

1879-'80.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 721-731.]

24. . Sketchof the Schoodic salmon breeding establishment.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 379-382.]

25. . Sketch of the Penobscot salmon-breeding establish-
ment.
[In Bullktin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 373-378.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 5

26. Atkins, Charles G. Eeport on the propagation of Schoodic salmon
in 1S80-'81.
[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 62:3-631.]

27. . Eeport on the propagation of Penobscot salmon in

1880-'81.
[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 633-651.]
(See also uuder Stilwell and Atkins.)

28. Arthur, W. Shipment of white fish eggs to New Zealand in 1878.

[In EEPORTofthe Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 857, 859, 864, 879.]

29. Atwater, W. 0. Menhaden and other fish and their products as re-

lated to agriculture.
[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 194-267.]

30. . Eeport of progress of an investigation of the chemical

composition and economicYalues of the fish and invertebrates
used for food. Undertaken for the United States Fish Com-
mission.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 231-283.]

31. Atwood, Nathaniel E. Fisheries on the coast of Massachusetts.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 117-124.]

32. . Abstract of an address in opposition to legislation con-
cerning traps and pounds.
[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 223-227.]

33. Atwood, William. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 404.]

34. Bahson, F. J. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 395-399.]

35. Baird, Spencer F. Eeport on the condition of the sea fisheries of the

south coast of New England in 1871 and 1872.
[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. i-xli.]

36. . Memoranda of inquiry relative to the food-fisbes of the

United States.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 1-3; also by
Smithsonian Institution No. 231, in Misc. Coll. X; also separately.]

37. . Questions relative to the food-fishes of the United

States.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 3-6; also by
Smithsonian Institution No. 234, in Misc. Coll. X ; also separately.]

38. . Testimouy in regard to the present condition of the

fisheries, taken in 1871.
[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 7-72.]

6 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

39. Baird, Spencer F. Report of State commissions in regard to regu-
lating the sea-fisheries by law.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 104-124.]

40. . Report of conference of United States Commissioner

with commissioners of Rhode Island and Massachusetts.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 125-132.]

41. . Draught of law proposed for the consideration of and

enactment by the legislatures of Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and Connecticut.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 132-134.]

42. . Statistics of fish and fisheries on the south shore of

New England.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 173.]

43. . Supplementary testimony and information relative to

the condition of the fisheries of the south side of New Eng-
land, taken in 1872.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 182-195.]

44. . Pleadings before the senate committee on fisheries,

of the Rhode Island legislature at its January session of 1872.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 196-227.]

45. . Natural history of some of the more important food-
fishes of the south shore of New England.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 228-252.]

46. -. Description of apparatus used in capturing fish on the

seacoast and lakes of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 253-274.]

47. . List of fishes collected at Wood's Holl.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873. pp. 823-827.]

48. . Report of the Commissioner for 1872 and 1873. A.—

Inquiry into the decrease of the food-fishes. B.— The propa-
gation of food-fishes in the waters of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872'-73, Part II, 1874, pp. i-xcii.]

49. . Note on Dr. Luckley's article on the North American

species of salmon and trout.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 91.]

50. . Correspondence with railroad companies in reference

to facilities for transfer of shad and other fish.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 749-756.]

51- . Reports of special conferences with the American fish.

culturists' association and State commissions of fisheries. A. —
At Boston, June 13, 1872. B.— At New York, October 19, 1872-
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 757-773.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 7

52. Baird, Spencer F. Questions relative to the cod and cod fisheries.

[In Circular form, 187(3, 4°. pp. 4.]

53. . Questions relative to the mackerel and the mackerel

fisheries.
[In Circular form, 1876? 4°. pp.4.]

54. . Questions relative to the alewife and alewife fish-
eries.
[In Circular form, 1876? 4°. pp.4.]

55. . Statistics of coast and river fisheries

[In Circular form, 1876, 4°. pp. 4.]

56. . Questions relative to the smelt and the smelt fish-
eries.
[In Circular from, 1876? 4°. pp.4.]

57. . Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-'75.

A. — Inquiry into the decrease of the food-fishes. B. — The prop-
agation of food-fishes in the waters of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
vii-xlvi.]

58. . Shad-hatching and distributing operations of 1875.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
335-349.]

59. . Directions for using blanks for recording the propa-
gation and distribution of fish.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
563-569.]

60. . Eeport of the Commissioner for 1875-1876. A. — In-
quiry into the decrease of the food-fishes. B. — The propagation
of food-fishes in the waters of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. l*-50.*]

61. . Tables of temperatures of air and water at sundry

stations of the United States Signal Office from March, 1874,
to February, 1875, and from March, 1876, to February, 1877,
inclusive.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 851-861.]

62. . Correspondence relating to the exportation of fishes

and fish-hatching apparatus to New Zealand, Germany, &c.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 959-1024.]

63. . Eeport of the Commissioner for 1877. A. — Inquiry

into the decrease of food-fishes. B. — The propagation of food-
fishes in the waters of the United States.
[In Report of the Commissionor for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 1*— 48*. J

8 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

64. Baird Spencer F. Statistics of the menhaden fisheries, &c. Circular

and questions.

[Id Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 268-271; also sep-
arately.]

65. . Report of the Commissioner for 1878. A. — Inquiry

into the decrease of food-fishes. B. — Propagation of food-fishes
in the waters of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. xv-lxiv.]

66. . Correspondence connected with the transmission of

eggs of the quinnat salmon and whitefish to Australia and
New Zealand, 1877, 1878, and prior years.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1*80, pp. 825-905.]

67. . Correspondence connected with the transmission of

eggs of the quinnat salmon and other salmonidaB to European
countries in 1878 and prior years.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 907-924.]

68. . Memorandum of some results of the artificial propa-
gation and planting of fish, due mainly to the efforts of the
United States Fish Commission.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 208-215.]

69. . Some results of the artificial propagation of Maine

and California salmon in New England and Canada, recorded
in the years 1879 and 1880.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 270-277.]

70. . Circular in reference to shipping fresh fish and other

animals.

[In Circular form, by the Smithsonian Institution, 1881, pp. 4.]

71. . Directory of the officers, collaborators, employes, &c,

of the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum, Geological
Survey, and Fish Commission.
[In Pamphlet form, by the Smithsonian Institution, No. 3961, 1*82, pp. 8.]

72. . Report of the Commissioner for 1879. A. — Inquiry

into the decrease of food-fishes. B. — The propagation of food-
fishes in the waters of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, pp. xi-li.]

73. . List of collections made by the fishing vessels of Glou-
cester and other New England sea-ports for the United States
Fish Commission from 1877 to 1880.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 787-835.]

74. . Laws aud regulations of the United States Fish Com-
mission.
[In Pamphlet form. 1882,8°. pp. 32. J

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 9

75. Baird, Spencer F. Classification of exhibits at Londou Fishery Ex-
hibition.
[In Circular form, 1882, 4°. pp. 3.]

76. . Memoranda for the construction of a harbor of refuge

at Wood's Holl, Mass.

[In Circular form, type-written and lithographed. 1882, 4°. pp. 6.]

77. . Inducements offered fishermen to furnish shad eggs

for the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 389-391.]

78. . Report of the Commissioner for 1880. A. — Inquiry

into the decrease of food-fishes. B. — Propagation of food-fishes
in the waters of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. xvii-xlvi.]

79. . Statistics of the propagation and distribution of shad

in the spring of 1880.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 653-671.]

80. Baird, Spencer F., Francis A. Walker, and G. Brown Goode. Returns of

circular relating to fish trade and consumption of fish.
[In Circular form, Census, No. 7-032, 2 eds. 1879, 4°. pp. 3.]

81. Ball, H. D. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 425.]

82. Banditten, Eben. On carp culture, chiefly in its relation to agricult-

ure.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 667-670.]

83. . Recent contributions to pond cultivation.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 385-387.]

84. Barfurth, D. The food and mode of living of the salmon, the trout,

and the shad.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74, and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
735-759.]

85. Barnes, A. G. Growth and spawning of German carp in Alabama.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 424-425.]

86. Barnston, George. Thewhitefishof the Great Lakes — Lake Superior.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 79-80.]

87. Bartels, H. Shipment of salmon over to Germany in 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 907-908.]

88. Bean, Tarleton H. Description of a new sparoid fish, Sargus Hol-

brooMi, from Savannah Bank.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 198-200.]

89. . On the occurrence of Stichcena punctatus (Fabr.)

Kroyer, at St. Michael's, Alaska.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 279-281.]

10 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

90. Bean, Tarleton H. On the identity of Euchalarodus putnami Gill, with
Pleuronectes glaber (Storer) Gill, with notes on the habits of
the species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 345-348.]

91. . Description of a species of Lycodes (L. turneri), from

Alaska, believed to be undescribed.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 463-466.]

92. . A list of European fishes in the collection of the

United States National Museum.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 10-44.]

93. . On the species of Astroscopes of the Eastern United

States.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 57-63.]

94. . On the occurrence of Hippoglossus vulgaris Flem., at

Unalashka and St. Michael's, Alaska.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 63-66.]

95. . Description of an apparently new species of Gasteros-

tens (O. atkinsii) from the Schoodic Lakes, Maine.
[In Puoceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 67-69.]

96. . Description of a new fish from Alaska (Anarrhichas

lepturus), with notes upon other species of the genus Anarrhi-
chas.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp, 212-218.]

97. . Notes on a collection of fishes from Eastern Georgia.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 284-2o6.]

98. . Description of a new species of Amiurus (A. pondero-

sus) from the Mississippi River.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 286-290.]

99. . Descriptions of two species of fishes, collected by Prof.

A. Duges in Central Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 302-305.]

100. . Descriptions of some genera and species of Alaskan

fishes.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 353-359.]

101. . Translator. Report on the American fisheries.

By Fredrik M. Wallem.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 75-115.]

102. . Translator. Is sawdust as serious an obstacle to

the ascent of salmon in our rivers as is generally maintained ?

By H. Rasch.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 517-518.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 11

103. Bean, Tarleton H. Translator. The economic value of the Nor-

wegian lakes and rivers as a field for fish culture. By N.
Wergelaud.
[In Rkport of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 539-604. ]

104. . Description of a new hake (Phycis earlii) from South

Carolina, and a note on the occurrence of Phycis regnis in North
Carolina.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat Mns., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 09-70.]

105. . Check-list of duplicates of North American fishes

distributed by the Smithsonian Institution in behalf of the
United States National Museum, 1877-'80.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 75-116.]

106. . Movements of young alewives (?) (Pomolobus, sp.) in

Colorado River, Texas.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 69-70.]

107. . Notes on a shipmeut, by the United States Fish Com-
mission, of California salmon (Oncorhynchiis chouicha) to Tan-
ner's Creek, Indiana, in 1876.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 204-205.]

108. . Account of a shipment, by the United States Fish

Commission, of California salmon-fry (Oncorhynchus chouicha)
to Southern Louisiana, with a note on some collections made
at Tickfaw.

[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881. pp. 205-206.]

109. . Descriptions of new species of fishes (Uranidea mar-

ginata, Potamocottus bendirei), and of Myctophum crenulare J.
and G.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 26-29.]

110. . Notes on some fishes from Hudson's Bay.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 127-129.]

111. . Description of new fishes from Alaska and Siberia.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 144-159.]

112. . Directions for collecting and preserving fish.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 235-238. J

113. . A preliminary catalogue of the fishes of Alaskan

and adjacent waters.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mns., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 239-272.]

114. . A partial bibliography of the fishes of the Pacific

coast of the United States and of Alaska, for the year 1880.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 312-317.]

12 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

115. Bean, Tarleton H. Xotes on a collection of fishes made by Capt.
Henry E. Nichols, U. S. N., in British Columbia and Southern
Alaska, with descriptions of new species and a new genus
(Jk'loU-pis).
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus„ Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 463-474.]

116. . Directions for collecting and preserving fish.

[Iu Pamphlet form by the Smithsonian Institution, 1881, 8°, pp. 6.]

117. . Notes on fishes collected by Capt. Chas. Bendire, U.

S. A., in Washington Territory and Oregon, May to October,
1881.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 89-93.]

118. . Note on the occurrence of silver lamprey, Ichthy-

omyzon castaneus Girard, in Louisiana.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 117-119.]

119. . Description of a new species of whitefish, Coregonus

hoyi (Gill) Jordan, called "smelt" in some parts of New York.
[In Proceedings of theU. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 658-660.]

120. . Translator. On the reason for an extraordinarily

rich production of oysters in a natural basin. By H. H. Kasch.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1037-1043.]
(See also under Goode &. Bean.)

121. Beardslee, L. A. Experiment upon the time of exposure required for

accurate observations with the Casella-Miller deep-sea ther-
mometer.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 887-900.]

122. Beebe, Samuel C. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 432-433.]

123. Behr, von. Shipments of apparatus to Germany.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 1004-1006.]

124. . Address made at the meeting of the German Fishery

Association, at Berlin, March 16, 1877, by Heir von Behr, of
Schmoldow, president of the association, member of the Ger-
man Parliament.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 1014-1024.]

125. . Shipment of salmon ova to Germany in 1878.

[In REPORT of the Commissioner fv.r 1878, Part VI, 1880. pp. 911-912.]

126. . Treatment of fish eggs at sea.

[In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 346-347.]
127. . Five American salmonidsB in Germany.

Lin BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 237-246.]

128. Bell, James H. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 454-457.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 13

129. Bendire, Charles. Notes on Salmonidw of the Upper Columbia.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 81-87.]

130. Benson, Joseph B. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 457-458.]

131. Bertram, James G. On the possibility of exhausting the sea-fish-

eries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I. 1873, pp. 141-144.]

132. Boeck, A. J. and A. Feddersen. The Norwegian herring-fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.

97-122.]

133. Boeck, Axel. The Norwegian lobster fishery and its history.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873- '74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
223-258.]

134. Bolliston, Wm, Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in

1876.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1876, p. 964. ]

135. Bon, M. de. Report on the condition of oyster culture in 1875, pre-

ceded by a report to the minister of marine and of the colo-
nies.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 885-906, index.]

136. Borne, Max von dem. How can our lakes and rivers be again

stocked with fish in the shortest possible time ?

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
681-683.]

137. . Dry transmission of fish eggs.

[In Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 345-346.]

138. . On pond fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 649-650.]

139. . Raise carp.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VII], 1883, pp. 673-680.]

140. Bottemanne, C. J. Shipment of salmon ova to the Netherlands in

1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 914-916; 919-924.]

141, . California salmon in the Netherlands.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 709-713.]

142. Bouchon-Brandely, M. Eeport on the state of pisciculture in
France and the neighboring countries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 513-523.]

143. . Report relative to the generation and artificial fecun-
dation of oysters, addressed to the minister of the marine and
the colonies.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 319-338.]

14 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

144. Bouchon-Brandely, M. On the sexuality of the common oyster (0.
edit I is) and that of the Portuguese oyster (0. angulata). Arti-
ficial fecundation of the Portuguese oyster.
[In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, l*->, pp. 3:59-341.]

145. . A report on oyster culture in the Mediterranean.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 907-930, index.]

146. Bradford, Gamaliel. Translator. The history of fish culture in

Europe from its earlier records to 1854. By Jules Haime.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 465-492.]

147. Brayton, Alembert W. See David S. Jordan.

148. Brightman, Benj. F. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 379-382.]

149. Brightman, Potter. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 70-71.]

150. Brinley, Francis. Condit'on of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 8-9.]

151. . Report of committee of Rhode Island legislature,

made at Newport, June 15, 1870.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 104-111.]

152. Broca, P. de. The halibut fishery of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
169-171.]

153. On the oyster industries of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
271-319.]

154. Brodhead, J. M. Upon the abundance of fish on rhe New England

coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 169-170.]

155. Caird, James, T. H. Huxley, and George Shaw Lefevre. Extracts from

the report of the commissioners appointed to inquire into the
sea fisheries of the United Kingdom ; presented to both bouses
of Parliament by command of Her Majesty. London, 1SG1.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 145-148. ]

156. Campbell, J. B. Notes on McCloud River, California, and some of

its fishes.

[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 44-46.]

157. Cattie, S. Th. On the genitalia of male eels and their sexual char-

acters.
[ In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 280-284.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 15

158. Chadwick, B. P. The destruction of young fish by unsuitable fish-

ing implements.
[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 339-340.]

159. Cheney, Simeon F. Correspondence on the subject of the sea fish-

eries.
[Iii Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 135-136.]

160. Cheeseman, T. F. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in

1876.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 965-967 ; 980.]

161. . Shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1877.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 837.]

162. Church, Daniel T. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 31-32.]

163. . Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

T In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part V, 1879, pp. 418-424.]

164. Clark, A. Howard. Statistics of the fisheries of New Hampshire^

Ehode Islaud, and Connecticut.
[ Census Bulletin No. 291, 1882, pp. 7.]

165. . Statistics of the fisheries of Massachusetts.

T Census Bulletin No. 295, 1882, pp. 35. ]

166. Clark, Frank N. The self-picker.

[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 62-65.]

167. . On the rearing of whitefish in spring water, and its

relation to their subsequent distribution.
[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 301-306.]

168. . Account of the operations at the Northville fish-

, hatching station of the United States Fish Commission, from
1874 to 1882, inclusive.
[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 355-372.]

169. . Description of the United States fish-hatchery at

Alpena, Michigan.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 388.]

170. . Report of operations connected with the propagation

of whitefish {Goregonus albus) at the Northville station, North-
ville, Michigan, for the season of 1S80-'81.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 553-596, tig. 1,.
index. ]

171. Clark, Henry W. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 425-426.]

16 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

172. Clark, Nelson W. Description of improved apparatus in fish-

hatching.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1*74, pp. 582-585.]

173. Clift, W. Beport on shad-hatching operations in 1872.

[ Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 403-405.]

174. Collins, J. W. Gill-nets in the cod-fishery; a description of the

Norwegian cod-nets, with directions for their use, and a his-
tory of their introduction into the United States.

[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 1-17 ; also

separately.]

175. . An inquiry as to the capture of young codfish in

Chesapeake Bay.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 401-402.]

176. . First arrival of mackerel in New York in the spring

of 1882.
[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 402.]

177. . Appearance of dog-fish (Squalus acanthias) on the New

England coast iu winter.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 8.]

178. . Shad taken in mackerel gill-nets.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 95.]

179. . Notes on the movements, habits, and captures ot mack-
erel for the season ot 1882.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 273-285.]

180. . Notes on the herring fishery of Massachusetts Bay in

the autumn of 1882.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 287-290.]

181. . Correspondence relative to the procurement of certain

fishery implements for the Government of New South Wales.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 291-299.,]

182. . Report upon a cruise made to the tileiish ground in

the smack "Josie Beeves," September, 1882.
[ In Bulletin of the U. S.Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 301-310.]

183. . Notes on the halibut fisheries of 188 1-'82.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 311-316.]
(See also under Goode and Collins.)

184. Condon, J. C. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In REPORT of the U. 8. Fish Commissioner, Part V, 1879. pp. :!7f>-377.]

185. Conner, Patrick. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1^77, Part V, 1879, pp. 478-479.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 17

Vol. Ill, \o. 2. Washington, D. C. August 3, 1883.

186. Cook, Caleb. The manufacture of porpoise-oil.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp 16-18.]

187. Cooper, Mark A. Letter referring to experiments of W. C. Daniell,

M. D., in introducing shad into the Alabama River.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 389-390.]

188. Cooper, G. S. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1876.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-'76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 978-979 ; 996.]

189. . Shipment of salmon and whitefish ova to New Zealand

in 1877 and 1878.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 855 ; 857 ; 860.]

190. Copeland, Chas. W. Specifications for building the screw-steamer

Fish-Hawk for the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries.
[By the U. S. Light-House Establishment, 1879, pp. 46.]

191. . Specifications for building the screw-steamer Alba-
tross for the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries.

[By the U. S. Light-House Establishment, 1881, pp. 51.]

192. Costa, Achille. On the fisheries of the Gulf of Naples.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 139-141.]

193. Coste, P. Report on the oyster and mussel industries of France and

Italy.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 825-883, pi. 13,
index. ]

194. Couchman, J. W. Transporting carp from the United States Fish

Commission to Brazil.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 382.]

195. Crandall, J. S. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 427-428.]

196. Creighton, J. It. Exportation of salmon and whitefish ova to New

Zealand in 1876.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-'76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 970-971 ; 973-
977; 979; 985-986.]

197. . Shipment of salmon and whitefish ova to New Zealand

and Australia in 1877 and 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 839-842 ; 851 ;

867-875; 882-883; 900-901.]

198. . Fish-culture in New Zealand.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 51-52.]
Bull. U. S. F. 0., 83 2

18 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

199. Crocker, Timothy. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Ehode Island in 1871.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Parti, 1873, pp. 50-51.]

200. Crowell, Alexander. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1878, p. 49.]

201. Curry, J. J. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts and

Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 8.]

202. Dambeck, Karl. Statistics of the most important fisheries of the

North Atlantic.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
21-24.]

203. Geographical distribution of the Gadidce, or the cod

family, in its relation to fisheries and commerce.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 531-557.]

204. Daniell, W. C. Letters referring to his experiments in introducing

shad into the Alabama River.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 387-390.]

205. Dantziger, Senator. The first five years of the Emden Joint-Stock

Herring Fishery Association.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 751-776.]

206. Davis, A. C. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 475-477.]

207. Davis, H. B. Gratifying results of propagating German carp, bream,

and carp in ponds together. Table qualities of carp.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 317-318.]

208. Davis, Peter. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts and

Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 32-33.]

209. Day, Thomas. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 390-391.]

210. Deane, Samuel. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 161.]

211. De Blois, E. T. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for Is??, Tart V, 1879, p. 425.]

212. . The origin of the menhaden industry.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 46-51.]

213. Dennis, William. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts
and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of tin! Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 187:5, pp. 13-14.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 19

214. Diebitsch, H., Translator. What does a fish cost*? By Christian

Wagner.
[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880. pp. 605-607.]

215. Dill, Heman S. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 405-40G.]

216. Lodge, Simeon. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Coinim>skmer for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 399-401.]

217. Dodge, "William, et al. A petition to the Fish Commission of the

United States, signed by the fishermen of Block Island, June

12, 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 35-39.]

218. Dousman, H. F. Report relative to hatching and planting of the

Penobscot salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 383-384.]

219. Dresel, H. G., Translator. A hybrid plaice— Platessa vulgaris —

with Rhombus maximus. By K. E. H. Krause.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 341-342.]

220. Ducastel, M. The transformation of salt marshes into fish ponds.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 517-531, figs. 2.]

221. Dudley, H. L. Annual proceedings of the United States Menhaden

Oil and Guano Association.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 358-367.]

222. Duff, R. P. R. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1876.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 963-964 ; 969-
970; 981-982.

223. Duncan, J. W. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1875.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, p. 963.]

224. Dunn, Horace D. Do the spawning salmon ascending the Sacra-

mento River all die without returning to sea?
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 815-816.]

225. Dyer, Reuben. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 33.]

226. Dyrenforth, Robert G. List of patents granted by the United States

to the end of 1872, for inventions connected with the capture,
utilization, or cultivation of fishes and marine invertebrates.
[In Report ol the Commissioner foi 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 275-280.]

227. . List of patents issued in the United States, Great

Britain, and Canada, up to the end of 1878, relating to fish
and the methods, products, and applications of the fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 187*, Part VI, 1880, pp. 3-16, pi. 16.]

20 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

228. Dyrenforth, Robert G. Abstract of patents issued iu Great Britain,
up to the year 1878, having reference to the pursuit, capture,
and utilization of the products of the fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 17-3:*.]

229. . List of patents issued in the United States, daring the

years 1879 and 1880, relating to fish and the methods, products,
and applications of the fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1047-1048.]

230. Earll, R. Edward. A report on the history and present condition of
the shore cod fisheries of Cape Ann, Massachusetts, together
with notes on the natural history and artificial propagation of
the species.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 685-740, pi. 3, in-
dex; also separately.]

231. . Statistics of the fisheries of Maine.

[Census Bulletin No. 278, 1881, pp. 47.] •

232. . The Spanish mackerel, Cybium macidatum (Mitch.) Ag.j

its natural history and artificial propagation, with an account
of the origin and development of the fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 395-426.]

233. Earll, R. Edward, and Marshall McDonald. Commercial fisheries of

the Middle States.

[Census Bulletin No. 297, 1882, pp. 14.]

234. . Commercial fisheries of the Southern Atlantic States.

[Census Bulletin No. 298, 1882, pp. 18.]

235. Eayrs, Winslow. Correspondence on the subject of the sea fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 136-137.]

236. Eckardt, R. The experiments in propagating the inaifische (Alosa

vulgaris) in 187G and 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 853-866.]

237. . The peculiarities of blue carp.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 389-390.]

238. . Report on the propagation and growth of carp.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 671-673.]

239. Eckardt, G. Carp propagation and blue carp.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 168.]

240. Edmunds, M. C. Obstructions to the ascent of fish in the tributaries

of Lake Champlain.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 622-629, map.]

241. Edwards, B. J. Table of temperatures of the Little Harbor, Wood's

Holl, Massachusetts, from January, 1873, to December, 1873,
inclusive.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 828-831.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 21

422. Edwards, Capt. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts,
and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1878, pp. 53-59. J

243. Edwards, Vinal N. Report on the fisheries of Nantucket, Edgar-

town, Kyannis, Martha's Vineyard, &c, in 1871-'72.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 187-192. ]

244. . On the occurrence of the Oceanic bonito, Orcynus

prelamys (Linne) Poey, in Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, p. 263.]

245. Elliott, Henry W. A monograph of the Seal Islands of Alaska.

[Special Bulletin 4°, 1882, pp. 176, pi. 29, maps 2; also with modification as a
Special Census Bulletin.]

246. Endlich, F. M. An analysis of water destructive to fish in the Gulf

of Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 124.]

247. Farlow, W. G. List of sea-weeds or marine algae of the south coast

of New England.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 281-294.]

248. . List of marine algae of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
691-717.]

249. . On the nature of the peculiar reddening of salted

codfish during the summer season.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 969-974.]

250. . Report on the contents of two bottles of water from

the Gulf of Mexico, forwarded by the Smithsonian Institution
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 234.]

251. . The marine algae of New England.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 1-210, pi. 15,
index ; also separately. ]

252. Farr, S. C. Exportation of salmon and whitefish ova to New Zea-

land in 1876.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 996-997; 999.]

253. Feddersen, A. Abstract of an article from the u N~ordisk TidssTcrift

for Fiskeri," 1878, entitled "Observations on Fishery Exposi-
tions," &c.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 43-45.]
(See also under Broeek and Feddersen.)

254. Finn, W. The Iceland herring fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 493-496.]

255. Finsch, Dr. 0. Report on a trip in Germany to secure carp for the

United States Fish Commission.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 220-225.]

22 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

256. Finsch, Dr. 0. Report on the transportation of a collection of living

carp from Germany.
[In EEPOHT of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 6G7-670. ]

257. Firth, J. C. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand iu IST.j

and 1876.

[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1875-'76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 959-962 ; 981-
985.]

258. . Shipine t of salmon and whitefish ova to New Zea-
land in 1877 and 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 829-831 ; 833-834;
836; 837-839; 860-863; 866-867; 872; 875; 902.]

259. Fisher, F. B. Fishing and fish culture iu Florida.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 251.]

260. Fletcher, Wm. W. Report relative to the hatching and planting of

the Penobscot salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 380.]

261. Forhes, S. A. The food of young whitefish (Coregonus clupeifor-

mis.)
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 19-20.]

262. . On the food of young whitefish (Coregonus).

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 269-270.]

263. . An inquiry into the first food of young lake white-
fish (Coregonus clupeiformis).
[In Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 402-403.]

264. Foster, D. E. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 453.]

265. Fox, E. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1876.

Lin Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, p. 968.]

266. Fraiche, Felix. A practical guide to oyster culture and the meth-

ods of rearing and multiplying edible marine animals.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 753-824, figs. 27,
index.]

267. Friedlaender, Oscar 0. Notes on the menhaden fishery.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 252.]

268. Friele, M. An account of the fisheries of Norway in 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 707-739. ]

269. Friend, R. A. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 377-378.]

270. Furman, W. H. Description of improved apparatus in fish-hatch-

ing.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 586-587.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 23

271. Gage, George. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 4/9.]

272. Gaines, Kemp. Growth, spawning, and distribution of German carp

reared from twenty fish furnished by the U. S. Fish Commis-
sion, November 29, 1880.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 392.]

273. Gallup, B. Frank. Catching dog-fish for oil and guano.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 246.]

274. Gallup, Morgan & Co. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 417.]

275. Gamgee, John. On artificial refrigeration.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 901-972, pi. 3, figs. 5. ]

276. Garman, Samuel. Synopsis and descriptions of the American Rhi-

nobatidce.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 516-523.]

277. Gasch, Adolf. Pond cultivation on the Kaniow estate (District of

Biala, Galicia), the property of his imperial highness, Arch-
duke Albrecht of Austria.

[In Report of the Commssioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 533-543.]

278. Gent, John J. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 149-154.]

279. Gifford, George. The disappearance of sardines from the Vendean

coast, and its causes.
[In Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 13-14.]

280. Gilbert, Charles H. List of fishes observed at Punta Arenas, on the

Pacific coast of Central America.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 112.]
(See also under Jordan and Gilbert.)

281. Gilbert, W. L. Growth of thesalbling (Salmo salvelinus) in the Old

Colony trout-ponds at Plymouth, Mass.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 427.]

282. Gill, Theodore. Catalogue and bibliography of the fishes of the east

coast of North America.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 779-822. Also in
Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. XIV, Smithsonian Pub. No. 283.]

283. . Natural and economical history of the gourami.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 710-728, pi. 2.]

284. . Bibliography of reports of fishery commissions.

fin Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 774-784.]

24 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

285. Gill, Theodore. Synopsis of the pediculate fishes of the eastern
coast of extra tropical North America,
lu Proceedings of the U.S.Nat. Mas., Vol. 1, 1878, pp. 215-221.]

. Note on the Antenna riidcr.

286.
287.

288.
289.
290.

291.
292.

293.
294.
295.
296.
297.
298.
299.
300.
301.
302.

la Proceedings of the U. S. Nut. Mas., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 221-222.]
. On the proper specific name of the common pelagic

Antennariid, Pterophryne.
In Proceedings of the U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 823-236.]

. Note on the Ceratiidce.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 227-231.]
. Note on the Maltheida*.

Iii Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 231-232.]

On the identity of the genus Leurynnis Lockington,

with Lycodopsis.
In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 247-248.]
. Note on the latiloid genera.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 162-164.]
. Bibliography of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the

United States to the end of the year 1879.
Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 11, 1882, pp. 64.]

. On the family Centropomidce.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 484-485.]
. Nomenclature of the Xiphiids.

In Proceedings of the Nat. Mus., Vol. V, pp. 485-486.]
. On the family and subfamilies of Carangidce.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 487-493.]
. Note on the Leptocardians.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 515-516.]
. Note on the Myzonts or Marsipobranchiates.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 516-517.]
. Note on the Bddlostomidw and Myxinida?.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 517-520.]
. Note on the Petromyzontids.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 521-525.]
. Supplementary note on the Pediculati.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 551-556.]
. Note on tbe Pomatomidce.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. V, 1882, p. 557.]
. Note on the affinities of the Ephippiids.

In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 557-560.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 25

303. Gill, Theodore. On the relations of the family Lobotidce.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 560-561. J

304. . Note on the relationships of the. Bcheneidids.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 561-566.]

305. . Note on the genus Sparus.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 566-567.]

306. . On the proper name of the blueflsh.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 567-570.]

307. Gillespie, Samuel. Growth and food of carp.

[In Bulletin of U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 300.]

308. Glazier, W. C. W. Assistant surgeon, M. H. S. On the destruction

of fish by polluted waters in the Gulf of Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 120-127.]

309. Goode, G. Brown. Catalogue of the fishes of the Bermudas. Based

chiefly upon the collections of the United States National Mu-
seum. »
[Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 5, 1876, pp. 84, index.]

310. . Classification of the collection to illustrate the ani-
mal resources of the United States. A list of substances de-
rived from the animal kingdom, with synopsis of the useful
and injurious animals, and a classification of methods of cap-
ture and utilization.
[Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 6, 1876, pp. 140, index.]

311. . Translator. Notes on the American species of the

genus Cybium. By Felipe Poey.
[In Proceedings of the U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 3-5.]

312. . The Clupea tyrannus of Latrobe.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 5-6.]

313. . The occurrence of Belone latimanus in Buzzard's Bay,

Massachusetts.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 6-7. J

314. . The voices of crustaceans.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 7-8.]

315. . A revision of the American species of the genus Bre-

voortia, with a description of a new species from the Gulf of
Mexico.

[In Proceedings of the IT. S.Nat. Mus., Vol.1, 1878, pp. 30-42.']

316. . The occurrence of Hippocampus antiquorum, or an

allied form, on Saint George's Banks,
fin Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 45-46.]

26 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

317. Goode, G. Brown. On two fishes from the Bermudas, mistakenly

described as new by Dr. Gunther.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1H78, pp. 462-463.]

318. . A preliminary catalogue of the fishes of the Saint

John's River and the east coast of Florida, with descriptions
of a new genus and three new species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat.Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 108-121.]

319. . A study of the trunk-fishes ( Ostraciontidce), with notes

upon the American species of the family.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 261-283.]

320. . Catalogue of the collection to illustrate the animal

resources and the fisheries of the United States, exhibited at
Philadelphia in 1876 by the Smithsonian Institution and the
United States Fish Commission, and forming a part of the
United States National Museum.
[Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 14, 1879, pp. 351, index.]

321. . The natural and economical history of the American

menhaden.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 1-529, pi. 31, index.]

322. . Exhibit of the fisheries and fish culture of the United

States of America at the Internationale Fischerei-Ausstellung
held at Berlin, April 20, 1880, and forming a part of the collec-
tions of the National Museum made by the United States Fish
Commission.
[Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 18, 1880, pp. 236.]

323. . Descriptions of seven new species of fishes from deep

soundings on the southern New England coast, with diagnoses
of two undescribed genera of flounders, and a genus related
to Merlucius.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 337-350.]

324. . Fishes from the deep waters on the south coast of

New England, obtained by the United States Fish Commission
in the summer of 1880.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 467-488.]

325. . The frigate mackerel (Auxis rochet) on the New Eng-
land coast.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 532-535.]

326. . Notacanthus phasganorus, a new species of Notacan-

thidw from the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 535-537.]

327. . Statistics of the fisheries of the Great Lakes.

[Census Bulletin, No. 261, 1881, pp. 8.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 27

328. Goode, G. Brown. Statistics of the fisheries of the Pacific coast.

[Census Bulletin, No. 176, 1881, pp. 6.]

329. . The Oarangoid fishes of the United States — pom-

panoes, crevalles, amber-fish, &c.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1831, pp. 30-43.]

330. . Notes on the life-history of the eel, chiefly derived

from a study of recent European authorities.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp 71-112.]

331. . The taxonomic relations and geographical distribu-
tion of the members of the swordfish family (Xiphiidw.)
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 415-433 ]

332. . The first decade of the United States Fish Commis-
sion 5 its plan of work and accomplished results, scientific and
economical.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p;.. 1)59-178.]

333. . Notes on the Lampreys — Petromyzontidce.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 349-354.]

334. . Plan of inquiry into the history and present condition

of the fisheries of the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VI il, 1883, pp. 3-52; a # lso sep-
arately by the Census, No. 7-040.]

335. . The first decade of the United States Fish Commis-
sion ; its plan of work and accomplished results, scientific and
economical.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 53-62 ; also in
Smithsonian Report, 1880, pp. 140-149.]

336. . Materials for a history of the swordfishes.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 287-392, pi. 24,
index; also separately.]

(See also under Baird, Walker and Goode.)

337. Goode, G. Brown, and Tarleton H. Bean. The Craig flounder of

Europe, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, on the coast of ISTorth
America.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol I, 1878, pp. 19-23.]

338. . The Oceanic Bonito on the coast of the United States.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 24-26.]

339. . Description of Caulolatilas microps, a new species of

fish from the Gulf coast of Florida.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 42-45. ]

340. . On a new serranoid fish, Epinephelus drummond-

hayi, from the Bermudas and Florida.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 173-175.]

28 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

341. Goode, G. Brown, and Tarleton H. Bean. Descriptions of two new
species of fishes, Lutjanus blackfordii and Lutjanus sharnsii,
from the coast of Florida.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 176-181.]

342. . A note upon the black grouper, Epineplielus nigritus

(Holbrook) Gill, of the southern coast.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 182-184.]

343. . Descriptions of two gadoid fishes, Phycis chesteri

and Haloporphyrus viola, from the deep-sea fauna of the ^North-
western Atlantic.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 256-260.]

344. . Description of Argentina syrtensium, a new deep-sea

fish from Sable Island Bank.
[Iii Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 261-263.

345. . The identity of Bhinonemus caudacuta (Storer) Gill,

with Gadus cimbrius Linn.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 348-349.]

346. . Note on Platessa ferruginea, D. H. Storer, and Pla-

tessa rostrata H. R. Storer.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 361-362.

347. . On the identity of Brosmius americanus Gill, with

Brosmius brosme (Miiller) White.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 362-363.]

348. . Descriptions of a species of L codes (L. paxillus) ob-
tained by the United States Fish Commission.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 44-46.]

349. . Description of a new species of amber fish (Seriola

stearnsii) obtained near Pensacola, Fla., by Mr. Silas Stearns.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 48-51.]

350. . Description of Alepocephalus bairdii, a new species of

fish from the deep-sea fauna of the Western Atlantic.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 55-57.]

351. . Catalogue of a collection of fishes sent from Pensa-
cola, Fla., and vicinity, by Mr. Silas Stearns, with descriptions
of six new species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 121-156.

352. ' . Description of a new genus aud species of fish (Lo-

pholatilus chamaleonticeps) from the south of New England.

[In -Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 205-209.]

353. . Description of a new species of Liparis (L. ranula)

obtained by the United States Fish Commission off Halifax,
Nova Scotia.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 46-48.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 29

354. Goode, G. Brown, and Tarleton H. Bean. On the occurrence of Ly-

codis vahlii Bernhardt, on La Have and Grand Banks.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 209-210.]

355, . Catalogue of a collection of fishes obtained in the Gulf

of Mexico by Dr. J. W. Velie, with description of seven new
species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 333-345.]

356. . A list of the species of fishes recorded as occurring in

the Gulf of Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 234-240.]

357. . Description of a new species of fish (Apogon pandi-

onis) from the deep water off the mouth of Chesapeake Bay.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 160-161.]
358. . Benthodesmus, a new genus of deep-sea fishes, allied

to Lepidopus.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol IV, 1881, pp. 379-383.]

359, Description of twenty-five new species of fish from

the southern United States, and three new genera, Letharcus,
Ioglossus, and Chriodorus.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 412-437.]

360. Goode, G. Brown, and J. W. Collins. The winter haddock fishery of

New England.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 226-235; also
separately.]

361. Grant, John. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 378-379.]

362. Green, Monroe A. A Kennebec salmon caught in the Hudson

Biver.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 271.]

363. Green, Seth. Beport on shad-hatching operations in 1872.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 405-406.]

364. . Beport on shad-hatching operations in 1873 on the

Savannah, Neuse, and Boanoke Bivers.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 406-408.]

365. . Description of improved apparatus in fish-hatching.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 578-580.]

366. . Frog culture.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 587-588.]

367. . Bearing of California mountain trout (Salmo irideus).

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 23.]

368. . Salmon caught in Genesee Biver, New York.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 23-24.]

30 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

369. Green, Seth. The introduction of land-locked salmon into Woodhull

Lake, New York, and the subsequent capture of some of them.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 421.]

370. Griffith, William, Result of planting shad in the Ohio River.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 12.]

371. Griswold, Charles D. Experiments with a view to transplanting

shad a few months old.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
:s? 0-372.

372. Haack, Director. A German view of the American section in the

Berlin Fishery Exhibition.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 57-58.]
373. . Raising salmonoids in inclosed waters.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 675-685.]

374. . Treatment of young salmonoids and coregoni from

the time they leave the egg till they are fully developed and
can be placed in open waters.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 687-693.]

375. Hahershaw, Frederick. Bringing whale oil from the Pacific to New

York.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 215.]

376. Haime, Jules. The history of fish-culture in Europe from its early

records to 1854.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part, II, 1874, pp 465-492.]

377. Hall, J. F. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 481.]

378. Hallet, Almoran. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 47-49.]

379. Hamlin, A. C. On the salmon of Maine.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 338-356.]

380. Handy, Hetsel. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 187l-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 52-53.]

381. Handy, Hetsel, et al. Memorial of citizens of Hyannis addressed to

Congress, praying that laws be passed prohibiting the use of
fixed apparatus for capturing fish.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873. pp. 137-138.]

382. Harding, Charles W. Inquiries concerning the propagation of Ameri-

can smelt and shad, and notes on the fisheries of the Wash in.

England.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 428-429.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 31

383. Harding, Charles W. The utilization of localities in Norfolk and Suf-

folk, suitable for the cultivation of mussels and other shell fish.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fisli Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 83-88.]

384. Harding, Garrick M. Suggestions to fish-culturists.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 55-56.]

385. Hardy, Josiah. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 410-412.]

386. Harger, Oscar. Notes on New England Isopoda.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 157-165.]

387. . Report on the marine Isopoda of New England and

adjacent waters.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 297-462, pi. 13, index.];

388. Ham, W. A. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 478.]

389. Harvey, M. Fishing and consumption of Fish in Newfoundland.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 102.]

390. Haskell, E. H. Second annual appearance of young cod hatched

by the United States Fish Commission in Gloucester Harbor,,
in the winter of 1879-'80.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 112.]

391. Hatch, Thomas E. On the silver-trout of Monadnock Lake, New

Hampshire.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 372.]

392. Hatsel, W. T. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 477-478. ]

393. Hausser, A. E. Oyster culture in Morbihan. A report prepared

in the name ot the Commissioners of the Competive Exhibi-
tion at Vannes.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 943-999, figs. 10„
index.]

394. Havens, W. S. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 441-443.]

395. Hawkins Brothers. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V. 1879, pp. 443-444. J

396. Hawkins, J. W. An opinion regarding the influence upon the coast

fisheries of the steamers used in the menhaden fishery.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 266-268.]

397. Hay, 0. P. On a collection of fishes from Eastern Mississippi.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 488-514.]

398. . On a collection of fishes from the Lower Mississippi

Valley.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 57-75.]

32 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

399. Hayward, Jos. S. Catch of fish in Newfoundland and Labrador in

1881.

[In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 286.]

400. Healy, R. Striped bass in Piankatank Eiver, Virginia.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 75-76.]

401. Hector, Jame3. Exportation of salmon and whitefish ova to New

Zealand in 1870.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 971-973, 982 ;
989-993,995; 997; 998-999; 1003.]

402. . Shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1877, and

whitefish in 1878.

[In Eeport of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 835-836; 851-852;
856; 876-878.]

403. Hegt, J. Noordhoch. Shipment of salmon ova to the Netherlands

in 1877.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 916-918 ]

404. Hemphill, Henry. On the habits and distribution of the geoduck

a clam of the Pacific (Glycimeris generosa, Old.), with sugges-
tions as to its introduction into the Atlantic coast of the United
States.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 200-201.]

405. Hensen, V. The spawning process of salt-water fish, and its im-

portance to fishermen. Prom investigations of the commis-
sion for the scientific examination of the German seas.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 548-557, figs. 2.]

406. Hermes, Otto. On the mature male sexual organs of the conger

eel (Conger vulgaris), with some observations on the male of the
common eel (Anguilla vulgaris, Fleming).
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 126-130.]

407. . The propagation of the eel.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 457-462, figs. 3.]
408. Hessel, Rudolph. The salmon of the Danube, or the Hucho (Salmo
huclio), and its introduction into American waters.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 161-165.]

409. . Method of treating adhesive eggs of certain fishes,

especially of the Cyprinidcc, in artificial propagation.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 567-570, pi.]

410. . The carp and its culture in rivers and lakes, and its

introduction into America.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-'7f>. Part IV, 1878, pp. 865-900, figs. 6;
also separately.]

411. . Artificial culture of medicinal leeches and of species

of Helix.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. fc64-5J05.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 33

Vol. Ill, l¥o. 3. Washington, D. C. August 6, 1883.

412. Heyser, E. Growth of mirror carp sent to Georgia by the United

States Fish Commission.
[Id Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 18.]

413. Hiester, Charles E. Fish culture for profit.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 382-383.]

414. . Answers to questions relative to catfish.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 76-79.]

415. Higginson, Francis. Upon the abundance of fish on the New Eng-

land coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Pfrt I, 1873, p. 161.]

416. Himes, C. F. Translator. Carp ponds. From the Landicirth-

schaft und Industrie.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
5. r .5-558.]

417. Hinckey, Isaac. The fish-eating cows of Provincetown, Massachu-

setts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, r>. 134.]

418. Hinckly, jr., Thos. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Ehode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 59-67.]

419. Hobbs, Orlando. A list of Ohio Eiver fishes sold in the markets.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 124-125.]

420. Hodge, E. B. Eesult of propagating salmon.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 930.]

421. Hoek, P. P. C. Eesearches on the generative organs of the oyster

(0. edulis).
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 343-345.]

422. . Oyster cultivation in the Netherlands.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1029-1035.]

423. Holmes, Mathew. Shipment of salmon and whitefish ova to New

Zealand in 1877 and 1S78.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 860.]

424. Holton, Marcellus G. Description of improved apparatus in fish-

hatching.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 580-582.]

425. Horst, R. A contribution to our knowledge of tbe development of

the oyster (Ostrea edulis L.).

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 159-167, figs. 12.]
Bull. U. S. F. C.,83 3

34 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

426. Houghton, Robert. Shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand in

1877, and whitefish in 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 18^0, pp. 834-835; 849.]

427. Howard, H. Exportation of whitefish ova to New Zealand in 1876.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 999-1001.]

428. Hubbard, W. F. Keport of salmon-hatching operations in 1878, at

the Clackamas hatchery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 771-772.]

429. Huddlestone, Frederick. Shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand

in 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 858; 8G3-864.]

430. Hughes, Smith E. Live ponds for fish in New Jersey.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 349-351.]

431. Humphrey, Mrs. B. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 387-388.]

432. Huxley, T. H. See S. Walpole; also see Caird, Huxley and Lefevre.

433. Ingalls, J. F. Character of the streams on the northern shore of

Lake Michigan.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. G30-G32.]

434. Ingersoll, Ernest. On the fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1681, pp. 74-80.]

435. . The oyster industry ; in the history and present con-
dition of the fishing industries. Prepared under the direction
of Prof. S. F. Baird, United States Commissioner of Fish
and Fisheries, and G. Brown Goode, Assistant Director United
States National Museum.

[Special Census Bulletin, 4°, 1881, pp. 251, pi. 13.]

436. Ingham, E. E. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 433-434.]

437. Jacobson, H. Translator. Report on the progress of pisciculture

in Russia. By Theodore Soudakevicz.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 493-513.]

438. . Translator. Eeport on the state of pisciculture in

France and the neighboring countries. By M. Bouckon-Bran-
dely.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 513-523.]

439. . Translator. Statistics of the most important fish-
eries of the North Atlantic. By Karl Dambeck.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 187G, pp.
21-24.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 35

440. Jacobson, H. Translator. Statistical data regarding the Swe-
dish fisheries. By Hjalinar Widegren.
[lu Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
31-34.1

441. . Translator. The Norwegian Herring fisheries. By

A. I. Boeck and A. Feddersen.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 18:3-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
97-1-22.]

442. . Translator. Preliminary report for 1873-'74 on the

herring and the herring fisheries on the west coast of Sweden*

By Axel Vilhelin Ljungman.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
123-167.]

443. . Translator. On the spawning and development

of the codfish. By G-. Q. Sars.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
213-222.]

444. . Tr ansl Ai or. Living shad on their way to the Weser..

From the Weser Zeitung.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74, and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
330-335.]

445. . Translator. The food and mode of living of the

salmon, the trout, and the shad. By D. Barfurtb.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74, and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
735-759.]

446. . Translator. An account of the Loffoden Islands

of Norway. From Das Ausland.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 559-564.]

447. . Translator. Report of practical and scientific in-
vestigations of the cod fisheries near the Loffoden Islands, made
during the years 1864-'69. By G. O. Sars.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1379, pp. 565-611.]

448. . Translator. Report of practical and scientific in-
vestigations of the cod-fisheries near the Loffoden Islands, made
during the years 1870-'73. By G. O. Sars.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 612-661.]

449. . Translator. Reports made to the Department of

the Interior of investigations of the salt-water fisheries of Nor-
way during the years 1874-'77. By G. O. Sars.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 663-705.]

450- . Translator. The first five years of the Emden

joint-stock herring- fishery association. By Senator Dantzeger.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 751-776.]

36 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

451. Jaeobson, H. Translator. The best food for young salmouoids

and for larger salmouoids in ponds. [From circular of Deutsche
Fischerei- Verein.]
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 779-782.]

452. . Translator. The experiments in propagating

maifische (Alosa vulgaris), in 187G and 1877. By R. Eckardt.

[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 853-866.]

453. . Translator. How can tne cultivation of the oys-
ter, especially on the German coasts, be made permanently pro-
fitable? By Karl Mobius.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 875-884.]

454. . Translator. Abstract of an article from the" Nor-

disk Tidsslcrift for fiskerif 1 1878, entitled "Observations on
Fishery Expositions," etc. By A. Feddersen.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 43-45.]

455. . Translator. Eeport on the department of fish-
eries in the World's Exposition in Philadelphia, 1876. By Joa-
kim Anderssen.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 47-71.]

456. . Translator. Short introduction to the proper care

and management of the Baltic fishery. By H. Widigren.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 117-141.]

457. . Translator. The salt-water fisheries of Bohuslan,

and the scientific investigations of the salt-water fisheries. By
Axel Vilhelm Ljungman.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 143-220.]

458. . Translator. The great Bohuslan herring fisheries.

By Axel Vilhelm Ljungman.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 221-239.]

459. . Translator. Society for promoting the Norwegian

fisheries. [From " Ber<jenspastcn. v ]
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 241-243.]

460. . Translator. The enemies of fish. By Baron de

la Valette St. George.

[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 509-516.]

461. . Translator. The purification of refuse water. By

E. Reichardt.

Lin Report of the/Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 519-524.]

462. . Translator. Sickness of the Goldfish in the Royal

Park, Berlin. [From " Deutsche Fischerei-Zeituncj."}
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 537-538.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 37

463. Jacobson, H. Translator. Biological observations made during
tbe artificial raising of herrings in the Western Baltic. By
H. A. Meyer.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 629-G38.]

464. . Translator. The propagation and growth of the

herring and small-herring, with special regard to the coast
of Bohuslan. By A. V. Ljungman.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 639-659.]

465. . Translator. On carp-culture chiefly in its relation

to agriculture. By Eben Banditten.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 667-670.]

466. . Translator. The carp-fisheries in the Peitz lakes.

From a Berlin daily paper.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 675-678.]

467. . Translator. Mr. Christian Wagner's establishment

for raising goldfish, at Oldenburg, Germany. [From " Deutsche
Fischerei-Zeitung. v ]
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 679-684.]

468. . Translator. Protection of whales. [From Chris-
tiana paper of January 25, 1881.]
[In Bulletin of the U. S.Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 17-19.]

469. . Translator. Peat bogs as fish ponds. [From"Oes-

terreichisch- Ungarische Fischerei-Zeitung."]
[In Bulletin of the U. S.Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 58-59.]

470. . Translator. Castrating fish. By Herr Weddige.

[In Bulletin of the U. S.Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 59-61.]

471. — — . Translator. Pachaly's car for transporting fish.

[From " Deutsche Fischer ei-Zeitung.' ! ']
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 207-208.]

472. . Translator. Cod and halibut fisheries near the

Shumagin Islands. By Dr. Krause.
[In Bulletin of the II. S.Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 259-260.]

473. . Translator. A depot for embryonated eggs of

all the valuable kinds of fish. By Joseph Swetitsch.
[In Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 345-346.]

474. . Translator. Becent contributions to pond culti-

tivation. By Eben Banditten.
[In Bulletin of the U. S.Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 385-387.]

475. . Translator. The propagation of the eel. By Otto-
Hermes.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 457-462.]

38 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

476. Jacobson, H. Translator. The eel question. By L. Jacoby.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1832, pp. 403-483.]

477. . Translator. The food of marine animals. By

Prof. K. Mobius.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 485-489.]

478. . Translator. The Iceland herring-fisheries. By

W. Finn.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 493-496.]

479. . Translator. Contribution towards solving the

question of the secular periodicity of the great herring fish-
eries. By Axel [Vilhelm] Ljungman.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 497-503.]

480. . Translator. Con tributious towards a more correct

knowledge of the herring's mode of life. By Axel [Vilhelm]
Ljungman.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1832, pp. 505-513.]

481. . Translator. The fisheries on the west coast of

South America. By H. G. Kruuse.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 515-522.]

482. . Translator. Popular extracts from the investiga-
tions of the commission for the scientific examination of the
German Seas. Published by the royal ministry of agriculture,
domains, and forests. [Cf. H. A. Meyer, K. Mobius, G. Gar-
sten, and V. Hensen.]

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 525-557; also
separately.

483. . Translator. The pollution of public waters by

refuse from factories. By C. Folke.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1682, pp. 619-624.]

484. . Translator. Is sawdust injurious to the fisheries?

By A. Landmark.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 625-632.]

485. . Translator. The thick or thin fertilization of eggs.

By G. F. Reisenbichler.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 633-635.]

486. . Translator. On pond fisheries. By Von dem

Borne.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 649-650.]

487. . Translator. The piscicultural establishment of

Mr. August Fruwirth, in Freiland near St. Pblten, Lower Aus-
tria. By Dr. Emil von Marenzeller.
{In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 651-665.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 39

488. Jacobson, H. Translator. Eeport on the propagation and growth
of carp. By B. Bckardt.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 671-673.]

489. . Translator. Baising salmonoids in inclosed waters.

By Director Haack.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 675-685.]

490. . Translator. Treatment of young salmonoids and

coregoni from the time they leave the egg till they are fully
developed and can be placed in open waters. By Director
Haack.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 687-693.]

491. . Translator. California salmon in the Netherlands.

By C. J. Bottemanne.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 709-713.]

492. . Translator. Craw-fish culture in Europe. By H.

Rubelius.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 767-770.]

493. . Translator. The raising of sponges from cuttings.

By Dr. Emil von Marenzeller.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 771-777.]

494. . Translator. Stocking the Stettiner Hoff with

carp. [From the Madgeburgisclie Zeitung.]
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 1-8.]

495. . Translator. Transportation of live fish. [From

"Amliche Berichte iiber die Internationale Fischer ei- Austellung zu
Berlin, 1880."]
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 95-102, figs. 4]

496. . Translator. Feeding carp with Indian corn. By

Carl Nicklas.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882. p. 168.]

497. . Translator. Five American salmonidse in Ger-
many. By Herr von Behr.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 237-246.]

498. . Translator. Life in the sea. By J. B. Martens.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 253-264.]

499. . Translator. The sardine fisheries. From the

Fiskeri Tidende.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 163-165.]

500. . Translator. The Bohus-lan sea fisheries and their

future. By Axel Vilhelm Ljungman.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 89-98.]

40 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

501. Jacobson, H. Translator. What should be done by the Gov-
ernment with regard to the great Bohus-liin herring fisheries.
By Axel Vilhelru Ljungman.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 99-126.]

502. . Translator. Report on the practical and scientific

investigations of the spring herring fisheries during the year
1880, submitted to the Department of the Interior. By O. S.
Jensen.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 127-161.]

503. . Translator. The Iceland fisheries. By C. Trolle.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 77 87.]

504. . Translator. Keport submitted to the Department

of the Interior on the practical and scientific investigations of
the Fininark capelan fisheries, made during the spring of the
year 1879. By G. O. Sars.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 167-187.]

505. . Translator. Contributions to the biology of the

Bhine salmon. By F. Miescher-Ruseh.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 427-474.]

506. . Translator. Beport on the condition of piscicul.

ture in foreign countries, from documents collected at the In-
ternational Fishery Exposition at Berlin, 1880. By M. C.
Raveret-Wattel.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 477-489.]

507. . Translator. The artificial propagation of fish.

By J. P. J. Koltz.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 491-516, tigs. 27.]

508. . Translator. The transformation of salt marshes

into fish-ponds. By M. Ducastel.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 517-531, figs. 2.]

509. . Translator. Pond-cultivation on the Kaniow es-
tate (District of Biala, Galicia), the property of his imperial
highness, Archduke Albrecht of Austria. By Adolph Gasch.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 533-543.]

510. . Translator. The injurious influence on piscicul-
ture of the retting water of flax and hemp. By E. Reichardt.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 18b0, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 545-550.]

511. . Translator. Raise carp! By Max von dem Borne.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1830, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 673-680.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 41

512. Jacobson, H. Translator. Results of the investigations of the
Netherland Zoological Station relative to the oyster and its
cultivation at the end of the first year of these investigations.
Appendix to Zesde Jaarverslag omtrent het zoblogisch station der
Nederlandoche Dierkundige Vereeriiging.
[In Resort of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1001-1027.]

513. . Translator. Oyster cultivation in the Netherlands.

By Dr. P. P. C. Hoek.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1029-1035.]

514. Jacoby, L. The eel question.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 463-483. ]

515. Jason, Luce & Co. Account offish taken at Meneinsha Bight, Mar-

tha's Vineyard.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, p. 173.]

516. Jefferson, J. P. On the mortality of fishes in the Gulf of Mexico in

1878.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 363-364.]

517. Jefferson, J. P., Joseph Y. Porter, and Thomas Moore. On the destruc-

tion of fish in the vicinity of the Tortugas during the months of
September and October, 1878.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 244-245.]

518. Jennett, Wallace R. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 474-475.]

519. Jensen, 0. S. Beport on the practical and scientific investigations

of the spring b erring fisheries during the year 1880, submitted
to the Department of the Interior.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 127-161.]

520. Jewett, E. Occurrence of shad and salmon in Connecticut Biver.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1878, p. 137.]

521. Johnson, A. M. Shipment of whitefish over to New Zealand in

1878.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 879-880.]

522. Johnson, Samuel. Growth of German carp sent to Savoy, Texas r

by the United States Fish Commission.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 14.]

523. Johnson, S. H. Notes on the mortality among fishes of the Gulf of

Mexico.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 205. ]

524. Jouy, Pierre L. Description of a new species of Squalius (Squalius

alicice) from Utah Lake.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mub., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 19.]

42 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

525. Jordan, Alden H. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 391-393.]

526. Jordan, David S. Contributions to North American ichthyology,

based primarily on the collections of the U. S. Nat. Museum.
I. Review of Rafinesque's Memoirs on North American Fishes.
[In Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 9, 1877, pp. 56, index.]

527. • Contributions to North American ichthyology, based

primarily on the collections of the U. S. Nat. Museum. II. A. —
Notes on Cottidce, UtheostomaUdw, Percidce Centrarchidce, Apho-
doderidce, Dorysomatidw, and Cyprinidce, with revisions of the
genera and descriptions of new or little known species. B. —
Synopsis of the Siluridae of the fresh waters of North America.

[Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 10, 1877, pp. 124, pi. 45, index.]

528. Jordan, David S. Notes on a collection of fishes from Clackamas
River, Oregon.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 1, 1878, pp. 69-85.]

529. . Notes on certain typical specimens of American fishes

in the British Museum and in the Museum d'Histoire Naturelle
at Paris.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 218-226.]

530. . Description of new species of North American fishes.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 235-241.]

531, . Notes on a collection of fishes obtained iu the streams

of Guanajuato and in Chapala Lake, Mexico, by Prof. A.
Duges.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 298-301.]

532. . Notes on a collection of fishes from East Florida, ob-
tained by Dr. J. A. Henshall.

[In Proceedings of the U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 17-21.]

533. . Notes on a collection of fishes from Saint John's River,

Florida, obtained by Mr. A. H. Curtiss.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 22-34.]

534. . Note on a forgotten paper of Dr. Ayres, and its bear-
ing on the nomenclature of the cyprinoid fishes of the San
Francisco markets.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill,- 1880, pp. 325-237.]

535. . Note on "Serna" and u Dacentrus."

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 327.]

536. . Description of a new species of Caranx ( Garanx bea ni),

from Beaufort, North Carolina.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 486-488.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 43

537. Jordan, David S. Translator. List of food-fishes brought from
Key West, Florida, into the markets of Havana, by Felipe Poey.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 118.]

538. . Description of a new species of blenny (Isesthes gil-

berti), from Santa Barbara, California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 349-351.]

539. Jordan, David S., and Alembert W. Bray ton. Contributions to North

American ichthyology, based primarily on the collections of the
United States National Museum. No. 3. A. — On the distribu-
tion of the fishes of the Allegheny region of South Carolina,
Georgia, and Tennessee, with descriptions of new or little known
species. B. — A synopsis of the family Catostomidse.
[In Bulletin of the National Museum, No. 12, 1878, pp. 237, index.]

540. Jordan, David S., and Charles H. Gilbert. Notes on the fishes of Beau-

fort's Harbor, North Carolina.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 365-388.]

541. . Notes on a collection of fishes from San Diego, Cali-
fornia.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1&80, pp. 23-34.]

542. . Description of a new flounder (Xystreurys liolepis),

from Santa Catalina Island, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 34-36.]

543. . Description of a new ray (Platyrhina triseriata),

from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 36-38.]

544. . Description of a new species of "rock cod" (Sebas-

tichthys serriceps), from the coast of California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 38-40.]

545. . On the occurrence of Gephaloscy ilium laticeps (Du-

meril) Gill, on the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 40-42]

546. . On the oil shark of Southern California (GaleorJiinus

galeus).
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 42-43.]

547. . Description of a new flounder (Pleuronichthys verti-

calis), from the coast of California, with notes on other species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 49-51.]
548. . Notes on sharks from the coast of California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 51-52].
549. . On the generic relations of Platyrhina exasperata.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 53.]

44 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

550. Jordan & Gilbert. Description of a new species of Sebastichthys
(Sebastichthys miniatus), from Monterey Bay, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 70-73.]
551. . Description of a new species of " rock fish" (Sebas-
tichthys carnatus), from the coast of California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 73-75.]

552. . Descriptions of a new species of ray (Rata stellulata),

from Monterey, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 133-135.]

553. . Descriptions of new species of Xiphister and Apo-

dichthys, from Monterey, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 135-140.]
554. . Description of two new species of Sebastichthys (Se-
bastichthys entomelas and Sebastichthys rhodochloris), from
Monterey Bay, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 142-146.]

555. . Description of a new agonoid fish (Brachiopsis xyos-

ternus), from Monterey Bay, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 152-154.]

556. . Description of a new flounder (Hippoglossoides exilis),

from the coast of California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 154-156.]

557. . Description of a new species of ray (Raia rhina), from

the coast of California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 251-253.]

558. Description of two new species of fishes (Ascelichthys

rhodorus and Scytalina cerdale), from Neah Bay, Washington
Territory.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mas., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp 264-268.]

559. . Description of two new species of scopeloid fishes

(Sudisringens and Myctophum crenulare), from Santa Barbara
Channel, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus , Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 273-276.]

560. . Description of two new species of flounders (Parophrys

ischyrus and Hippoglossoides elassodon), from Puget Sound.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 276-280.]

561. . Description of seven new species of sebastoid fishes,

from the coast of California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 287-298.]

562. . Description of a new embiotocoid (Abeona aurora),

from Monterey, California, with notes on a related species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 299-301.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 45

563. Jordan & Gilbert. Description of a new flounder (Platysomatichthys
stomias), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 301-303.]

564. . Description of a new embiotocoid fish (Cymatogaster

rosaceus), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 303-305.]

565. . Description of a new species of deep-water fish (Icich-

thys locMngtoni), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 305-308.]

566. . Description of a new embiotocoid fish (Ditrema

atripes), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 320-322.]

567. . Description of a new scorpsenoid fish (Sebastichthys

maliger), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 322-324.]

568. . Description of a new scorpsenoid fish (Sebastichthys

proriger), from Monterey Bay, California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 327-329.]

569. . Description of a new agonoid (Agonus vulsus), from

the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 330-332.]

570. . Description of a new species of Hemirhamphus (He-

mirhamphus rosw), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 335-336.]

571. . Description of a new species of notidanoid shark

(Hexanchus corimis), from the Pacific coast of the United States.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 352-355.]

572. . Description of a new species of Nemichthys [Nemich-
thys avocetta), from Puget Sound.
[In Proceedings of -the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 409-410.]

573. . Description of a new species of Paralepis (Paralepis

coruscans), from the Straits of Juan de Fuca.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 411-413.]

574. . List of the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United

States, with a table showing the distribution of the species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 452-458.]

575. . On the generic relations of Belone exilis Girard.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 459.]

576. . Notes on a collection of fishes from Utah Lake.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 459-465.]

46 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

577. Jordan & Gilbert. Description of a new species of rock-fish (Sebas-
tichthys chrysomelas), from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 465-466.]

578. . Notes on the fishes of the Pacific coast of the United

States.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 29-70.]

579. . Description of Sebastichthys mystinus.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 70-72.]

580. . Description of a new species of Ptychochilus {Pty-
chochilus harfordi), from Sacramento River.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 72-73.]

581. . Notes on Baia inornata.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 73-74.]

582. . Notes on a collection of fishes, made by Lieut. Henry

E. Nichols, U. S. N., on the west coast of Mexico, with de-
scriptions of new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 225-233. ]

583. . List of fishes collected by Lieut. Henry E. Nichols,

U. S. N., in the Gulf of California and on the west coast of
Lower California, with descriptions of four new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 273-279. ]

584. . Descriptions of thirty-three new species of fishes

from Mazatlan, Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 338-365.]

585. . Description of a new species of Pomadasys from

Mazatlan, with a key to the species known to inhabit the
Pacific coasts of tropical America.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 383-388. ]

586. . Description of a new species of Xenichthys (Xenich-

thys xenurus), from the west coast of Central America.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, p. 454.]

587. . Description of five new species of fishes from Mazat-
lan, Mexico.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 458-463. ]

588. . Descriptions of nineteen new species of fishes from the

Bay of Panama.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 306-335.]

589. . A review of the Siluroid fishes found on the Pacific

coast of tropical America, with descriptions of three new
species.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 34-54.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 47

590. Jordan & Gilbert. List of fishes collected at Mazatlan, Mexico, by
Charles H. Gilbert.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 105-108. ]

591. . List of fishes collected at Panama, by Charles H.

Gilbert.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 109-111.]

592. . Description of four new species of sharks, from Ma-
zatlan, Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 102-110.]

593. . Description of a new shark (Carcharias lamiella),

from San Diego, California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 110-111.]

594. . Description of a new Cyprinodont (Zygonectes inurm) r

from Southern Illinois.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 143-144.]

595. . Description of a new species of Uranidea ( Uranidea

pollicaris), from Lake Michigan.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 222-223.]

596. . Notes on fishes observed about Pensacola, Florida,,

and Galveston, Texas, with description of new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 241-307.]

597. . Description of a new species of Conodon {Conodon

serrifer), from Boca Soledad, Lower California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 351-352. ]

598. Catalogue of the fishes collected by Mr. John Xantus, of Cape San

Lucas, which are now in the United States National Museum,
with descriptions of eight new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. V, 1882, pp. 353-371. ]

599. . List of fishes collected by John Xantus, at Colima,

Mexico.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 371-372.]

600. . List of fishes collected at Panama, by Capt. John M.

Dow, now in the United States National Museum.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 373-378.]

601. . List of a collection of fishes made by Mr. L. Belding,

near Cape San Lucas, Lower California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 378-381.]

602. . List of fishes collected by Rev. Mr. Eowell, now pre-
served in the United States National Museum.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 381-382.]

48 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

603. Jordan & Gilbert. Description of new species of goby ( Gobiosoma
ios), from Vancouver's Island.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 437-438. ] '

604. . On certaiu neglected generic names of La Cepede.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 570-576. ]

605. . On the synonymy of the genus Bothus Rafinesque.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 576-577.]

606. . Description of a new species of Artedvm (Artedius

fenestralis), from Puget Sound.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 577-579.]

607. . Description of a new species of Urolophus (Urolophux

asterias), from Mazatlan and Panama.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 579-580.]

608. . Notes on a collection of fishes from Charleston, South

Carolina, with description of three new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus , Vol. V, 1882, pp. 580-620.]

609. . List of fishes now in the museum of Yale College .

collected by Frank H. Bradley, at Panama, with descriptions

of three new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. V, 1882, pp. 620-632. J

610. . Description of two new species of fishes (Myrojphis

rafer and Chloroscombrus orquetus), from Panama.
[In Proceedings of the U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 645-647.]

611. . Description of a new eel (Sidera castcunea), from Ma-
zatlan, Mexico.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 647-648. J

612. . On the nomenclature of the genus OpMchthys.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 648-652.]

613. . Synopsis of the fishes of North America.

[In BULLETIN of the National Museum, No. 16, 1883, pp. 1018.]

614. Jordan, David S., and Pierre L. Jcmy. Check-list of duplicates of fishes

from the Pacific coast of North America, distributed by the
Smithsonian institution in behalf of the United States National
Museum, 1881.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 1-18. |

615. Jouy, Pierre L. Bee David S. Jordan. Sec No. 524.

616. Juel, Niels. Statistics of the Loffoden fisheries for 1878.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Pari VI. 1880; pp. 245-254.]

617. Kalb, George B. See Joseph Swain.

618. Kane, D. P. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1679, p. 463.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 49

Vol. Ill, No. 4. Washington, D. C. Aug. 9, 1888.

619. Karsten, G. On the scientific investigation of the Baltic Sea and
the German Ocean.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 283-294.]

620. . The physical condition of the Baltic and the North

Sea, from investigations of the commission for the scientific
examination of the German Seas.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 525-533.]

621. Kemps, David. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 481-482.]

622. Kenney, R. C. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 414-416.]

623. Kenniston, G. B. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 382-385.]

624. Kerr, John W. The whitefish of the Great Lakes — Lakes Erie and

Ontario.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 80-81.]

625. Kidder, J. H. Hints for emergencies. Prepared for the use of field

parties of the TJ. S. Fish Commission.

[In pamphlet, 8°, 1877? pp. 7.]

626. . Report of experiments upon the animal heat of fishes,

made at Provincetown, Massachusetts, during the summer of
1879, in connection with operations of the United States Fish
Commission.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 306-326.]

627. Kiel, Peter. The whitefish of the Great Lakes — Lakes Erie and

Ontario.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 81-84.]

628. Kirsch, M. On the raising of the "gold orfe" (Cyprlnus orfus).

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
559-561.]

629. Knight, John T. Presence of shad in the rivers tributary to the

Gulf of Mexico.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 391.]

630. Knight, William. A bill proposed to the Maryland legislature at

the session of 1876, and entitled "An act to regulate the catch-
ing and to provide tor the preservation of fish in the waters of
the State and of the Potomac Biver."
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 265-272.]

631. Koch, Charles. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 482-483.]

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 4

50 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

632. Koltz, J. P. J. The artificial propagation of fish.

[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 491-516, figs. 27.]

633. Kopsch, H. Notes oil pisciculture in Kiangsi.

[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
r>43-f>47.]

634. Krause, Dr. Cod and halibut fisheries near the Shumagin Islands.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 259-260.]

635. Krause, K. E. H. A hybrid plaice, Platessa vulgaris, with Rhombus

maximus.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 341-342.]

636. Kruuse, H. G. The fisheries of the west coast of South America.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 515-522.]

637. Laighton, Cedric. The capture of shad at Isles of Shoals, New

Hampshire.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 421.]

638. Landmark, A. Is sawdust injurious to the fisheries . ;

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 625-632.]

639. Lanman, Charles. The whitefish of Eastern Maine and New Bruns-

wick.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 84-86.]

640. . The Salmonidae of Eastern Maine, New Brunswick,

and Nova Scotia.
[In Report of the Commissioner for la72-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 219-225.]

641. . Notes on the shad and gaspereau or alewife of New

Brunswick and Nova Scotia.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 461-462.]

642. La Valette St. George, Baron von. The enemies of fish.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 509-516.]

643. Lawrence, George W. Presence of shad in the rivers tributary to

the Gulf of Mexico.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 392-393.]

644. Lawsom, Hance. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 458-460.]

645. Lefebvre, Alfred. The proposed introduction of American catfish

into the rivers of Belgium.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 153-154.]

646. Lefevre, George Shaw. See James Caird.

647. Leonard, J. A. Plan of the international fisheries exhibition to be

held at Edinburgh, Scotland, and a list of prizes to be awarded.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 390-391.]

648. . Report on the Edinburgh fisheries exhibition.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 80-82.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 51

649. Leonhardt, G. Information concerning the blue carp.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 15.]

650. Leslie, Chas. C. Scarcity of blackfish — mortality of codfish.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 132.}

651. . Scarcity of blackfish in the South.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 178.]

652. Lillingston, F. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 435-436.]

653. Lillingston, B. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 437.]

654. Lincoln, Thomas. On the salmon in Maine.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 309-370.]

655. Lindahl, Joshua. Translator. Report of the sea fisheries of the

Ian of Goteborg and Bohus in the year 1877. By Gerhard
von Yhlen.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 741-750.]

656. Ljungman, Axel Viihelm. Preliminary report for 1873-'74, on the

herring and the herring fisheries on the west coast of Sweden.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
123-167.]

657. . The salt-water fisheries of Bobus-lan and the scientific

investigation of the salt-water fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1830, pp. 143-220.]
658. . The great Bohus-liin herring fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 221-239.]

659. . The propagation and growth of the herring and small

herring, with special regard to the coast of Bohus-liin.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 639-659.]

660. . Contribution toward solving the question of the

secular periodicity of the great herring fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 497-503.]

661. . Contributions toward a more correct knowledge of

the herring's mode of life.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 505-513.]

662. . The Bohus-lan sea fisheries and their future.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 89-98.]

663. . What should be done by the Government with re-
gard to the great Bohus-liin herring fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for I860, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 99-126.]

664. Lockington, W. N. Review of the Pleuronectidw of San Francisco.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 69-108.]

52 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

665. Lockington, W. N. Descriptions of new genera and species of fishes
from the coast of California.
[In Proc 'ekdings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 326-332.]

666. . Remarks on the species of the genus Chirus found in

San Francisco market, including one hitherto uudescribed.
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mas., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 53-57.]

667. . Description of a new fish from Alaska (Cranidea

microstoma.)
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 58^59.]

668. . Description of anew species of Agonidce {Brachyopsis

verrucosus) from the coast of California.
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 00-63.]

669. . Description of a new genus and some new species of

California fishes (Icosteus cenigmaticus and Osmerus attcmiatus).
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 63-68.]

670. . Description of a new chiroid fish (Myriolepis zonifer)

from Monterey Bay, California.
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 246-251.]

671. . Description of new sparoid fish {tSparus brachysomus)

irom Lower California.
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 244--J8(i.]

672. . Note on a new flat-fish {Lepidopsetta isoUpis)foxm<\. in

the markets at San Francisco.
[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, p. 325.]

673. Description of a new species of priouotus (Prionotus stephanophrys)

from the coast California.
[Id Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol., Ill, 1880, pp. 529-532.]

674. Description of a new genus and species of Coitidcv.

[In Proceedings ofthe U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 141-144.]

675. Loew, Oscar. Translator. On the scientific investigation of the

Baltic Sea and the German Ocean. By G. Karsten.
[Iu REPORT ofthe Commissioner for 1878, Pari VI, L880, pp. 283-294.]

676. Lord, W. Scott. Weight of salmon caught in Kestigouche Liver.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 274. ]

677. Loring, David F. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report ofthe Commissioner for 1877, Pari V, 1879, pp. 407-410.]

678. Loring, Joseph G. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report ofthe Commissioner for 18l7-'72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 49-51.]

679. Loring, Thomas. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 403-404.]

BULLETIN OF TIIE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 53

680. Lothrop, Alonzo Y. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 412-413.]

681. Luce & Co., Jason. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 35-37.]

682. . Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 417.]

683. Luce Brothers. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 418.]

684. Lumbert, Henry. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, p. 53.]

685. Lupton, N. T. On the breeding habits of the sea-catfish (Ariopsis

milberti f).

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. 1, 1878, pp. 278-279. ]

686. Lyman, Theodore. On the possible exhaustion of sea fisheries.
In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 112-116.]

687. . Fish culture in salt or brackish water.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 575-578, pi. 1. ]

688. McCaskie, A. Official papers relating to the proposed International

Fisheries Exhibition at Edinburgh in 1882.
[In Bulletin of the U S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 130-132.]

689. McDonald, Marshall. Statistics of the fisheries of Virginia.
[Census Bulletin No. 281, 1881, pp. 8.]

690. . Experiments in the transportation of the German

carp in a limited supply of water.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 215-218.]

691. — . Distribution of German carp by the United States

Fish Commission in 1881.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 94.]
(See also under Earll and McDonald.)

692. McKay, Charles L. A review of the genera and species of the family

Centrarchidw, with a description of one new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 87-93. ]

693. McKennie, M. Obstructions to the ascent of fish in some of the

rivers of Virginia.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 629. ]

694. Macy, Zaccheus. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 163.]

54 BULLETIN OF THE UJHTED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

695. Maddocks, L. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of Commissioner for 1877, Parr 7, 1879, p. 382.]

696. Manning, C. G. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V. 1879, p. 465.]

697. Marchant, C. B. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

»

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 410-117.]

698. Marenzeller, Emil von. The piscicultnral establishment of Mr. Au-

gust Fruwirth, in Freiland, near St. Polten, Lower Austria.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 651-665, fig. 1.]

699. . The raising of sponges from cuttings.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 771-777.]

700. Marquette, George It. Extraordinary floods in the Potomac River.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 258.]

701. Martens, J. B. Life in the sea.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 253-264.]

702. Martin, Chandler. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 390.]

703. Martin, S. J. Coal ashes as a means of raising mackerel in purse-

seines.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 65.]

704. . Methods of using Willard's patent pocket for mack-
erel.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 65-66.]

705. . First appearance of fish at Gloucester, 1881.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 66.]

706. . Notes on the mackerel fishery of 1881.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 132-133.]
707. . Notes on New England fishes.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 133.]

708. . Notes on New England food fishes.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 202.]
709. — . Notes on the Gloucester fishery.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 263. ]

710. . Cod-fishing with gill-nets in Ipswich Bay, Massachu-
setts.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1881, p. 264.]

711. . Fishery news from Gloucester, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the TJ. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 265-266.]
712. . Notes on the Gloucester fisheries.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 268.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 55

713. Martin, S. J. Cod gill nets in Ipswich Bay, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 343.]

714. . Pollock fishing in Boston Bay.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 342.]

715, — s . Fishery notes from Gloucester, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 381.]
716. . Cod-fishing with gill-nets from Gloucester, Massachu-
setts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 384.]

717. . Fishery notes from Gloucester, Massachusetts, con-
cerning cod, haddock, herring, halibut, and mackerel.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 394-395.]
718. . Notes on the fisheries of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 419-420.]

719. . Notes on the fisheries of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 425-427.]
720. . Notes on the fisheries of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, Vol.11, 1882, pp. 15-18.]

721. . Movements and catch of mackerel.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 89-90.]

722. . Notes on the fisheries of Gloucester, Massachusetts.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 91-93. ]

723. Mason, H. W. Beport of operations on the Navesink Biver, New

Jersey, in 1879, in collecting living striped bass for transporta-
tion to California.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 663-666.]

724. Mather, Fred. Voyage to Bremerhaven, Germany, with shad.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
328-330.]

725. . Apparatus for hatching shad ova while en route to

new waters.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
372-376.]

726. . Account of trip to Europe with eggs of the quinnat

salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 811-816.]

727. The experiment of transporting turbot and sole from

England to America.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 867-873, fig. 1.]

728. . Shipment of salmon ova to Germany in 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 909. ]

56 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH. COMMISSION.

729. Menzies, J. A. R. Exportation of .salmon ova to New Zealand in 1876.
[In REPOUT of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 994 ; 1001-1002.]

730. . Shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1877.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. «05.]

731. Meyer, H. A. Biological observations made during the artificial

raising of herring in the Western Baltic.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 18/8, Part VI, 1880, pp. 629-638.]

732. Miescher-Riisch, F. Contributions to the biology of the Rhine sal-

mon.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 427-474.]

733. Miles, George W. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 437-141.]

734. Milner, James W. Beport on the fisheries of the Great Lakes ; the

result of inquiries prosecuted in 1871 and 1872.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 1-75, pi. 1.]

735. . New species of Argyrosomus and Coregonns.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 86-89.]

736. . Beport on the propagation of the shad (Alow mpi-

dissima) and its introduction into new waters by the U. S. Fish
Commissioner in 1873.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 419-451.]

737. . The progress of fish-culture in the United States.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 523-558, pi. 4.]

738. . Character of some of the northern tributaries of Lake

Michigan.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 632-633.]

739. . Notes on the grayling of North America.

[In Rkport of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 729-742.]

740. . Operations in the distribution of shad in 1874.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
323-326.]

741. . Beport of the Triana trip.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
351-362.]

742. . Experiments with a view to transporting shad in sea

water.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
363-369.]

743. . The propagation and distribution of shad.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 901-909.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 57

744. Milner, James W. Fish-hatching apparatus for Germany, with in-
structions for use.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76. Part IV, 1878, pp. 1008-1014.]
745. . The propagation and distribution of shad in 1877.

[In Report of the Commissiouer for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 847-852.]

746. . The propagation and distribution of shad in 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 611-628.]

747. . Summary of fishing records, for shad and alewives r

kept at Willow Branch Fishery, North Carolina, from 1835 to
1874.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fitfi Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 396-400.]

748. Mobius, Karl. How can the cultivation of the oyster, especially on
the German coast, be made permanently profitable?
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 875-884.]

749. . The food of marine animals.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 485-489.]

750. . Scientific investigations upon the fishes profitable to

the fisheries. From investigations of the Commission for the
scientific examination of the German seas.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 534-548, figs. 15.]

751. . The oyster, and oyster culture.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 683-751, figs. 9,
map 1, index.]

752. Moore, M. A. Fish mortality in the Gulf of Mexico.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 125-126.]

753. Mordecai, E. R. Food of the shad of the -Atlantic coast of the

United States (Alosa prwstabilis De Kay), and the functions of
the Pyloric cceca.
[In Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 277-282.]

754. Morgan, George. Capture of land-locked salmon at Oswego, New

York.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1832, p. 15.]

755. Morris, Albert. Statement concerning the menhaden fisherj'.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 451-453.]

756. Morriss, T. W. Spawning of carp in a small basin at Brenham,

Texas.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 27. ]

757. Morton, Thomas. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 154-159.]

58 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

758. Nelson, E. W. Fisheries of Chicago and vicinity.

[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 783-800, fig. 1.]

759. Nicolas, Carl. Feeding carp with Indian corn.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 1G8.]

760. Norny, E. R. On the propagation of the striped bass.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 67-78.]

761. . A proposed pond for rearing striped bass (Roccus

lineatus) in Delaware Bay.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 260-261.]

762. Norris, Thaddeus. Salmon-hatching on the Delaware.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 382.]

763. Nussbaum, M A simple test to learn if fish ova are impregnated.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 347-348.]

764. Nye, jr., Willard. Eels (Anguilla rostrata) in New Bedford water-

pipes. Mackerel abundant in Amherst Biver.

[In Bulletin of the U.S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 272.]

765. Olin, Washington. Statement concerning the' menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 393.]

766. Osborn, John H. Notes and suggestions concerning the Florida

shad fishery.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 351.]

767. . Shad fishing on the Saint John's Biver.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 132.]

768. Owens, A. A. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 453-454.]

769. Packard, jr., A. S. Freliminary report on a series of dredgings made

on the United States Coast Survev steamer Bache, in the Gulf

of Maine, under the direction of Prof. S. F. Baird, United States

Fish Commissioner, during September, 1873.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
687-690.]

770. Palmer, George H. Argument in regard to regulating the sea-fish-

eries by law; the food-fishes of the New England coast.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1878, pp. 88-103.]

771. Pasco, I. D. A call for carp from Nevada.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 29-30.]

772. Patterson, C. P. Temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 745-748.]

773. Pattison, Holmes A. Presence of shad in the rivers tributary to the

Gulf of Mexico.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 394-395.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 59

774. Payne, James. Shipment of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 859.]

775. Pease, Josiah C. Account of bluefish caught about Edgartown,

Massachusetts, 18G5-'71.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 177.]

776. Perrin, Marshall L. Transportation of lobsters to California.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
259-265.]

777, . Eeport on the movement of a lot of California salmon

eggs from the United States salmon breeding establishment on
the McCloud Eiver t;o various States on the eastern coast dur-
ing the season of 1874.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
449-459. ]

778. Peyrer, Carl. Fisheries and fishery laws in Austria and of the world

in general.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-76, Part III, 1876, pp.
571-679.]

779. Phillips, Barnet. Holland carp put into the Hudson Eiver, New

York, about 1830.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 25.]

780. Phillips, Ehen B. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 401-403.]

781. Pitman, J. Talbot. Argument in favor of a law prohibiting the use

of traps and pounds in Rhode Island.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 196-223.]

782. Poey, Felipe. Notes on the American species of the genus Cybium.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 3-5.]

783. . List of food-fishes brought from Key West, Florida,

into the markets of Havana.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 118.]

784. Pollard, Isaac W. Presence of ^had in the rivers tributary to the

Gulf of Mexico.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 391-392.]

785. Pollen, Daniel. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1876.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 977-978; 1002.]

786. Poppe, Robert A. The introduction and culture of the carp in Cali-

fornia.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 661-666.]

787. Porter, Joseph Y. On the destruction of fish by poisonous water

in the Gulf of Mexico.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 121-123.]
(See also under Jefferson, Porter, and Moore.)

60 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

788. Potter, William H. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Repobt of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 428-429.]

789. Potts, Edward. Fresh-water sponges. What, where, when, and

who wants them.

[To be in Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission ; also in separate circular
printed by the author.]

790. Powel, Samuel. Special argument in regard to regulating the sea

fisheries by law.
[In Report of tne Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 73-75.]

791. Pratt, K. B. Report of salmon-hatching operations on Eogue River,

Oregon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 773-774.)

792. Prentiss, Henry M. Return of salmon planted in Penobscot River.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 273.]

793. Rasch, H. H. Is sawdust as serious an obstacle to the ascent of

salmon in our rivers as is generally maintained?
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 517-;")18.]

794. . On the reason for an extraordinarily rich production

of oysters in a natural basin.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1037-1043.]

795. Raveret Wattel, M. C. Shipment of salmon ova to France in 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 913.]

796. . Report on the condition of pisciculture in foreign

countries, from documents'collected at the International Fish-
ery Exposition at Berlin, 1880.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 477-489.]

797. Rathbun, Richard. The littoral marine fauna of Provincetowu,

Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 116-133.]

798. . List of marine invertebrates, mainly from the New

England coast, distributed by the United States National Mu-
seum (Series II).

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mns., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 293-303. ]

799. . List of marine invertebrates from the New England

coast, distributed by the United States National Museum
(Series III).

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 304-307; also by Smith-
sonian Institution as No. 471.]

800. . Dredging stations of the United States Fish Commis-
sion steamer Fish Hawk, Lieut. Z. L. Tanner commanding,
for 1880, 1881, and 1882, with temperature and other observa-
tions.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 119-131.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 61

801. Rathbun, Richard. Notes on the shrimp and prawn fisheries of the

Cnited States.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 139-152.

(See also under Smith and Rathbun ; see also uuder Verrill and Rathbun.)

802. Raynor, J. Morrison. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 443.]

803. Redding, B. B. Letters relating to the San Joaquin Eiver and its

fishes.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.

479-483.]

804. Reichardt, E. The purification of refuse water.

[in Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 519-524.]

805. . The injurious influence on pisciculture of the retting

water of flax and hemp.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 545-550.]

806. Reisenbichler, G. F. The thick or thin fertilization of eggs.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 633-635.]

807. Renaud, J. An account of the Portuguese and French oysters cul-

tivated in the Bay of Arcachon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 931-941, figs. 4.]

808. Rice, H. J. Translator. The oyster and oyster-culture. By Carl

Mobius.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, 683-751, figs. 9, map.]

809. . Translator. A practical guide to oyster-culture,

and the methods of rearing and multiplying edible marine ani-
mals. By Felix Fraiche.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 753-824, figs. 23.]

810. Richardson, Henry. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 464-465.]

811. Rixford, George C. Progress and results in fish culture (carp).
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 396.]

812. Robbins, Isaac D. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 460.]

813. Rockwell, A. P. Hatching and distribution of California salmon

in tributaries of Great Salt Lake.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
434-435.]

814. Rubelius, H. Crawfish culture in Europe.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VIII, 1882, pp. 767-770. ]

815. Ryder, Francis W. Codfish caught near Cape Charles, mouth of

Chesapeake Bay, in 1834.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 384-385. ]

62 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

816. Ryder, John A. List of the North American species of myriapods
belonging to the family of the Lysiopetalidce, with a description
of a blind form from Livray Cave, Virginia.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 524-529.]

817. . A valuable edible mollusk of the West coast.

[In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, p. 21.]

818. . Preliminary notice of the more important scientific

results obtained from a study of the embryology of fishes.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 22-23.]

819. . Notes on the development, spinning habits, and

structure of the four-spined stickleback (Apeltes quadracus).
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 24-29.]

820. . Translator. On the mature male sexual organs

of the Conger eel (Conger vulgaris), with some observations on
the male of the common eel (Anguilla vulgaris, Fleming). By
Otto Hermes.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 126-130.]

821. . Development of the Spanish mackerel (Cybium macu-
la turn).
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 135-172.]

822. . On the retardation of the development of the ova of

the shad (Alosa sapidissima), with observations on the egg-
fungus and bacteria.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1,1881, pp. 177-100.]

823. . A contribution to the development and morphology

of the Lophobranchiates (Hippocampus antiquorum, the sea-
horse).
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 191-199.]

824. . The Protozoa and Protophytes considered as the

primary or indirect source of the food of fishes.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 236-251.]

825. . The micropyle of the egg of the white perch.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 282.J

826. . Development of the silver gar (Bclone longirostris),

with observations on the genesis of the blood in embryo fishes,
and a comparison of fish ova with those of other vertebrates.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 283-301.]

827. . On the nuclear cleavage-figures developed during

the segmentation of the germinal disk of the egg of the salmon.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, lb81, pp. 335-339.]

828. . Notes on the breeding, food, and green color of the

oyster.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 403-419.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 63-

829. Ryder, John A. Additional observations on the retardation of the
development of the ova of the shad.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 422-424 J
830. . Preliminary notice of some points in the minute anat-
omy of the oyster.
[In Bulletin of the U. 3. Fish Commission, Vol. II, li-8'2, pp. 135-137.]

831. . Observations on the absorption of the yelk, the food,

feeding, and development of embryo fishes, comprising some
investigations conducted at the central hatchery, Armory
Building, Washington, D. C, in 1882.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 179-205, fig. 1.]

832. . The microscopic sexual characteristics of the Ameri-
can, Portuguese, and common edible oyster of Europe com-
pared.
[In Bulletin of the U. S.Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 205-215.]

833. . Translator. Report relative to the generation and

artificial fecundation of oysters, addressed to the minister of
the marine and the colonies. By M. Bouchon-Brandely.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 319-338.]

834. . Translator. On the sexuality of the common

oyster (0. edulis) and that of the Portuguese oyster (0. angu-
lata). Artificial fecuDdation of the Portuguese oyster. ByM.
Bouchon-Brandely.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 339-341.]

835. . Translator. Researches on the generative organs

of the oyster (0. edulis). By P. P. C. Hoek.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 343-345.]

836. . Translator. A simple test to learn if fish ova are

impregnated. By Prof. M. ISTussbaum.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 347-348.]

837. . On Camarophyse?na, a new type of sponge.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 269-272].

838. . Translator. On the genitalia of male eels and

their sexual characters. By S. Th. Cattie.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 280-284.]

839. . A note on the organ of Bojanus in Ostrea virginica

Gmelin.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 345-347.]

840. . On the mode of fixation of the fry of the oyster.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 383-387, figs. 9.]
841. Sargent. W. H. Statement concerning the menhaden fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 373-375.]

64 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

842. Sars. G. 0. On the spawning and development of the cod fish.

[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
213-222.]

843. 1 . Report of practical and scientific investigations of

the cod fisheries near the Loffoden Islands, made during the
years 1864-'69.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 565-611.]

844. . Report of practical and scientific investigations on

the cod fisheries near the Loffoden Islands, made during the
years 1870-'73.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 612-661.]

845. . Report made to the Department of the Interior of

investigations of the salt-water fisheries of Norway during the
years 1874-'77.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 663-705.

846. . Report on the Norwegian deep-sea expedition of 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 257-281.]

847. . Report submitted to the Department of the Interior

on the practical and scientific investigations of the Finmark
capelan fisheries, made during the spring of the year 1879.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 167-187.]

848. Sartell, William S. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report or" the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 391.]

849. Schultz, Alexander. Account of the fisheries and seal-hunting in

the White Sea, the Arctic Ocean, and the Caspian Sea.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.
35-96. ]

850. Scudder, Newton P. The halibut fishery, Davis' Strait,

[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 189-228, index?
also separately.]

851. Seldon, G. Henry. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 461-464.]

852. Shears, E. E. Carp in the Hudson River.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 54-55.]

853. Shepard, Joseph. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 479-480.]

854. Shotwell, J. R. Method of purifying the residuum of gas-works be

fore allowing it to pass off into the water.
[In Report of the Commissioner for i-7f>-'7<;, Tart IV, 1878, pp. 847-849.]

855. Siehold, C. Th. E. von. Correspondence relating to the gold-orfe.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and l874-'75, Part III, 1876, pp.

561-562.]

856. Simpson, jr., A. W. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 465-474.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 65

Vol. Ill, No. 5. Washington, II. C. Aug;. 9, 18 83.

857. Sisson, Benjamin H. Statement concerning tbe menhaden fishery.
[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 445-447.]

858. Slack, J. H. Eeport relative to the hatching and planting of the

Penobscot salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 381.]

859. . Eeport on shad-hatching operations in 1873 on the

Delaware Eiver.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 409-413.]

860. . Notes on the natural history of the shad, as observed

in the Delaware Eiver.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 457-460.]

861. . Eeport of California salmon spawn hatched and dis-
tributed.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
431-434.

862. Smidth, J. K. Historical observations on the condition of the fish-

eries among the ancient Greeks and Eomans, and on their mode
of salting and pickling fish.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
3-20.]

863. Smiley, Chas. W. Summary of reports for 1878 by State fish com-

missioners respecting the increase of food-fishes by artificial
propagation.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 925-943.]

864. . Changes in the fisheries of the Great Lakes during

the decade 1870-1880.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 252-258.]

865. . Descriptive list of the publications of the United

States Fish Commission, from its organization in 1871 to De-
cember 31, 1879.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 781-786.]

866. . Eesult of planting shad in the Muskingum Eiver.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 32.]

867. . Eemoval of bass from Indiana to North Carolina by

the United States Fish Commission.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 116.]

868. . The proposed use of steamers in the mackerel fishery.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 155-158.]
Bull. U. S. F. 0., 83 5

66 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

869. Smiley, Chas. W. Method and results of an effort to collect statistics
of the fish trade and consumption of fish throughout the United
States.
["In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 247-252.]

870. . A geographical catalogue of persons who have stated

that they are interested in fish culture.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 393-450, index.]

871. Smith, John. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, p. 151.]

872. Smith, Nathaniel. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Khode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 19-21.]

873. Smith, Rosa. Description of a new gobioid fish (Othonops eos),

from San Diego, California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 19-21.]

874. . Description of a new species of gobiesox (Gobiesox

rhessodon), from San Diego, California.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 140-141.]

875. . On the occurrence of a species of cremnobates, at

San Diego, California.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 147-149.]

876. . Description of a new species of uranidea ( Uranidea

rhothea), from Spokane Biver, Washington Territory.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus. , Vol. V, 1882, pp. 347-348. ]

877. . On the life coloration of the young of Pomacentrus

rubicundus.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 652-653.]

878. Smith, Rosa, and Joseph Swain. Notes on a collection of fishes from

Johnston's Island, including discription of five new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 119-143.]

879. Smith, Sanderson, and Richard Rathburn. Lists of the dredging sta-

tions of the United States Fish Commission from 1871 to 1879,
inclusive, with temperature and other observations.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879. Part VII, 1882, pp. 559-601 ; also
separately. ]

880. Smith, Sidney I. The Crustacea of the fresh waters of the United

States.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 637-665, pi. 3.]

881. . Sketch of the invertebrate fauna of Lake Superior.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 690-707.]

882. . Food of fresh-water fishes.

[In report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 708-709.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 67

883. Smith, Sidney I. Occurrence of Chelura terebrans, a crustacean de-

structive to the timber of submarine structures on the coast of
the United States.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 232-235, figs. 2.]

884. . Notice of a new species of the Willemoesia group of

Crustacea (recent Eryontidce).

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 345-353, pi. 1.]

885. . Preliminary notice of the Crustacea dredged in from 64

to 325 fathoms oif the south coast of New England, by the United
States Fish Commission in 1880.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 413-452.]
(See also under Thacher and Smith.)

886. Smith, Silas B. On the Chinnook names of the salmon in the Co-

lumbia River.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. IV, 1881, pp. 391-392. ]

887. Soudakevicz, Theodore. Report on the progress of pisciculture in

Russia.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 493-513.]

888. Southwick, J. M. K. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part 1, 1873, pp. 10-11 ; 31.]

889. . Argument in regard to regulating the sea fisheries by

law.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1878, pp. 76-88.]

890. Spindel, Isaiah. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 187.3, pp. 67-70.]

891. Starbuck, Alexander. History of the American whale-fishery from

its earliest inception to the year 1876.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 1-763, pi. 6,
index.]

892. Stearns, R. E. C. Suggestions for transplanting clams from the Pacific

Ocean to the Atlantic.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp ; 20-21.]

893. Stearns, Silas. A note on the Gulf menhaden, Brevoortia patronus

Goode.
[In Proceedings of the U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. I, 1878, pp. 181-182.]

894 Stebbins, Barney M. Result of propagating black bass.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 936-937.]

895. Steindachner, Franz. Kote on Perca fiavescens.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 1, 1878, p. 243.]

68 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

896. Stenael, Alexander. On the so-called "dry" method of impregnating

spawn.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 571-575.]

897. Sterling, E. Report relative to hatching and planting of the

Penobscot salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 382-383.]

898. Stevens, Pardon W. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 16-19.]

899. Stilwell, E. M. On shad-hatching operations by the commissioners

of the State of Maine.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 417-418.]

900. . Obstructions to the ascent of fish in the rivers of

Maine.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1»74, pp. 617-621, map.]

901. . Eeturn of salmon planted in Penobscot River.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 271-273.]

902. Stilwell, E. M., and Charles G. Atkins. Description of improved ap-

paratus for fish-hatching.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 579-580.]

903. Stirling, A. B. Notes on the fungus disease affecting salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 525-529.]

904. . Additional observations on the fungus disease affect- ,

* ing salmon and other fish.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 531-536. ]

905. Stokes, J. L. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Repokt of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 435.]

906. Stone, Livingston. Report of operations during 1872 at the United

States salmon-hatching establishment on the McCloud River,
and on the California salmonklcc generally ; with a list of speci-
mens collected.
[In Report* of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 168-215, pi. 1.]

907. . Notes on the salmon of the Miramichi River.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 216-218.]

908. . On the salmon fisheries of the Sacramento River.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1674, pp. 374-379. ]

909. . Report on the transfer of shad from the Hudson River

to the Sacramento.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 413-416.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 69

910. Stone, Livingston. Alphabetical list of American fish-culturists and

of persons known as being- interested in fish-culture.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 558-566.]

911. . Eeport of operations in California in 1873.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
377-429.]

912. . Eeport of operations during 1874 at the United

States salmon-hatching establishment on the McClond Eiver,
California.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.

437-478.]

913. . The salmon fisheries of the Columbia Eiver.

[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 801-823.]

914. . Operations on the McCloud Eiver in salmon-breeding

in 1875.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 921-933, fig. 1.]

915. Operations on the McCloud Eiver in salmon-breeding

in 1876.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 935-958.]

916. . Eeport of operations at the United States salmon-
hatching station on the McCloud Eiver, California, in 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 797-810. ] #

917. . Eeport of operations at the salmon-hatching station

on the Clackamas Eiver, Oregon, in 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 783-796.]

918. . Eeport of operations at the United States salmon-
hatching station on the McCloud Eiver, California, in 1878.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 741-770.]

919. . Do the spawning salmon ascending the Sacramento

Eiver all die without returning to the sea?

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 817-818.]
920. . Mortality of McCloud Eiver salmon in 1881.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1. 1881, p. 134.]

921. . Eeport on overland trip to California with living

fishes, 1879.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 637-644. ]

922. : . Eeport of operations at the United States salmon-
breeding station on the McCloud Eiver, California, during the
season of 1879.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 695-708.]

70 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

923. Stone, Livingston, Eeport of operations at the United States trout
ponds, McGloud River, California, during the season of 1879.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 715-720. J

924. . Eeplies to questions of Herr von Behr concerning

8alvelinu8 fontinalis and Salmo iridea.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 9-12. ]

925. . Account of operations at the McCloud River fish-
breeding stations of the United States Fish Commission for
1872 to 1882 inclusive.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 217-236.]

926. . Does the panther (Fells concolor) go into the water to

kill fish t

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, p. 570.]

927. . Eeport of operations at the United States salmon-
hatching station on the McCloud Eiver, California, during the
season of 1880.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 18H0, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 597-613.]

928. . Eeport of operations at the United States trout ponds

in the McCloud Eiver, California, during the season of 1880.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 615-621.]

929. Striivy, R. Carp culture in East Prussia.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
552-555.]

930. Sturdevant, F. Result of propagating trout.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878-79, Part VI, 1880, pp. 935-936.]

931. Suckley, George. On the North American species of salmon and

trout.
Tin Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 91-160.]

932. Sutton, F. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1870.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 987-988; 1003.]

933. Swain, Joseph. A review of the species of Slolephorus found on the

Atlantic coast of the United Status.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 11,1882, pp. 55-57.]

934. Swain, Joseph, and George B. Kalb. A review of the genus Notvrus,

with a description of one new species.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 638-643.]

935. . A review of the SyngnathincB of the United States,

with the description of one new species.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 307-315.]
(See also under Smith and Swain.)

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 71

936. Swan, James G. The surf-smelt of the Northwest coast, and the
method of taking them by the Quillehute Indians, west coast
of Washington Territory.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 43-46.]

937. . The eulachon or candle-fish of the Northwest coast.

[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 257-264.]

938. . Shad in Puget Sound.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 152.]

939. Swan, John D. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Ehode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 12-15.]

940. Sweet, S. B. Decrease of fish in Squamscot Eiver, New Hamp-

shire, on account of refuse matter from gas works.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 33.]

941. Swetitsch, Joseph. A depot for embryonated eggs of all the valu-

able kinds of fish.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 345-346.]

942. Syrski, Dr. Lecture on the organs of reproduction and the fecun-

dation of fishes and especially of eels.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
719-734, figs. 23.]

943. Tanner, Z. L. Eeport of operations of the United States steamer

Speedwell in 1879, while in the service of the United States
Fish Commission.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 603-615. ]

944. . Eeport of an exploring trip of the steamer Fish Hawk

in Chesapeake Bay in the early spring of 1882.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 133-135.]
945. . Occurrence of fur-seals in mid ocean.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 216.]

946. Tarr & Co., Judson. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 385-387.]

947. Taylor, Edward E. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Ehode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 26-28.]

948. Thacker, James K., and Sidney I. Smith. On stomachs of salmon

and their contents.

[In REPORT*bf the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, p. 371.]

949. Thayer, A. W. Eesult of propagating trout.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 936.]

72 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

950. Thompson, John H. Record of young salmon caught near Martha's

Vineyard and at Seconticut Neck.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 270-271.]

951. Throckmorton, S. R. On the edible qualities of the Sacramento

salmon.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 373-374.]

952. . The introduction of striped bass into California.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 61-62.]

953. . Description of the fish-way in Pitt River, California.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 202-204.]

954. Tice, Benjamin. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Repokt of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, p. 457.]

955. Tifft, Henry 0. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part 1, 1873, p. 7.]

956. Todd, Frank. Occurrence of salmon in Restigouche and Saint

Croix Rivers due to artificial propagation.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 275-277.]

957. Tolke, C. The pollution of public waters by refuse from factories.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 619-624.]

958. Tomkinson, J. R. Result of propagating salmon.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 931.]

959. Trolle, C. The Iceland fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 77-87.]

960. Trumhull, J. Hammond, J. J. Gent, et al. Notices in regard to the

abundance of fish on the New England coast in former times.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 149-172.]

961. . Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 165-169.]

962. . Etymology of the names of the menhaden.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1>77. Pari V, 1879, p. 11.]

963. Turner, Will E., M. D. Presence of shad in the rivers tributary to

the Gulf of Mexico.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'7.'i, Part II, 1874, p. 394.]

964. Vail, David G. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 447-449.]

965. Van Antwerp, W. Growth, spawning, edible (jualitfts, and manner

of cookin- German carp received from the United States Fish
Commission in 1880.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 300.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 73

966. Veckenstedt, Dr. Ed. On the carp-ponds of Nether-Lusatia.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 671-674.]

967. Verrill, A. E. Beport upon the invertebrate animals of Vineyard

Sound and the adjacent waters, with an account of the physi-
cal characters of the region.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 295-778, pi. 38,
index. ]

968. • Synopsis of the North American fresh- water leeches.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-'73, Part II, 1874, pp. 666-689.]

969. . Notice of recent additions to the marine invertebrata

of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions of new
genera and species, and critical remarks on others. [Part L]
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 165-205.]

970. - . Notice of recent additions to the marine inverte-
brata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions
of new genera and species, and critical remarks on others.

Part II. Mollusca, with notes on Annelida, Echinodermata,
&c. collected by the United States Fish Commission.
[ In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat, Mus., Vol. Ill, 1880, pp. 356-405.]
971, . Notice of recent additions to the marine inverte-
brata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions
of new genera and species, and critical remarks on others.

Part III. Catalogue of Mollusca recently added to the fauna
of Southern New England.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. III. 1880, pp. 405-409.]

972. . Beport on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast

of America.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1879, Part VII, 1882, pp. 211-455, pi. 46,
index; also separately.]

973. . Notice of recent additions to the marine inverte-
brata of the northeastern coast of America, with descriptions
of new geliera and species, and critical remarks on others.

Part IV. Additions to the deep-water Mollusca, taken off
Martha's Vineyard, in 1880 and 1881.
[ In Proceedings of the U. S.Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 315-343.]

974. . Description of some of the apparatus used by the

United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries in dredg-
ing off the New England coast.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 65-74, pi. 4.]

975. Verrill, A. E., and Richard Rathbun. List of marine invertebrata
from the New England coast, distributed by the United States
Commission of Fish and Fisheries.
[ In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. II, 1879, pp. 227-232. ]

74 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

976. Vogel, Julius. Exportation of salmon ova to New Zealand in 1876.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1875-76, Part IV, 1878, pp. 968-9G9.]

977. Wagner, Christian. What does a fish cost ?

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 605-607.]

978. Walker, Francis A. See Baird, Walker, and Goode.

979. Wallem, Fredrik M. Eeport on the American fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 75-115.]

980. Walpole, S., and T. H. Huxley. Disease among the salmon of many

rivers of England and Wales.
[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 429-448.]

981. Ward, Lester F. List of water plants for carp ponds.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 22-25.]

982. Washhurn, jr., J. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 388-1590. ]

983. Washington, John. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 430-431.]

984. Watson, W. C. The salmon of Lake Champlain and its tributaries.

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874^75, Part III, 1876, pp.
531-540.]

985. Way, J. H, Result of propagating trout.

[ In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, p. 936.]

986. Weddige, Herr. Castrating fish.

[ In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 59-61.]

987. Wergeland, N. The economic value of the Norwegian lakes and

rivers as a field for fish culture. ,

[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 539-604.]

988. Westgate, Sylvanus. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachu-

setts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 33-34.]

989. Whaley, Joseph. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[ In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 449-450.]

990. Whalley, W. E. Condition of the shore fisheries of Massachusetts

and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In REPORT of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, pp. 21-26.]

991. Whitmore, G. S. Shipment of salmon and whitefish to New Zealand

in 1877 and 1878.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1830, pp. 854; 865-866;
900; 903; 905.]

992. Widegren, Hjalmar. Statistical data regarding the Swedish fish-

eries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
31-34.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 75

993. Widegren, Hjalmar. On the herring and its preparation as an
article of trade.
[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1873-'74 and 1874-75, Part III, 187G, pp.
183-193.]

994. . Short introduction to the proper care and management

of the Baltic fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 117-141.]

995. Wigg, Dr. George. On the insensibility of the German carp to

freezing.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 402.]

996. Wilcox, Lander. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 431-432.]

997. Williams, Roger. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, p. 164 ]

998. Williamson, John. Description of improved apparatus in fish hatch-

ing.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 585-586.]

999. Willis, H. Shad fisheries of the Susquehanna River fifty-six years

ago.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 261-263.]

1000. Wilmdt, Samuel. Notes on the Western gizzard shad, Dorosoma

cepedianum lieterurum (Eaf.) Jordan.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mns., Vol. 1, 1878, pp. 263-264.]

1001. Unsuccessful transportation of Califoria salmon eggs'.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part. VI, 1880, pp. 755-762.]

1002. . Introduction of California salmon into Ontario, with

remarks on the disappearance of Maine salmon from that prov-
ince.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 347-349.]

1003. . Remarks on the scarcity of male and grilse salmon

iu the rivers of Ontario, Canada.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. 1, 1881, pp. 379-381.]

1004. Wilson, Charles A. Raising brook trout in mineral water.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 392.]

1005. Wilson, Edmund B. Report on the Pycnogonida of New England

and adjacent wateVs.

• [In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 463-506, pi. 7, in-
dex; also separately.]

1006. Wilson, J. Cracroft. Shipment of whitefish ova to New Zealand in

1878.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 880-882.]

76 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1007. Wilson, J. Paul. Translator. An account of the fisheries of

Norway in 1877. By M. Friele.

[Iu Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 707-739.]

1008. Wilson, Samuel. Shipment of salmon ova to Australia in 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 825-828; 831-833.]

1009. Wilson, Thomas. The proposed introduction of catfish into Ghent.
[In BULLETIN of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 340-341.]

1010. Winslow, Samuel H., and George. Condition of the shore fisheries

of Massachusetts and Rhode Island in 1871.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-72, Part I, 1883, pp. 45-47.]

1011. Wolf, A. G. Statement concerning the menhaden fishery.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 450-451.]

1012. Wood, M. L. The fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 19-20.]

1013. Wood, William. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England

coast in former times.

[In Report of the Commissioner, for 1871-72, Part I, 1873, pp. 161-162.]

1014. Wood, William. Return of salmon planted in Connecticut River.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 274.]

1015. Worth, S. G. The artificial propagation of the striped bass (Roccus

Uneatus) in Albemarle Sound. #

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 174-177.]

1016. . Shad hatching. Carp ponds at Raleigh.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 26-27.]

1017. . A poor season for shad-hatching in North Carolina.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 54.]

1018. Wright, Abel A. A Georgia carp pond.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 68-69]

1019. Wright, Harrison, Chairman of the committee. Report of a com-

mittee of the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society on
the early shad fisheries of the north branch of the Susquehanna
River.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 352-359 ; also
separately.]

1020. Yarrow, H. C. On the speckled trout of Utah Lake. (Sahno

virginalis Girard.)

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1-7J-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 363-368.]

1021. . Report of a reconnaissance of the shad rivers south

of the Potomac.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 396-402.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 77

1022. Yarrow H. C. Notes on the natural history of the shad as observed

at Beaufort Harbor, N. C, and vicinity.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, 1874, pp. 452-456.]

1023. Yhlen, Gerhard von. Report on the sea fisheries of the Lan of

Goteborg and Bonus in the year 1877.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 741-750.]

1024. Yoakum, F. L. Carp culture in Texas.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol.11, 1882, pp. 28-32.]

1025. Yost, John. Report upon the management of German carp by a

Mississippi correspondent,
[la Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 310.]

1026. Xoung, A. Upon the abundance of fish on the New England coast

in former times.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1871-'72, Part I, 1873, p. 160.]

1027. Zentz, F. On the races or varieties of carp, denying the existence

of blue carp and gold carp.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 387-389.]

II.— ARTICLES FROM PERIODICALS, &0., ALPHABETICALLY

ARRANGED.

1028. Amtliche Berichte, &c. Transportation of live fish.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 95-102, figs. 4.}

1029. Bergenposten. Society for promoting the Norwegian fisheries.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 241-243.]

1030. Berlin daily paper. The carp fisheries in the Peitz Lakes.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 675-678.]

1031. Christiana paper. Protection of whales.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 17-19.]

1032. Das Ausland. An account of the Loffoden Islands of Norway.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 559-564.]

1033. Deutsche Fischerei-Verein. The best food for young salmonoids

and for larger salmonoids in ponds.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1877, Part V, 1879, pp. 779-782.]

1034. Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung. Sickness of the gold-fish in the Royal

Park, Berlin.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 537-538.]

1035. . Mr. Christian Wagner's establishment for raising

gold-fish, at Oldenberg, Germany.
* [In Report of the Commissioner for 1878, Part VI, 1880, pp. 679-684.]

1036. . Pachaly's car for transporting fish.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 207-208.]

78 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1037. Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung. The cottbus carp trade.
[In Bullktin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 158.]

1038. Field. Introduction of the aland, or orfe, iuto England.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 218-220.]

1039. Fiskeri Tidende. The Scotch herring fisheries in 1882.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 117-118.]

1040. . The cod fisheries on the coast of Norway.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 138.]
1041. . The sardine fisheries.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 163-165.]

1042. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper. American birds, animals,

and fishes for New Zealanders.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 53-54.]

1043. Galveston Daily News. Progress and results of fish-culture [carp].
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, p. 396.]

1044. Gloucester Telegraph. Fishing for shad in South American waters.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 138.]

1045. Landwirthschaft und Industrie. Carp-ponds.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
555-558.]

1046. Magdeburgische Zeitung. Stocking the Stettiner Haff with carp.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp. 1-8.]

1047. Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging, &c. Eesult of the investi-

gations of the Netherlands Zoological station relative to the
oyster and its cultivation at the end of the first year of its in-
vestigations.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1880, Part VIII, 1883, pp. 1001-1027.]

1048. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Fiskeri. The fishing villages, Snekkersteen

and Skotterup, and the collection of fishiug-implements ex-
hibited by them at Elsinore, Denmark, during the summer of
1872.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp. 173-
181.]
1049. . New contributions to the herring question. The dis-
pute between Axel Boeck and Ossian Sars, regarding the Nor-
wegian summer-herring. Sars's recent observations, and his
new theory on the migrations of the herring.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
195-211.]

1050. . On the artificial propagation of the lobster.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
267-269.]

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 79

1051. Nordisk Tidsskrift for Fiskeri. On ponds for the culture of the

carp.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
549-552.]

1052. Norwegian Commission. On the fisheries of Norway.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
25-30. ]

1053. Oesterreichisch-Ungarische Fischerei-Zeitung. Peat-bogs as fish-

ponds.

[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. I, 1881, pp. 58-59.]

1054. Scientific Farmer. Connection of abundance of moss and of black

flies with abundance of trout.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, pp, 103-104.]

1055. Sunland Tribune. Poisoned" water in the Gulf of Mexico.
[In Bulletin of the U. S. Fish Commission, Vol. II, 1882, p. 104.]

1056. Swedish Fishery Report. Improvement in the salmon fisheries of

Sweden.
[In Report of the Commissioner for 1872-73, Part II, pp. 1874, 166-167.]

1057. Weser-Zeitung. Living shad on their way to the Weser.

[In Report of the Commissioner for 1873-74 and 1874-75, Part III, 1876, pp.
330-335.]

1058. Bean, Tarleton H.* Description of a new species of Alepidosaurus

(A. JEsculapius), from Alaska.
[In Proceedings of the U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. V, 1882, pp. 661-663.]

III.— AETICLES IN TYPE FOE BEPOET OF THE COMMIS-
SIONER FOE 1881, PAET IX.

1059. Atkins, Chas. G. Eeport on the propagation of Penobscot salmon

in lS81-'82.

1060. . Eeport on the propagation of Schoodic salmon in

1881-'82.

1061. Bouchon-Brandely, M. Eeport to the Minister of the Marine rela-

tive to oyster culture upon the shores of the British Channel
and the ocean.

1062. Brocchi, Dr. P. Eeport on the present condition of oyster culture

in France.

1063. Bean, Tarleton, H. Translator. The Loffoden fishery in 1880.

By Lieut. Niels Juel.

1064. Clark, Frank N. Eeport of work at the United States Hatchery,

Northville, Mich., 1881-'82.

This item was omitted from its proper place hy mistake. — Editor.

80 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

1065. Dyrenforth, Robert G. List of patents issued in the United States

during the year 1881 relating to fish, and the methods, pro-
ducts, aud applications of the fisheries.

1066. Forbes, S. A. The first food of the common white-fish (Coregonus

clupei/ormi.s, Mitch.).

1067. Goode, G. Brown, Joseph W. Collins, R. E. Earll, and A. Howard

Clark. Materials for a History of the Mackerel Fishery.

1068. Juel, Niels. The Loffodon fishery in 1880.

1069. McDonald, Marshall. Translator. Eeport of the Minister of

the Marine relative to oyster culture upon the shores of the
British Channel and the ocean. By M. Bouchon-Brandely.

1070. Smiley, Chas. W. The extent of the use of fish guano as a fer-

tilizer.

1071. . Statistics of the shad hatching operations conducted

by the United States Fish Commission in 1881.

1072. Snell, Merwin P. Translator. Eeport on the present condi-

tion of oyster culture in France. By Dr. P. Brocchi.

1073. Stone, Livingston. Eeport of operations at the United States

salmon-breeding station on the McCloud Eiver, California,

during the season of 1881.
1074. . Eeport of operations at the United States trout

ponds, McCloud Eiver, California, for the season of 1881.
1075. Tanner, Z. L. Eeport on construction, equipment, and cruise of

the United States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk during

the fall of 1879 and year of 1880.
1076. . Eeport of the work of the United States Fish Com-
mission steamer Fish Hawk for the year ending December 31,

1881.
1077. Webster, H. E., and James E. Benedict. The Annelida chcctopoda

from Provincetown and Wellfleet, Mass.
Of the foregoing 1,077 titles, 102 are under translators' names, and 7
are references to co-editors or duplicates, so that the actual number of
separate papers enumerated is 9G8.

Note. — The following additions should bo made to the citations in this list:
Page 4, No. 14, 10 pi. and folding map ; page 4, No. 15, 15 pi. ; page 4, No. 18, 1 pi. ;
page 4, No. 21, 15 figs. ; page 5, No. 30, with index; page 6, No. 46, 3 pi., 19 figs.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 81

Vol. Ill, TCo. 6. Washington, fi>. C. Aug. 9, 1 883.

TOPICAL SYNOPSIS OF THE TITLES CONTAINED IN THE FORE-
GOING BIBLIOGRAPHY.

[Note. — The references are to the numbers attached to each paper. ]

A.— U. S. FISH COMMISSION— GENERAL.

Summaries of Fish Commission work, 48, 57, 60, 63, 65, 72, 78, 332, 335,

691, 734.

Steamers of the Fish Commission, 190, 191, 741, 769, 943, 944, 1075,

1076.

Stations of the Fish Commission, 68, 76, 169, 170.

Circulars, questions, inquiry, 36, 37, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 59, 64, 70, 80, 112,

116,334,625.

Statistics, bibliographies, directories, 71, 114, 164, 165, 202, 231, 232, 234,

282, 284, 292, 327, 328, 389, 399, 689, 747, 800, 865, 869, 870, 879,

891, 910, 992.

B.— THE FISHERIES.

Fisheries, general views, 101, 862, 979.

Atlantic shore fisheries, 4, 31, 35, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 149, 150, 151, 154,
159, 162, 164, 165, 177, 180, 199, 200, 201, 208, 210, 213, 217, 225,
230, 231, 232, 234, 242, 243, 278, 338, 378, 380, 396, 415, 418, 515,
678, 681, 684, 686, 694, 705, 707, 708, 709, 711, 712, 714, 715, 717,
718, 719, 720, 721, 722, 757, 770, 775, 781, 790, 871, 872, 888, 889,
890, 898, 939, 947, 955, 960, 961, 988, 990, 997, 1010, 1013, 1026.
Fisheries of the Great Lakes, 734, 758, 864.
Fisheries of the Gulf of Mexico, 1012, 1055.

Open sea fisheries, 131, 155, 175, 176, 179, 182, 183, 192, 202, 203, 231,
235, 316, 519, 619, 636, 656, 657, 658, 659, 662, 663, 686, 706, 716,
717, 721, 750, 843, 844, 845, 847, 891, 959, 992, 994, 1023.
Scandinavian fisheries, 7, 103, 132, 133, 140, 141, 268, 616, 656, 658,
659, 662, 843-847 inch, 992, 994, 1023, 1029, 1032, 1040, 1048,
1049, 1052, 1056, 1068.
Cod and haddock fisheries and culture, 174, 175, 203, 230, 249, 360,

390, 634, 710, 713, 716, 717, 815, 842, 843, 844, 959, 1040.
Mackerel fisheries, 176, 178, 179, 325, 703, 704, 706, 717, 721, 764,

845, 868, 1023, 1067.
Menhaden fisheries, 5, 11, 33, 34, 64, 81, 122, 128, 130, 148, 163, 171,
184, 185, 195, 206, 209, 211, 212, 215, 216, 221, 264, 267, 269,
271, 274, 321, 361, 377, 385, 388, 392, 394, 395, 396, 431, 436,
518, 525, 618, 621, 622, 623, 631, 644, 652, 653, 677, 679, 680,
682, 683, 695, 696, 697, 702, 733, 755, 765, 768, 780, 788, 802,
810, 812, 841, 848, 851, 853, 856, 857, 893, 905, 946, 954, 902,
964, 982, 983, 989, 996, 1011.

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 6

82 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fisheries — Continued.

Herring and sardine fisheries, &c., 132, 180, 205, 254, 279, 519, 656,
658-663 inch, 717, 731, 750, 760, 992, 993, 1023, 1039, 1041,
1049.

Shad, white fish, salmon, trout, bass, carp, &c, see under D. — Cul-
ture of Marine Forms.

Halibut fisheries, &c, 152, 183, 634, 718, 850.

Sword-fish, 331, 336.

Eels, 330, 400, 407, 514, 704, 942.

Catfish, 414, 645, 685, 1009.

Smelt fisheries, 936.

Whale and fish oil, 186, 273, 375, 891.

Seals, 245, 849, 945.

Sponges, 699, 789, 837.

European fisheries: gonrami, turbot, gold orfe, salbling, &c, 281,
283, 628, 727, 739, 855, 1038.

Apparatus of fishing, 32, 46, 123, 158, 174, 178, 181, 381, 703, 704,
710, 713, 734, 758, 781, 845, 936, 974, 1048.

Fishery patents, 226-229 inch, 1065.

Legislation and petitions, 39, 41, 74, 151, 217, 381, 630, 770, 778, 781,
790, 889.

C.— NATURAL HISTORY OF MARINE LIFE.

Natural history of fishes, &c, 1, 45, 89, 93, 94, 97, 106, 110, 11 1, 115,
117, 118, 129, 156, 157, 177, 219, 224, 244, 283, 286, 287, 311,
313, 314, 325, 330, 333, 337, 342, 354, 391, 414, 516, 517, 523,
528, 529, 531, 532, 533, 539, 540, 541, 545, 546, 548, 578, 581,
582, 583, 596, 608, 613, 626, 635, 639, 640, 641, 660, 661, 672,
676, 685, 701, 731, 732, 739, 750, 782, 797, 801, 803, 850, 860,
875, 877, 878,' 883, 885, 895, 903, 904, 919, 920, 922, 924, 931,
937, 948, 980, 1000, 1003, 1022, 1031, 1034.
Classification and nomenclature of fishes, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289,
291, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304,
305, 306, 312, 319, 329, 331, 333, 526, 527, 528, 529, 531, 532,
533, 534, 535, 539, 540, 541, 581, 589, 604, 605, 612, 613, 664,
666, 692, 886, 931, 933, 934, 935, 962, 967, 968, 970, 971, 972,
973, 1027.
Description of species and genera, 49, 88, 90, 91, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100,
104, 109, 119, 276, 290, 315, 317, 323, 326, 338, 339, 340, 341,
343, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353, 357, 358, 359,
524, 530, 536, 538, 542, 543, 544, 545, 546, 547, 548, 549, 550,
551, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557-573 inch, 575, 576, 577, 579,
580, 582, 583, 584-588 inch, 589, 592-598 inch, 603, 606, 607,
608, 610, 611, 613, 665, 666-674 inch, 816, 837, 873, 874, 876,
878, 884, 934, 935, 967,968, 969, 970, 971, 972, 973, 1058.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 83

Natural history — Continued.

Lists of specimens, 47, 73, 92, 105, 113, 280, 309, 310, 318, 320, 322,

324, 351, 355, 35G, 397, 398, 419, 574, 576, 578, 590, 591, 598,

599, 600, 601, 602, 609, 614, 758, 783, 798, 799, 816, 906, 914-

918 inc., 927, 975.
Invertebrates, 133, 386, 387, 404, 798, 799, 801, 814, 817, 845, 880, 881, 883,

884, 885, 892, 967, 968, 970, 971 , 972, 973, 975, 1005, 1050, 1077.
Embryology, 805, 818, 819, 821-827 incl., 829-832 inc., 839, 840, 842,896,

942.
Enemies of fish, 642, 903, 904, 926.

Concerning water injurious to fish, 246, 250, 308, 434, 516, 517, 638,

718, 793, 804, 805, 854, 940, 957, 995, 1004, 1055.
Mortality of fish, 182, 516, 517, 523, 752, 920, 1034.
Food of marine animals, 84, 261, 262, 263, 749, 753, 759, 882, 948, 1033,

1066.
Deep sea research and tools, 9, 12 L, 182, 619, 620, 701, 769, 799, 846, 879,
943, 967, 974, 975.
Temperatures of water, &c, 61, 241, 619, 772.

D.— CULTURE OF MARINE FORMS.

Fish culture, 3, 51, 68, 69, 136, 142, 146, 198, 232, 366, 376, 384, 406, 412,
413, 632, 633, 687, 698, 737, 738, 763, 796, 806, 814, 887, 896,
941, 986, 987, 1035.
Shad culture and distribution, 8, 50, 58, 68, 77, 79, 173, 178, 187, 204,
259, 311, 363, 364, 370,371, 382, 520, 629, 637, 641, 643, 724,
736, 740, 741, 742, 743, 745, 746, 747, 766, 767, 773, 784, 829,
859, 860, 863, 866, 899, 909, 938, 963, 999, 1016, 1017, 1019,
1021, 1022, 1044, 1057, 1071.
White fish culture and fisheries, 28, 68, 86, 167, 168, 169, 170, 196,
197, 252, 259, 261,262, 263, 401, 423, 427, 521, 624, 627, 639,
734, 758, 991, 1006, 1061. '
Codfish culture. — See under B. — The Fisheries.
Salmon culture and fishing, 14, 19, 68, 69, 107, 108, 134, 140, 141, 188,
189, 196, 197, 222, 223, 224, 236, 252, 258, 265, 368, 373, 374,
379, 401, 402, 403, 408, 420, 423, 426, 428, 429, 520, 640, 654,
676, 728, 729, 730, 762, 774, 785, 791, 795, 803, 861, 863, 903,
904, 906, 907, 908, 911, 912, 913, 914-918 inc., 922, 924, 932,
950, 951, 956, 958, 976, 9S0, 984, 991, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1008,
1056, 1073.
California salmon, 6, 68, 69, 129, 156, 224, 726, 777, 791, 803, 813,"

861, 886, 906, 908, 911-920 inc., 927, 932, 1002.
Penobscot salmon, 16, 23, 25, 27, 69, 218, 260, 362, 654, 792, 858,

897, 901, 1059.
Schoodic salmon, 17, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 69, 369, 654, 754, 1060.

84 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Fish culture — Continued.

Trout fishing and culture, 2, 3, 307, 923, 925, 928, 930, 949, 985, 1004,

1020, 1054, 1074.
Bass fishing and culture, 13, 400, 723, 760, 701, 807, 894, 952, 1015.
Carp and pond culture, 12, 68, 82, 83, 85, 138, 139, 194, 207, 220, 237,

238, 239, 255, 250, 272, 277, 307, 409, 410, 412, 416, 430, 522,

690, 691, 756, 759, 761, 771, 779, 786, 811, 852, 929, 965, 960,

981, 995, 1016, 1§18, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1030, 1035, 1037, 1043,

1045, 1046, 1051, 1053.
Blue carp, 237, 239, 650, 1027.
Water plants, 247, 248, 251, 981, 1024.
Oyster and mussel culture, 120, 135, 143, 144, 145, 153, 103, 266, 383,

393, 421, 422, 425, 435, 748, 751, 794, 807, 828, 830, 832, 839,

840, 1047, 1061, 1062.
Hatching apparatus, 21, 123, 166, 172, 270, 365, 409, 424, 725, 744,

902, 998.
Transportation offish, &c, 137, 690, 742, 776, 777, 892, 909, 921, 940 y

1001, 1028, 1030.
Exporting fish eggs and young fish, 62, 66, 67, 87, 125, 126, 127, 134,

137, 140, 160, 161, 188, 189, 194, 196, 197, 222, 223, 252, 257,

258, 265, 401, 402, 403, 423, 426, 427, 429, 521, 645, 724, 726,

728, 729, 730, 774, 785, 795, 932, 976, 991, 1006, 1008, 1009,

1042, 1057.
Fish ways and obstructions to fish, 15, 102, 240, 433, 693, 738, 793,

900, 953.

E.— MISCELL ANEO U ».

Economic interests relating to fish, 29, 30, 214, 249, 275, 413, 417, 977,

987, 993, 1037, 1070.
Fishery exhibitions, 10, 75, 253, 320, 322, 372, 647, 64S, 688.
Translations, 9, 101, 102, 103, 120, 146, 214, 219, 311, 416, 437-513 inc.,

537, 655, 675, 808, 809, 820, 833, 834, 835, 836, 838, 1007,

1063, 1069, 1072.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 85

2.— A EIST OF THE PUBLISHED REPORTS OF THE COMMISSIONERS
APPOINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE
UI\ITE» STATES.

By CIIAS. W. SMILEY,

[Prepared by request of Prof. S. F. Baird, for the London Exhibition, 1883.]

The library of the United States Fish Commission contains a very
complete set of the reports that have been made by the commissioners of
the various States to their legislatures. They perhaps constitute, next
to the publications of the United States Fish Commission, the most
valuable contribution to the history of pisciculture in this country.

This list is arranged chronologically, or as nearly so as possible. In
many cases, however, no exact date was given to the publications.
This bibliography is believed to be complete from 1857 to 1883. In ad-
dition to the numbers to denote chronological sequence, a number has
been placed in brackets after the name of each State to denote the se-
quence of the State reports.

This chronological list will be followed by a check-list arranged by

States.

1857.

1. Massachusetts. [1.] (May 5, 1857.) — Report of Commissioners ap-

pointed under resolve of 1851), chap. 58, concerning the Artifi-
cial Propagation of Fish, with other documents. Boston:
William White, Printer to the State. 1857. 8vo, pp. 54.

2. Vermont. [l.J (Oct. 22, 1857.) — Report made under authority of the

Legislature of Vermont on the Artificial Propagation of Fish,

by George P. Marsh. Burlington : Free Press Print. 1857.

Svo, pp. 62.

1865.

3. New Hampshire. [I.] (July 1, 1865.) — Report of the Select Commit-

tee on Fisheries. June session, 1865. Concord: George E.
Jeuks, State printer. 1865. Svo, pp. 8.

4. Massachusetts. [2.J (Dec. 1, 1865.) — Report of the Commissioners ap-

pointed under the resolve of May 3, 1865, "Concerning the
obstructions to the passage of fish in the Connecticut and Mer-
rimac Rivers." Svo, pp. 77, pi. 2.

1866.

5. New Hampshire. [2.] (June 1, 1866.) — Report of the Commissioners

of Fisheries, made to the Legislature of New Hampshire,
June session, 1866. Concord : George E. Jenks, State printer.
1866. Svo, pp. 16.

86 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

6. Vermont. [2.] (Oct. 11, 18GG.) — Report of Commissioners relative to

the Restoration of Sea-Fish to the Connecticut River and sit
tributaries. By order of the Legislature of Vermont. Annual
session, 18G6. Montpelier: Freeman Steam Printing Estab-
lishment. 18G6. 8vo, pp. 35, 1 cut.

1867.

7. Connecticut. [1.] (May, 1867.) — Report of the Commissioners concern-

ing the protection of fish in the Connecticut River, &c, to the
general assembly, May session, 18G7. Printed by order of
the legislature. Hartford: Case, Lockwood & Co., printers.
18G7. 8vo, pp. 25, pi. 1.

8. New Hampshire. [3.] (July 5, 1867.) — Report of the Commissioners

on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire, June session,
1867. (A written copy of the report.)

9. Vermont. [3.] (Oct. 25, 1867.) — Report of the Fish Commissioners of

the State of Vermont, by Albert D. Hager and Charles Bar-
rett, for the year 1867. Montpelier: Walton's Steam Printing
Establishment. 1867. 8vo, pp. 25. (There was no report in

1868.)

1868.

10. Maine. [1.J (Jan. 16, 1868.) — Reports of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries of the State of Maine, for the years 1867 and 1868. Au-
. gusta: Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1869.
First report — 1867. 8vo, pp. 96, pi. 2. (River Fish-Weirs and
Fish way.)

11. Massachusetts. [3.] (Jan., 1868.) — Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries, for the year ending January 1, 1868. Boston:
Wright & Potter, State printers, No. 4 Spring Lane. 1868.
8vo, pp. 50, pi. 3.

12. Connecticut. [2.] (May, 1868.) — Report of the Commissioners on

Fisheries to the general assembly, May session, 1868. New
Haven : Thomas J. Stafford, State printer. 1868. 8vo, pp. 28.

13. New Hampshire. [4.] (June 18, 1868.) — Report of the Commission-

ers on Inland or River Fisheries, June session, 1868. Man-
chester : John B. Clarke, State printer. 8vo, pp. 8.

14. Maine. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1868.) — Reports of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries of the State of Maine, for the years 1867 and 1868. Au-
gusta : Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1869.
Second report — 1868. 8vo, pp. 45. 1 pi. of Grysies fasciatus.

1869.

15. Massachusetts. [4.] (Jan., 1869.) — Report of the Commissioner of Fish-

eries, for the year ending January 1, 18G9. Boston: Wright
& Potter, State printers, No. 79 Milk street (corner of Federal
street). 18G9. Svo, pp. 71.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 87

16. Rhode Island. [1.] (Feb. 15, 18G9.)— Report of the Commissioners to

investigate the practicability of restocking the waters of the
State with salmon and other migratory fish. Svo, pp. 9. Ap-
pendix, pp. 27. Containing an article from Harper's Magazine,
with 26 cuts.

17. New York. [1.] (Mar. 9, 1869.)— Fisheries of the State of New York.

Eeport of the Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of
New York, giving the number, names, location, and areas of
all the lakes within the State of New York, the coast lines of
Lakes Ontario and Erie, and that portion of the State border-
ing on the ocean, with a map, showing the lakes, streams in
the State, railroad and canal lines. Transmitted to the legis-
lature March 9, 1869. Albany : Weed, Parsons & Co., print-
ers and publishers. 1869. Svo, pp. 75, 1 map.

18. Connecticut. [3.J (May, 1869.)— Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries to the general assembly, May session, 1869. Mid-
dletown : A. Newton & Son, printers. 1869. Svo, pp. 18.

19. New Hampshire. [5.] (June 21, 1869.)— Report of the Fish Com-

missioners to the legislature, June session, 1869. Manches-
ter : John B. Clarke, State printer. 1869. Svo, pp. 10.

20. Vermont. [4.] (Oct. 25, 1869.)— Report of the Fish Commissioners of

the State of Vermont, by Albert D. Hager and Charles Bar-
rett, for the year 1869. Montpelier : Poland's Steam Printing
Establishment, Journal Building, State street. 1869. Svo,
pp. 16. (There was no report in 1868.)

21. Maryland. [1.] (Oct., 1869.) — Report upon the Oyster Resources

of Maryland to the general assembly, by Hunter Davidson,
esq., Com. State Oyster Police Force. Annapolis: Wm. Thomp-
son of R., printer. 1870. Svo, pp. 20.

22. South Carolina. [1.] (Nov. 10, I860.)— Proceedings of the Annual

Convention of the South Carolina Agricultural and Mechani-
cal Society, held in Columbia, S. C, Nov. 10-12, 1869. Charles-
ton, S. C. : Walker, Evans & Coggswell, printers, Nos. 3 Broad
and 109 East Bay street. 1869. Svo., pp. 21-26 and 45-47.

23. Maine. [3.] (Dec. 31, 1869.) — Third Report of the Commissioner or

Fisheries of the State of Maine, 1869. Augusta: Sprague,
Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1870. Svo, pp. 48.

1870.

24. Rhode Island. [2.] (January, 1870.) — A — Majority report of the Com-

mittee on Fisberies, Jan. session, A. D. 1870. Svo, pp. 6. B —
Minority report of the Committee on Fisheries. January ses-
sion, A. D. 1870. Svo, pp. 3.

25. Massachusetts. [5.] (Jan., 1870.) — Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries, for the year ending January 1, 1870. Boston : Wright
& Potter, State printers, 79 Milk street (corner of Federal)*
1870. Svo, pp. 67, pi. 1.

88 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION

26. New York. [2.] (.Mar. 11, 1870.)— Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of New York. Transmitted to the leg-
islature March 11, 1870. Albany : The Argus Company, print-
ers. 1870. 8vo, pp. 20.

27. Connecticut. [4.] (May 7, 1870.)— -Fourth Report of the Commission-

ers of Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1870. Hart-
ford : Case, Lockwood & Brainard, printers. 1870. 8vo, pp. 37.

28. New Hampshire. [6.] (June 10, 1870.)— Report of the Commission-

ers on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire, June session,

1870. Manchester: John B. Clarke, State printer. 1870. Svo,
pp. 15.

29. Rhode Island. [3.] (June 15, 1870.)— Report of the joint special

committee of the general assembly of Rhode Island, ap-
pointed to examine into the fisheries of Narragansett Bay,
May session, A. D. 1870. Paw tucket: Nickerson & Sibley,
book and job printers. 1870. Svo, pp. 159.

30. Alabama. [1.] (Dec. 13, 1870.) — Report on Pisciculture and Memorial

of the East Alabama Agricultural Society. John S. Logan,
job printer, Opelika, Ala. 8vo, pp. 4.

31. Maine. [4.] (Dec. 31, 1870.)- Foufth Report of the Commissioner of

Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1870. Augusta :
Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1870. Svo,
pp. 5G, pi. 2.

32. New Jersey. [1.] (Dec, 1870?)— First Annual Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, 1871. Tren-
ton, N. J. : Murphy & Bechtel, book and job printers, State
Gazette office. 1871. Svo, pp. 25, pi. 2, 1 map.

1871.

33. Pennsylvania. [1.] (Jan. 23, 1871.) — Commonwealthof Pennsylvania.

Report of the Commissioner for the Restoration of the Inland
Fisheries, for the year 1870. Harrisburg : B. Singerley, State
printer. 1871. Svo, pp. 48.

34. Rhode Island. [4.] (Jan. 25, 1871.) — Report of the Commissioners of

Inland Fisheries. (Appendix [to] Public Document No. 5.)
Svo, pp. 4.

35. Massachusetts. [(>.] (Jan., 1871.) — Fifth Annual Report of the Com-

missioners on Inland Fisheries, January, 1871. Boston: Wright
& Potter, State printers, 70 Milk street (corner of Federal),

1871. Svo, pp. 77.

36. New York. [3.] (Feb. 1, 1871.)— Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of New York. Transmitted to the leg-
islature February 28, 1871. Albany: The Argus Company,
printers. 1871. Svo, pp. 32.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 89

37. Connecticut. [5.] (May 12, 1871.) — Fifth Report of the Commissioners

of Fisheries of the State of Comieeticut, 1871. Hartford :
Case, Lockwood & Brainard, printers. 1871. 8vo, pp. 40, pi. 2.

38. New Hampshire. [7.] (May 29, 1871.) — Report of the Commissioners

on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire, June session,

1871. Nashua : Orren C. Moore, State printer. 1871. 8vo,
pp. 11.

39. Virginia. [l.J (Oct, 1, 1871.)— Report to the Auditor of Public Ac-

counts on the Oyster Beds of Virgiuia, by Orris A. Browne,
Inspector for third district of Virginia. Richmond : Shepper-
son & Graves, printers. 1872. Syo, pp. 21, including ap-
pendices.

40. Maine. [5.] (Dec. 31, 1871.)— Fifth Report of the Commissioner ot

Fisheries of the State of Maine, for tbe year 1871. Augusta:
Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1872. 8vo, pp.
31, pi. 1.

41. California. [1.] (Dec. 31, 1871 ?) — Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of California, for the years 1870 and 1871.
8vo, pp. 24.

42. New Jersey. [2.] (Dec, 1871?)— Second Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey. 1872.
Trenton, N. J. : Printed at the Gazette office. 1872. Svo, pp. 22.

1872.

43. Maryland. [2.] (Jan. 1, 1872.) — Report on the Oyster Fisheries: Po-

tomac River Shad and Herring Fisheries, and the Water Fowl
of Maryland to his excellency the Governor and other Commis-
sioners of the State O. P. Force, January, 1872. Annapolis:
S. S. Mills, L. F. Colton & Co., printers. 1872. Svo, pp. 48.

44. Pennsylvania. [2.J (Jan. 16,1872.) — Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Report of the Commissioner for the Restoration of the Inland
Fisheries, for the year 1871 ; including his special report to the
senate on the subject of fish ladders. Harrisburg : B. Singer-
ley, State printer. 1872. Svo, pp. 24, pi. 2.

45. Alabama. [2.] (Jan. 26, 1872.) — Report of the Commissioners to en-

courage Fish Culture, submitted to. tbe Governor of Alabama,
January 26, 1872. Senate, 1,000 copies. Montgomery, Ala.:
W. W. Screws, State printer. 1872. Svo, pp. 7.

46. Massachusetts. [7.] (Jan., 1872.) — Sixth Annual Report of the Com-

missioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending January 1,

1872. Boston : Wright & Potter, State printers, 79 Milk street
(corner of Federal). 187 , J. Svo, pp. 78, and Appendix, pp. 270,
pi. 2.

90 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

47. Rhode Island. [5.] (Feb. 23, 1872.)— Report of the Commissioners of

Internal Fisheries, presented February, 1S72. Appointed by
the governor in accordance with chap. 920, sec. 1, "An act
in amendment of Chap. 848, of the public laws," entitled "An
act for the encouraging and regulating inland fisheries," passed
March 21, 1871. Providence: A. Crawford Greene, printer to
the State. 1872. 8vo, pp. 10.

48. New York. [4.] (March 19, 1872?)— Fourth Annual Report of the Com-

missioner of Fisheries of the State of New York. Transmitted
to the legislature March 19, 1 872. Albany : The Argus Com-
pany, printers. 1872. 8vo, pp. 34.

49. Connecticut. [6.] (April 20, 1872.)— Sixth Report of the Commission-

ers of Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1872. Hartford:
Press of Case, Lockwood & Brainard. 1872. 8vo, pp. 30.

50. New Hampshire. [8.] (May 27, 1872.)— Report of the Commissioners

on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire, June session,
1872. Manchester: James M. Campbell, State printer. 1872.
Svo, pp. 15.

51. Vermont. [5.] (Oct. 29, 1872.)— Report of the Fish Commissioners of

the State of Vermont, by M. C. Edmunds and" M. Goldsmith,
for the years 1871-'72. Montpelier: J. & J. M. Poland's Steam
Printing Establishment. 1872. Svo, pp. 20. (No report in
1870.)

52. Maine. [6.] (Dec. 31, 1872?)— Sixth Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1872. Augusta:
Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1873. Svo, pp.
10.

53. New Jersey. [3.] (Dec, 1872?)— Third Annual Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, for the year

1872. Trenton, N. J.: The State Gazette, Murphy & Bechtel,
book and job printers. 1872. Svo, pp. 28.

1873.

54. Massachusetts. [8.] (Jan., 1873.)— Seventh Annual Report of the Com-

missioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending January 1,

1873. Boston : Wright & Potter, State printers, 19 Province
street. 1873. 8vo., pp. 35, pi. 3.

55. New York. [5.] (Jan., 1873.) — Report of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries of the State of New York. Transmitted to the legisla-
ture February 12, 1873. Albany: The Argus Company, print-
ers. 1873. Svo, pp. 32.

56. Rhode Island. [0.] (Feb. 24, 1873.)— Third Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly
at its January session, A. D. 1S73. Providence: Providence
Press Company, printers to the State. 1873. Svo, pp. 10.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 9t

57. Connecticut. [7.] (May 1, 1873.) — Seventh Report of the Commission-

ers of Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1873. Hartford,
Conn.: Press of Case, Lockwood & Brainard. 1873. 8vo, pp.
48.

58. New Hampshire. [0.] (May 30, 1873.)— Report of the Commissioners

on Fisheries of the State of Xew Hampshire, Juno session,

1873. Nashua: Orren C. Moore, State printer. 1873. 8vo,
pp. 13.

59. Massachusetts. [9.] (Dec. 1, 1873.)— Eighth Annual Reportof the Com-

missioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending January 1,

1874. Boston : Wright & Potter, State printers, corner Milk
and Federal streets. 1874. 8vo, pp. 63, pi. 1.

60. Maine. [7.] (Dec. 31, 1873.)— Seventh Reportof the Commissioners

of Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1873. Au-
gusta: Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1873.
Svo, pp. 39.

61. California. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1873?)— Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of California, for the years 1872 and 1873.
Svo, pp. 18.

62. California. [3.] (Dec. 31, 1873?) — Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of California, for the years 1872 and 1873.
San Francisco : Francis & Valentine, printers and engravers,
517 Clay street. 1874. Svo, pp. 28. (Reprint.)

63. Pennsylvania. [3.] (Dec. 31,1873?) — Common wealth of Pennsylvania.

Report of the State Commissioners of Fisheries, for the year
1873. Harrisburg: Benjamin Singerley, State printer. 1874.
8vo, pp. 32, 1 map.

64. New Jersey. [4.] (Dec, 1873?) — Fourth Annual Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of Xew Jersey, for the year
1873. Trenton, N. J. : The State Gazette, Murphy & Becktel,
book and job printers. 1873. Svo, pp. 32, pi. 1.

1874.

65. Maryland. [3.] (Jan. 1, 1874.) — Report of the Commander of the

Oyster Fisheries and Water Fowl of Maryland to his excellency
the governor and the Commissioners of the State O. P. Force,
January 1, 1874. Annapolis: William T. Iglehart & Co.,
printers to the State. 1874. Svo, pp. 11.

66. Utah. [1.] (Jan. 1, 1874.)— Report of Deseret Agricultural and Man-

ufacturing Society, for the years L872-'73. David O. Calder,
public printer, Salt Lake City, Utah. Svo, pp. 5-7.

67. New York. [6.] (Jan., 1874.)— Report of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries of the State of New York. Transmitted to the legisla-
ture February 5, 1874. Albany: Weed, Parsons & Co.,
printers. 1874. Svo, pp. 41, pi. 8, 1 cut.

92 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

68. Rhode Island. [7.] (Feb. 19, 1 ST 1.)— Fourth Annual Report of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, made to the general assem-
bly at its January session, A. 1). 1S74. Providence: Providence
Press Company,' printers to the State. 1874. Svo, pp. 10.

69. Ohio. [1.1 (Feb. 28, 1874.) — Report of the Commissioners of Fisheries

of the State of Ohio, for the year ending December, 1873. Co-
lumbus: Nevins & Myers, State printers, 1874. Svo, pp. 40,
5 cuts. (Grystes nigricans, G. mcgastoma, Labrax miiltilineatus,
Centrarchus hexacanthus.)

70. Connecticut. [8.] (April 30, 1874.)— Eighth Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1874. Hart-
ford: Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company, 1874.
Svo, pp. 30.

71. New Hampshire. [10.] (May 20, 1874.) — Report of the Commissioners

on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire, June session,
1874. Concord : Edward A. Jenks, State printer. 1874. Svo,
pp. 15.

72. Vermont. [6.] (Oct. 27, 1874.)— Report of the Fish Commissioners of

the State of Vermont, by M. C. Edmunds and M. Goldsmith,
for the years 1873-'74. Rutland: Tuttle & Co., printers. 1874.
8vo, pp. 80, 2 cuts.

73. New Jersey. [5.] (Nov. 14, 1874?)— Fifth Annual- Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, for the
year 1874. Trenton, N. J.: Public Opinion — W. S. Sharp,
book and job printer, 86 and 88 Warren street. 1874. Svo,
pp. G2.

74. Maine. [8.] (Nov. 30, 1874.)— Eighth Report of the Commissioners

of Fisheries of the State of Maiue, for the year 1874. Au-
gusta: Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1874.
Svo, pp. 32.

75. Massachusetts. [10.] (Dec. 1, 1874.) — Ninth Annual Report of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending Janu-
ary 1, 1875. Boston: Wright & Potter, State printers, 79
Milk street (corner of Federal). 1875. Svo, pp. 57.

76. Michigan. [1.] (Dec. 1, 1874.) — First Report of the State Commis-

sioners and Superintendent, on State Fisheries, for 1873-74,
ending December 1, 1874. By authority. Lansing: W. S.
George & Co., State printers and binders. 1875. Svo, pp. 67.

77. Wisconsin. [1.] (Dec. 1874.)— First Annual Report of the Fish

Commissioners of the State of Wisconsin, to his excellency
Governor William R.Taylor. Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens,
State printer. 1875. Svo, pp. S.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 93

1875.

78. Rhode Island. [8.] (Jan. 30, 1875.)— Fifth Annual Report of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, made to the general as-
sembly at its January session, A. D. 1875. Providence : Prov-
idence Press Company, printers to the State. 1875. 8vo, pp.
20.

79. New York. [7.] (Jan., 1875.)— Seventh Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of New York. Trans-
mitted to the legislature February 1, 1875. Albany: Weed,
Parsons & Co., printers. 1875. Svo, pp. GO, pi. 15, diag. 1.

80. Minnesota. [1.] (Feb. 20, 1875.)— First Annual Report of the State

Fish Commissioners of Minnesota. Printed by order of the
legislature. Saint Paul : 1875. 8vo, pp. 30.

81. New Hampshire. [11.] (Feb. 20, 1875.) — Report of the Commission-

ers on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire. June session,
1875. Concord: Charles C. Pearson, State printer, 1875. 8vo,
pp. 16.

82. Connecticut. [9.] (May 1, 1875.) — Ninth Report of the Commission-

ers on Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1875. Hartford :
Press of the Case, Lock wood & Brainard Company. 1875w
8vo, pp. 32.

83. Iowa. [1.] (Oct. 27, 1875?)— First Report of the State Fish Commis-

sioners of Iowa, for the years 1874 and 1875. Des Moines : R.
P. Clarkson, State printer. 1876. Svo, pp. 40.

84. New Jersey. [6.] (Nov. 14, 1875?)— Sixth Annual Report of the

Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, for the
year 1875. Trenton, N. J.: Public Opinion — William S. Sharp,
steam power book and job printer. 1875. 8vo, pp. 35.

85. Maine. [9.] (Dec. 9, 1875?) — Ninth Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1875. Augusta :
Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State, 1875. Svo, pp. 40.

86. Massachusetts. [11.] (Dec. 15, 1875?)— Tenth Annual Report "of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending Janu-
ary 1, 1875. Boston : Wright & Potter, State printers, 79
Milk street (corner of Federal), 1876. Svo, pp. 72.

87. California. [4.] (Dec. 31, 1875?)— Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of California, for the years 1874 and 1875.
8vo, pp. 36.

88. Pennsylvania. [4.] (Dec. 31, 1875?) — Commonwealth of Pennsylva-

nia. Report of the State Commissioners of Fisheries, for the
year 1874. Harrisburg: B. F. Meyers, State printer, 1875.
8vo, pp. 29.

94 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

89. Virginia. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1875?)— Annual Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of the State of Virginia, for the year 1875. Rich-
mond: R. F. Walker, superintendent public printing, 1875.
8vo, pp. 34, 3 cuts. (Striped bass, brook trout, and black
bass.)

90. Wisconsin. [2.] (Dec, 1875.) — Second Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin. Madison,
Wis.: E. B. Bolens, State printer, 1875. 8vo, pp. 15.

91. Minnesota. [2.] (Dec, 1875 ?)— Second Annual Report of the State

Fish Commissioners of Minnesota. Saint Paul : Pioneer Press
Company, 1876. 8vo, pp. 19.

1876.

92. Maryland. [4.] (Jan. 1, 1876.) — Frontispiece. Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of Marylaud, January, 1876. Annapo-
lis: John F. Wiley, printer. 3876. 8vo, pp. 176, lxiii. 1 map,
pi. 6 (including frontispiece). Contains list of Maryland fishes,
by P. R. Uhler and Otto Lugger.

93. Utah. [2.] (Feb. 14, 1876.)— Statistical Report of the Deseret Agri-

cultural and Manufacturing Society, for the year 1875. Pre-
sented to the legislative assembly by Hon. A. P. Rockwood,
February 14, 1876. David O. Calder, public printer. Salt
Lake City: Printed at the Deseret News steam printing estab-
lishment. 1876. 8vo, pp. 8.

94. Rhode Island. [9.] (Feb. 29, 1876.)— State of Rhode Island and Provi-

dence Plantations. Annual Report of the Commissioners on
Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly of the State of
Rhode Island at its January session, A. D. 1876. Providence:
Providence Press Company, printers to the State. 1876. 8vo,
pp. 11.

95. New York. [8.] (Feb., 1876.)— Eighth Annual Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of New York, for the year end-
ing December 31, 1875. Transmitted to the legislature March
17, 1876. Jerome B. Parmenter, State printer, 1876. 8vo,
pp. 59.

96. New Hampshire. [12.] (March 2, 1876.) — Report of the Commission-

ers on Fisheries of the State of New Hampshire, June session,
1876. Concord : Edward A. Jenks, State printer. 1876. 8vo,
pp. 16.

97. Connecticut. [10.] (May 17, 1876.) — Tenth Report of the Commission-

ers on Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1876. Hartford:
Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company. 1876. 8vo,
pp. 34.

98. Vermont. [7.J (Oct. 1S76?)— Report of the Fish Commissioners for the

State of Vermont, for 1875-'76. Rutland: Tuttle & Company,
printers. 1872. Svo, pp. 16.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 95

99. New Jersey. [7.] (Nov. 14. 1876?)— Seventh Annual Report of the

Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, for the
year 1876. Trenton, N. J.: John L. Murphy, book and job
printer. 1876. Svo, pp. 47.

100. Virginia. [3.] (Nov. 30, 1876.)— Annual Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of the State of Virginia, for the year 1876. Rich-
mond: R. F. Walker, superintendent public printing. 1876.
Svo, pp. 13.

101. Maine. [10.] (Dec. 9, 1876!)— Tenth Report of the Commissioners

of Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1876. Augusta :
Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1876. Svo,
pp. 31.

102. Michigan. [2.] (Dec. 20, 1876 ?)— Second Report of the State Fish

Commissioners and Superintendent on State Fisheries, for
1875-'6, ending December 20, 1876. By authority. Lansing:
W. S. George & Son, State printers and binders. 1876. Svo,
pp. 67.

103. Wisconsin. [3.] (Dec. 21, 1876.)— Third Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin, for the year
1876. Madison, Wis.: E. B. Bolens, State printer. 1876.
Svo, pp. 23.

104. Massachusetts. [12.] (Dec. 31, 1876?)— Eleventh Annual Report of

the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending
January 1, 1877. Boston : Albert J. Wright, State printer, 79
Milk street (corner of Federal). 1877. Svo, pp. 50.

105. Minnesota. [3.] (Dec, 1876?)— Third Annual Report of the State

Fish Commissioners of Minnesota, for the fiscal year ending
December 31, 1876. Printed by order of the legislature. Saint
Paul: Pioneer Press Company. 1877. Svo, pp. 14.
105£. Georgia. [1.] (Dec. 31, 1876?)— Third Annual Report of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, for the year

1876. Atlanta, Ga.: 1877. Svo, pp. 6-7.

1877.

106. Connecticut. [11.] (Jan. 1, 1877.) — Eleventh Report of the Commis-

sioners on Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1877. Hart-
ford : Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company. 1877.
Svo, pp. 33.

107. Rhode Island. [10.] (Jan. 1, 1877.) — Annual Report of the Commis-

sioners on Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly of
the State of Rhode Island, at its January session, A. D. 1877.
Providence: Angell, Burlingame & Co., printers to the State.

1877. 8vo, pp. 11.

108. Maryland. ]5.] (Jan. 1, 1877?) — Report of a Commissioner of Fish-

eries of Maryland, January, 1877. King Brothers, printers,
162 West Baltimore street. 1877. Svo, pp. 108, pi. 2, 1 cut.

96 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

109. Ohio. [2.] (Jan. 13, 1877.)— First Annual Report of the Ohio State

Fish Commission, to the Governor of the State of Ohio, for the
years 1875 and 1870. Columbus : Nevins & Myers, State print-
ers. 1877. 8vo, pp. 96, pi. 13.

110. Pennsylvania. [5.] (Feb. 7, 1877.) — Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.

Report of the State Commissioners of Fisheries, for the year
1876. Harrisburg: B. F. Meyers, State printer. 1877. Svo,
pp. 28.

111. New York. [0.] (Feb., 1877.)— Ninth Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of New York, for the year
ending December 31, 1876. Transmitted* to the legislature
February 27, 1877. Jerome B. Parmenter, State printer. 1877.
8vo, pp. 20.

112. New Hampshire. [13.] (May 19, 1877. "?)— Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of New Hampshire, June session, 1877. Concord:
Edward A. Jenks, State printer. 1877. 8vo, pp. 45.

113. Iowa. [2.] Oct. 13, 1877.)— Second Biennial Report of the State

Fish Commission of Iowa, being reports for the years 1875-'6
and 1876-'7. Des Moines : R. P. Clarkson, State printer. 1877.
8vo, pp. 37.

114. Kentucky. [1.] (Nov. 1, 1877.)— First Report of the Fish Commis-

sioners of Kentucky, for the year ending November 1, 1877.
Property of the State of Kentucky. Frankfort, Ky.: Printed
at the Kentucky Yeoman office, S. I. M. Major, public printer.
1878. 8vo, pp. 22.

115. California. [5.] (Nov. 10, 1877.) — Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of California, for the years 1876 and 1877.
8vo, pp. 30.

116. Virginia. [4.] (Nov. 20, 1877.)— Annual Report of the Fish Com-

missioner of the State of Virginia, for the year 1877. Rich-
mond : R. F. Walker, superintendent public printing. 1877.
8vo, pp. 60.

117. Maine. [11. J Nov. 30, 1877."?)— Eleventh Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1877.
Augusta : Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1877.
8vo, pp. 30.

118. Wisconsin. [4.] (Nov., 1877.)— Fourth Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin, for the fiscal
year ending September 30, 1877. Madison, Wis. : David At-
wood, printer and stereotyper. 1877. Svo, pp. 23.

119. Massachusetts. [13.] (Dec. 1, 1877.)— Twelfth Annual Report of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending Janu-
ary 1, 1878. Boston : Rand, Avery & Co., printers to the Com-
monwealth, 117 Franklin street. 1878. Svo, pp. 68, 1 map.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 97

Vol. Ill, No. 7. Washington, D. C. August 9, 1883.

120. New Jersey. [8.] (Dec. 5, 1877. ?)— Eighth Annual Report of the

• Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, for the
year 1877. Trenton, N. J.: Naar, Day & Naar, printers. 1877.
8vo, pp. 63, pi. 2, 1 cut.
120£. Georgia. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1877.?)— Fourth Annual Report of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture of the State of Georgia, for the year

1877. Atlanta, Ga.: James P. Harrison & Co., printers and
•binders. 1878. 8vo, pp. 29-30.

121. Minnesota. [4.J (Dec, 1877. ?)— Fourth Annual Report of the State

Fish Commissioners of Minnesota, for the fiscal year ending
December 31, 1877. Transmitted to the legislature of the
twentieth annual session, 1878. Minneapolis : Johnson, Smith
& Harrison. 1878. 8vo, pp. 24.

122. Pennsylvania. [6.] (Dec, 1877.?) — Report of Joint Special Com-

mittee on the operations of the Fish Department. Harrisburg :
Lane S. Hart, State printer. 1878. 8vo, pp. 20, chart.

1878.

123. Connecticut. [12.] (Jan. 1, 1878.)— Twelfth Report of the Commis-

sioners on Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1878. Hart-
ford: Press of the Case, Lock wood & Brainard Company.

1878. 8vo, pp. 24.

124. Utah. [3.] (Jan. 1, 1878.) — Report of A. P. Rockwood, Superin-

tendent Zion's Co-operative Fish Association, 1871-1878. 8vo,
pp. 14. (Title page not seen.)

125. Maryland. [6.] (Jan. 1, 1878. ?) — Report of a Commissioner of Fish-

eries of Maryland. January, 1878. Baltimore: Printed by
King Brothers, 162 West Baltimore street. 1878. 8vo, pp.
125, 5 tables, pi. 2 + VI, 1 cut.

126. North Carolina. [3.] (Jan. 15, 1878.)— Third Quarterly Report of

Leonidas L. Polk, Commissioner, to the Board of Agriculture,
Immigration, and Statistics. January 15, 1878. Raleigh:
Farmer and Mechanic steam book and job office. 1877. 8vo,
pp. 22. (Artificial Propagation of Fish, pp. 10-14.)

127. Pennsylvania. [7.] (Feb. 11, 1878.) — Commonwealth of Pennsyl-

vania. Report of the State Commissioners of Fisheries, for the
year 1877. Harrisburg: Lane S.Hart, State printer. 1878.
8vo, pp. 38, 1 cut.

128. New York. [10.] (Feb., 1878.)— Tenth Anuual Report of the New

York Fishery Commissioners for the year 1877. Albany, N. Y.:
Van Benthuysen Printing House. 1878. 8vo, pp. 47, pi. 3.

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 7

98 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

129. New Hampshire. [14.] (Apr. 1, 1878.?)— Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of New Hampshire, June session, 1878. Manches-
ter : John B. Clarke, State printer. 1878. Svo, pp. 75, pi. 3, 5
cuts.

130. Ohio. [3.] (Apr. 9, 1878.)— Second Annual Report of the Ohio State

Fish Commission, made to the Governor of the State of Ohio,
for the year 1877. Columbus: Xevius & Myers, State print-
ers, 1878. 8vo, pp. 116, 10 cuts.

131. Rhode Island. [11.] (Apr. 9, 1878.)— State of Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations. Eighth Annual Report of the Com-
missioners of Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly,
at the January session, A. D. 1878, together with the laws of
the State now in force relating to inland fisheries. Office of the
Secretary of State, April, 1878. Providence : G. L. Freeman
& Co., printers to the State. 1878. Svo, pp. 19.

132. Kansas." [1.] (June 30, 1878.)— First Biennial Report of the Com-

missioner of Fisheries of the State of Kansas, for the years
1877-78. Topeka, Kans. : Geo. W. Martin, Kansas Publish-
ing House. 1878. Svo, pp. 20.

133. North Carolina. [2.] (Oct. 15, 1878.)— Second Quarterly Report of

the Commissioner of Agriculture, for the year 1878 (embrac-
ing, also, the first quarter). Raleigh, N. C. : Farmer and Me-
chanic steam book and job print. 1878. Svo, pp. 22. (Fish
Propagation, pp. 5-7.)

134. Vermont. [8.] (Oct., 1878.) — Biennial Report of the Fish Commis-

sioners of the State of Vermont, for 187 7-'78. Rutland: Tut-
tle & Co., stationers and official printers to the State of Ver-
mont. 1878. 8vo, pp. 24.

135. Massachusetts. [14.] (Oct., 1878. ?)— Thirteenth Annual Report of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending Sep-
tember 30, 1878. Boston : Rand, Avery & Co., printers to the
Commonwealth, 117 Franklin street. 1879. Svo, pp. G3.

136. Virginia. [5.] (Nov. 5, 1878.) — Annual Report of the Fish Commis-

sioner of the State of Virginia, for the year 1878. Lexington,
Va. : Lexington Gazette job office. 8vo, pp. 23.

137. West Virginia. [1.] (Nov. 22, 1878.)— Report of the Fish Commis-

sioners of the State of West Virginia, for the years 1877-'7S.
Wheeling: W. J. Johnston, public printer, 1879. 8vo, pp. 28.

138. Michigan. [3.] (Dec. 20, 1878. ?)— State of Michigan. Third Report

of the Superintendent of the Michigan State Fisheries for
1877-'78, ending December 20, 1878. By authority. Lansing :
W. S. George & Co., State printers and binders. 1879. 8vo,
pp. 96.

139. Nevada. [l.J (Dec. 28, 1878.)— First Biennial Report of the Fish

Commissioner of the State of Nevada, for the years 1877 and
1878. San Francisco : A. L. Bancroft & Company, printers^
721 Market street, 1879. Svo, pp. 7.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 99

140. Wisconsin. [5.] (Dec. 29, 1878.)— Fifth Annual Eeport of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin, for tbe year
ending December 31, 1878. Madison, Wis. : David Atwood,
State printer. 1879. 8vo, pp. 46, pi. 2.

141. New Jersey. [9.] (Dec. 31, 1878.) — Eeport of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of New Jersey, for the year 1878. Tren-
ton, N. J. : Naar, Day & Naar, printers. 1878. 8vo, pp.
33.

142. Maine. [12. J (Dec. 31, 1878?)— Twelfth Report of the Commissioners

of Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1878. Augusta :
Sprague, Owen & Nash, printers to the State. 1878. 8vo,
pp. 26.

143. Minnesota. [5.] (Dec, 1878?)— Fifth Annual Eeport of the State

Fish Commissioners of Minnesota, for the fiscal year ending
December 31, 1878. Transmitted to the legislature of the
twenty-first annual session, 1879. St. Paul : Miller & Eich,
book and job printers, 28 East Third street. 1879. 8vo, pp.
22, 1 cut.

1879.

144. Connecticut. [13.] (Jan. 1, 1879.)— Thirteenth Eeport of the Com-

missioners on Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1879.
Hartford, Conn. : Press of the Case, Lockwood & Brainard
Company. 1879. 8vo, pp. 34.

145. Maryland. [7.] (Jan. 1, 1879?) — Eeport of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of Maryland, January, 1879. Annapolis : George
Colton, State printer. 1879. 8vo. • Frontispiece (plate of
Salmo salar), pp. i-xl, followed by Public General Laws on
Fish and Fisheries, 6 pages, and Public Local Laws on Fish
and Fisheries, pp. 7-16.

146. North Carolina. [3.] (Jan. 6, 1879.)— Eeport of L. L. Polk, Commis-

sioner of Agriculture. 1S77-1S78. 8vo, pp. 51. (Fish Propaga-
tion, pp. 7-15.)

147. Ohio. [4.] (Jan. 14, 1879.)— Third Annual Eeport of the Ohio State

Fish Commission, made to the governor of the State of Ohio,
for the year 1878. Columbus : Nevins & Myers, State print-
ers. 1879. 8vo, pp. 22.

148. Kansas. [2.] (Jan. 25, 1879.)— Supplemental Eeport of Fish Com-

missioner for December, 1878. 8vo, pp. 3. (Title page not
seen.)

149. Pennsylvania. [8.] (Feb. 20, 1879.)— Commonwealth of Penn-

sylvania. Eeport of the State Commissioners of Fisheries,
for the year 1878. Presented in Senate February 20, 1870.
Harrisburg: Lane S. Hart, State printer. 1879. 8vo, pp. 44,
1 cut.

100 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

150. North Carolina. [4.] (Apr. 1, 1879.)— Fish Culture in North Caro-

lina. Outside title: Fi.sh Culture in North Carolina. L. L.
Polk, Commissioner. 1879. 8vo, pp. 26.

151. New Hampshire. [15.] (May 1, 1879?)— Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of New Hampshire, June session, 1879. Manches-
ter: John B. Clarke, State printer. 1879. 8vo, pp. 51, pi. 3.

152. Iowa. [3.] (Oct. 1, 1879.)— Third Biennial Eeport of the State Fish

Commission of Iowa, being report for the years 1877-'78 and
1878-'79. (Printed by order of the general assembly.) Des
Moines : F. N. Mills, State printer. 1880. 8vo, pp. 54.

153. Washington. [1.] (Oct. 1, 1879.) — Report of the Fish Commissioner

of the Territory of Washington, 1879. Published by author-
ity. Olympia: C. B.Bagley, public printer. 1879. 8vo,pp. 4.

154. South Carolina. [2.1 (Oct. 31, 1879?)— Report of Fish Commissioner

for the year 1879. 8vo, pp. 509-582. (Title page not seen.)

155. Massachusetts. [15.] (Oct, 1879?) — Fourteenth Annual Report of

the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending
September 30, 1879. Boston : Rand, Avery & Co., printers to
the Commonwealth, 117 Franklin street. 1880. 8vo, pp. 50.

156. California. [6.] (Nov. 1, 1879.)— Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of the State of California, for the years 1878 and 1879.
Sacramento: State office, F. P. Thompson, Supt. State print-
ing. 1879. 8vo, pp. 63.

157. Kentucky. [2.] (Nov. 1, 1879.)— Second Biennial Report of the

Fish Commission of Kentucky, being reports for the years
1877-'78 and 1878-'79. Property of the State of Kentucky.
Frankfort, Ky.: Printed at the Kentucky Yeoman office, E.
H. Porter, public printer. 1879. 8vo, pp. 30.

158. Virginia. [6.] (Nov. 1,1879.)— Annual Report of the Commissioner

of Fisheries of the State of Virginia, for the year 1879. Rich-
mond : R. E. Frayser, superintendent public printing. 1879.
8vo, pp. 23, 3 cuts.

159. Maine. [13.] (Dec. 31, 1879?)— Report of the Commissioner of

Fisheries of the State of Maine, for the year 1879. Augusta:
E. F. Pillsbury & Co., State printers. 1879. 8vo, pp. 35.

160. Wisconsin. [6.] (Dec. 31, 1879?)— Sixth Annual Report of the

Commissioners of Fisheries of the State of Wisconsin, for the
year ending December 31, 1879. Madison, Wis. : David At-
wood, State printer. 1880. 8vo, pp. 36, pi. 2.

1880.

161. Connecticut. [14.] (Jan. 1, 1880.)— Fourteenth Report of the Com-

missioners on Fisheries of the State of Connecticut, 1880.
Hartford, Conn.: Press of the Case, Lock wood & Brainard
Company. 1880. 8vo, pp. 23.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 101

162. Maryland. [8.] (Jan. 1, 1880 "?) — Eeport of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of Maryland, January, 1880. Annapolis : W. T. Ingle-
hart & Co., State printers. 1880. 8 vo; frontispiece, pp.
lxxviii, 209; index separately paged, 1-8; 5 plates+ plates I-X;
1 map.

163. Nebraska. fl.J (Jan. 1,1880?) — Outside title page: Annual Eeport

of the State Board of Fish Commissioners, for the year 1879.
Lincoln, Nebr. : State Journal Company, State printers. 18S0,
8vo, pp. 16.
Inside heading : Annual Eeport of the State Board of Fish Com-
missioners, for the year 1879.

164. Ohio. [5.] (Jan. 15, 1880.)— Fourth Annual Eeport of the Ohio

State Fish Commission, made to the governor of the State of
Ohio, for the year 1879. Columbus: Nevius & Myers, State
printers. 1880. 8vo, pp. 35.

165. Virginia. [7.] (Jan. 28, 1880.) — Eeport upon the Fisheries and

Oyster Industries of Tidewater Virginia, with recommenda-
tions of such legislation as is necessary to regulate the same
and derive a revenue from them. Made in obedience to a joint
resolution of the general assembly, by M. McDonald, Com-
missioner of Fisheries of Virginia. Eichmond: E. F. Walker,
superintendent public printing. 1880. 8vo, pp. 20.

166. New York. [11.] (Apr. 1, 1880.)— State of New York, No. 102. In

assembly, April 1, 1880. Eleventh Eeport of the Commis-
sioners of Fisheries of the State of New York, for the two
years ending December 31, 1879. 8vo, pp. 45.

167. Rhode Island. [12.] (Apr. 9, 1880?)— State of Ehode Island and

Providence Plantations. Ninth Annual Eeport of the Commis-
sioners of Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly at
its January session, 1880. Providence : E. L. Freeman & Co.,
printers to the State. 1880. 8vo, pp. 19, 3 diagrams.

168. New Hampshire. [16.] (June 1, 1880?)— Eeport of the Fish Commis-

sioners of New Hampshire to the governor and council, June,
18S0. Manchester: John B.Clarke, State printer. 18S0. 8vo,
pp. 6 , frontispiece.

169. Kansas. [3.] (June 30, 1880.) — Second Biennial Eeport of the State

Fish Commissioner. D. B. Long, commissioner. State of Kan-
sas. Topeka, Kans. : Geo. W. Martin, Kansas publishing
house. 1880. Svo, pp. 19.

170. Illinois. [1.] (Oct, 1, 1880.)— Eeport of the State Fish Commission of

Illinois. From July 1, 1879, to Sept. 30, 1880. Springfield:
H. W. Eokker, State pi inter and binder. 1880. Svo, pp. 14.

171. Georgia. [3.] (Oct. 15, 1880.) — Annual Eeport of the Commissioner of

Agriculture of the State of Georgia. J. T. Henderson, commis-
sioner. Atlanta, Ga,: Jas. P. Harrison & Co., printers and
publishers. 1880. Svo, pp. 5 and 33-38.

102 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

172. South Carolina. [3.] (Oct. 23, 1880.)— First Annual Eeport of the

Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of South Carolina,

1880. Columbia, S. C: James Woodrow, State printer. 1880.
8vo, pp. 53. Commercial fertilizers, p. 5 ; Fish Commission, pp.
12-17. This is the second annual report of the South Carolina
Fish Commission.

173. Vermont. [9.] (Oct. 26, 1880.)— Biennial Eeport of the Fish Commis-

sioners of the State of Vermont for 1879-'80. Rutland : Tuttle
& Co., official State printers. 1880. 8vo, pp. 10.

174. Massachusetts. [1C] (Oct., 1880?)— Fifteenth Annual Eeport of the

Commissioners of Inland Fisheries for the year ending Septem-
ber 30, 1880. Boston : Rand, Avery & Co., printers to the
commonwealth, 117 Franklin street. 1881. 8vo, pp. 77.

175. Colorado. [2.] (Dec. 1, 1880.) — Biennial Eeport of the Fish Commis-

sioner of the State of Colorado for the two years 1879-'80.
Denver, Colo.: Tribune Publishing Company, State printers.

1881. 8vo, pp. 34.

176. Michigan. [4.] (Dec. 1, 1880.)— State of Michigan. Fourth Eeport

of the State Commissioners and Superintendent on State fish-
eries for 1879-1880, ending December 1, 1880. By authority.
Lansing: W. S. George & Co., State printers and binders.
1881. 8vo, pp. 52.

177. Texas. [1.] (Dec. 1, 1880.)— First report of Texas Fish Commissioner

for the year 1880. J. H. Dinkins, commissioner. Austin : State
printing office, D. & D. Inst. 1880. 8vo, pp. 26.

178. North Carolina. [5.] (Dec. 1, 1880?)— Biennial Eeport of the Board of

Agriculture to the general assembly of North Carolina, 1879
and 1880. Raleigh: P. M. Hale and Edwards, Broughtou &
Co., State printers and binders, 1881 . 8vo. (Fish Propagation,
pp. 7-8.) Eeport of Superintendent of Fish and Fisheries, for
the years 1879-'80. By S. G. Worth, superintendent, pp. 2J-51.

179. Nehraska. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1880.)— Second Annual Eeport of the State

Board of Fish Commissioners for the State of Nebraska. Decem-
ber 31, 1880. Lincoln, N ebr. : Journal Company, State printers.
1881. 8vo, pp. 19.

180. Nevada. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1880.)— Second Biennial Eeport of the Fish

Commissioner of the State of Nevada for the years 1879 and

1880. Carson City: State office. J. W. Maddrill, sup't State
printing. 1881. 8vo, pp. 10.

181. West Virginia. [2.] (Dec. 31, 1880.)— (Outside title.) Eeport of the

Fish Commissioner of the State of West Virginia for the years
1879-'80. Wheeling, W. Va.: W. J. Johnston, public printer.

1881. 8vo, pp. 16.

(Inside title, erroneous.) Report of the Fish Commissioners of the
State of West Virginia, for the years 1878-'79. Wheeling: W.
J. Johnston, public printer. 1881.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 103

182. Wisconsin. [7.] (Dec. 31, 1880.)— Seventh Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries for the State of Wisconsin, for the year
ending December 31, 1880. Madison, Wis.: David Atwood,
State printer. 1881. 8vo, pp. 44, pi. 3.

183. Maine. [14.] (Dec. 31, 1880?)— Report of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries and Game of the State of Maine, for the year 1880.
Augusta: Sprague & Son, printers to the State. 1880. Svo,
pp. 54.

1881.

184. Connecticut. [15.] (Jan. 1, 1881.)— Fifteenth report of the Fish Com-

missioners of the State of Connecticut to the general assembly,
January session, 1881. Middletown, Conn.: Pelton & King,
printers and bookbinders. 1881. Svo, pp. 32.

185. Maryland. [0.] (Jan. 1,1881?)— Report of T.B.Ferguson, a Commis-

sioner of Fisheries of Maryland. January, 1881. Hagerstown,
Md. : Bell & Co., printers. 1881. Svo, frontispiece, pp. cxiv,
1 diagram, 8 cuts, 16 plates, appendices (pp. 1-152), alphabeti-
cal index (paged 1-G).

Appendix A. An account of experiments on oyster culture and
observations relating thereto, made at St. Jerome's Creek,
Maryland, during the summer of 1880, by John A. Ryder, pp.
1-80, 15 figures. Notes on some of the early stages of develop-
ment of the clam, or mananose (Mya arenaria Linn.), by John
A. Ryder, pp. 81-91, 11 figures.

Appendix B. Oyster and fish laws, pp. 93-152.

Alphabetical index (separately paged) 1-6.

186. Tennessee. [1.] (Jan. 3, 1881.) — Biennial Report of the Fish Commis-

sioner of the State of Tennessee to the forty-second general
assembly. January 3, 1881. Geo. F. Akers, commissioner.
Printed by act of general assembly. Nashville: Tavel, East-
man & Howell, printers to the State. 1881, Svo, pp. 13.

187. Ohio. [6.] (Jan. 20, 1881.)— Fifth Annual Report of the Ohio Fish

Commission made to the governor of the State of Ohio, for the
year 1880. Columbus, Ohio: G. J. Brand & Co., State printers.
1881. Svo, pp. 34.

188. Missouri. [1.] (Jan. 27, 1881.) — Report of the Fish Commissioners of

the State of Missouri to the thirty-first general assembly. Jef-
ferson City: Tribune Printing Company, State printers and
binders. 1881. Svo, pp. 42.

189. California. [7.] (Jan., 1881"?)— Report of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries of the State of California for the year 1880. Svo, pp. 70.

190. Minnesota. [6.] (Jan., 1881?)— The Sixth and Seventh Annual Re-

ports of the Minnesota State Fish Commission for the years
1879 and 1SS0. Saint Peter : J. K. Moore, State printer. 1881.
8vo, pp. 32.

104 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

191. Pennsylvania. [9.] (Feb. 15, 1881.)— Report of the State Commis-

sioners of Fisheries, for the • years 1879 and 1889. Harris-
burg: Lane S. Hart, State printer. 18S1. 8vo, pp. 151, State
seal on reverse of title-page, pi. 30 (20 illustrating fishes, em-
bracing figs. 1-14), 2 diagrams.

192. Rhode Island. [13.] (Feb., 1881.)— State of Rhode .Island and Provi-

dence Plantations. Tenth Animal Report of the Commission-
ers of Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly, at its
January session, A. D. 1881. Providence: E. L. Freeman &
Co., printers to the State. 1881. Svo, pp. 32.

193. New Hampshire. [17.] (June 1, 1881?)— Report of the Fish Commis-

sioners of Xew Hampshire, June session, 1881. Manchester :
John B. Clarke, public printer. 1881. 8vo, pp. 90.

194. Kentucky. [3.] (Oct, 10, 1881.)— Third Biennial Report of the Fish

Commission of Kentucky. Being reports for the years 1879-
'80 and 1SS0-\S1. Property of the State of Kentucky. Frank-
fort, Ky. : Printed at the Kentucky Yeoman office. S. I. M.
Major, public printer. 1882. Svo, pp. 26.

195. Iowa. [4.] (Oct. 31, 1881.)— Fourth Biennial Report of the State

Fish Commission of Iowa, for the years 1879-'80 and 1880-'81.
Printed by order of the general assembly. Des Moines: F. M.
Mills, State printer. 1882. 8vo, pp. 38.

196. South Carolina. [4.] (Oct, 31, 1881.)— Second Annual Report of the

Commissioner of Agriculture of the State of South Carolina.
1881. Columbia, S. C: James Woodrow, State printer. 1881.
Svo, pp. 131. On fish culture, see pp. 28-42 and 95.

197. Massachusetts. [17.] (Oct., 1881?)— Sixteenth Annual Report of the

Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending Sep-
tember 30, 1881. Boston: Rand, Avery & Co., printers to-
the Commonwealth, 117 Franklin Street. 1882. Svo, pp. 62.

198. Connecticut. [10.] (Dec. 1, 1881.)— Sixteenth Annual Report of the

Fish Commissioners, and First Report of the Shell-fish Commis-
sioners of the State of Connecticut to the general assembly,
January session, 1882. Hartford, Conn.: Press of the Case,
Lockwood & Braiuard Company. 1881. Svo, pp. 33. (In
same cover with No. 199.)

199. Connecticut. [17.] (Dee. 1, 1881.)— Report of the Commissioners of

Shell-fisheries of Connecticut. Presented to the legislature,
January session, 1882. Hartford, Conn.: Press of the Case,
Lockwood & Brainard Company. 1882. Svo, pp. 35-132, 2
folded maps. (In same cover with No. 198.)

200. Maine. [15.] (Dec. 31, 1881.)— Report of the Commissioner of Fish-

eries and Game of the State of .Maine for the year 1881. Au-
gusta: Sprague & Son, printers to the State. 18S2. 8vo,
pp. 31.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 105

201. Wisconsin. [8.] (Dec. 31, 1881.)— Eighth Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries for the State of Wisconsin for the year
ending December 31, 1881. Madison, Wis.: David Atwood,
State printer. 1882. 8vo, pp. 54.

1882.

202. Maryland. [11.] (Jan. 1, 1882?)— Report of Thomas Hughlett r

commissioner of fisheries of Maryland. January, 1882. An-
napolis, Md. : L. F. Colton, State printer. 1882. 8vo, pp. 32.

203. Rhode Island. [14.] (Jan. 5, 1882.)— State of Rhode Island and

Providence Plantations. Eleventh Annual Report of the Com-
missioners of Inland Fisheries, made to the general assembly
at its January session, A. D. 1882. Providence: E. L. Free-
man & Co., printers to the State. 1882. 8vo, pp. 10.
204 West Virginia. [3.] (Jan. 26, 1882.?)— Report of the Fish Commis-
sioners of the State of West Virginia for the year 1881.
Wheeling: W. J. Johnston, public printer. 1882. 8vo, pp.37.

205. Ohio. [7.] (Jan. 28, 1882.)— Sixth Annual Report of the Ohio Fish

Commission, made to the governor of the State of Ohio, for the
year 1881. Columbus: G. J. Brand & Co., State printers.

1882. 8 vo, pp. 19.

206. New York. [12.] (April 1, 1882.)— Annual Report of the Commis-

sioners of Fisheries of the State of New York for the year 1881.
Transmitted to the legislature April 24, 1882. Albany : Weed,.
Parsons & Company, printers. 1882. 8vo, pp. 83, pi. 4.

207. New Hampshire. [18.] (June 1, 1882?)— Report of the Fish and

Game Commissioners of New Hampshire, 1881-'82. Concord :
Parsons B. Cogswell, State printer. 1882. 8vo, pp. 47.

208. Kansas. [4.] (June 30, 1882.)— Third Bienniel Report of the State

Fish Commissioner. D. B. Long, commissioner, Ellsworth,
State of Kansas. Topeka, Kans. : Kansas Publishing House.

1883. 8vo, pp. 29. M. Pierce, C. P., pp. 40.

209. Illinois. [2.] (Oct. 1, 1882.) — Reports of the State Fish Commission

of Illinois. From July 1,1879, to September 30, 1882. Spring-
field, 111. : H. W. Rokker, State printer and binder. 1883. 8vo,
pp. 38.

210. Georgia. [4.] (Oct, 15, 1882.)— Report of the Commissioner of Agri-

culture of the State of Georgia, embracing the years 1881 and
1882. J. T. Henderson, commissioner. Atlanta, Ga. : Jas. P.
Harrison & Co., printers and publishers. 1882. 8vo, pp.
37-48.

211. Vermont. [10.] (Nov. 15, 1882.)— Biennial Report of the Fish Com-

missioners of the State of Vermont, for 1881-'82. Post-office
address of commissioners: Hiram A. Cutting, M. D., Lunen-
burgh; Herbert Brainerd, Saint Albans. Montpelier: Watch-
man and Journal press. 1882. 8vo, pp. 23.

106 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

212. Connecticut. [18.] (Nov. 30, 1882.)— Second Report of the Shellfish

Commissioners of the State of Connecticut, to the general as-
sembly, January session, 1883. Middletown, Conn.: Pelton &
King, printers and bookbinders. 1883. 8vo, pp. 44.

213. Colorado. [3.] (Dec. 1, 1882.)— Biennial Report of the Fish Commis-

sioner of the State of Colorado, for the two years 1881 and 1882.
Denver, Colo. : Tribune Publishing Company, State printers.
1882. 8vo, pp. 11.

214. Connecticut. [19.] (Dec. 1, 1882.)— Seventeenth Report of the Fish

Commissioners of the State of Connecticut, to the general as-
sembly, January session, 1883. Hartford, Conn. : Press of the
Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company. 1883. 8vo, pp. 28.

215. Maine. [16.] (Dec. 1, 1882.) — Report of the Commissioner of Fish-

eries and Game of the State of Maine. 1882. Augusta :
Sprague & Son, printers to the State. 1882. 8vo, pp. 38.

216. Michigan. [5.] (Dec. 1, 1882.)— Fifth Biennial Report of the Super-

intendent of the Michigan State Fisheries, for 1881-'82. End-
ing December 1, 1882; except the financial statement, which
ends September 1,1882. By authority. Lansing: W.S.George
& Co., State printers and binders. 1883. 8vo, pp. 26.

217. Minnesota. [7.] (Dec. 1, 1882.)— The Seventh and Eighth Annual

Reports of the Minnesota State Fish Commission, for the years
1881 and 1882, to the governor of Minnesota. Minneapolis:
Johnson, Smith & Harrison. 1883. 8vo, pp. 84.

218. Maryland. [12.] (Dec. 19, 1882.) — Report of the Commissioners of

Fisheries of Maryland. January, 1883. Thomas Hughlett, G.
W. Delawder, commissioners of fisheries of Maryland. Hagers-
town, Md. : Mail job print, 1883. 8vo, pp. 32, pi. 13.

219. Nebraska. [3.] (Dec. 31, 1882.)— Report of the Board of Fish Com-

missioners of Nebraska, for two years ending December 31,
1882. Lincoln, Nebr. : Journal Company, State printers. 1883.
Third Annual Report of the Board of Fish Commissioners of Ne-
braska. December 31, 1881. Lincoln, Nebr.: Journal Com-
pany, State printers. 1883. 8vo, pp. 13.

220. Nebraska. [4.] (Dec. 31, 1882.)— Report of the Board of Fish Com-

missioners of Nebraska, lor two years ending December 31,
1882. Lincoln, Nebr. : Journal Company, State printers. 1883.
Fourth Annual Report of the Board of Fish Commissioners of Ne-
braska. December 31, 1882. Lincoln, Nebr.: Journal Com-
pany, State printers. 1883. Svo, pp. 15-36.

221. Wisconsin. [9.] (Dec. 31, 1882.)— Ninth Annual Report of the Com-

missioners of Fisheries for the State of Wisconsin, for the year
ending December 31,1882. Madison, Wis.: Democrat Print-
ing Company, State priuters. 1883. Svo, pp. 52.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 107

222. Massachusetts. [18.] (Dec, 1882 ?)— Seventeenth Annual Eeport of

the Commissioners on Inland Fisheries, for the year ending De-
cember 31, 1882. Boston : Wright & Potter Printing Company,
State printers, 18 Post-office Square. 1883. 8vo, pp. 58.

1883.

223. Texas. [2.] (Jan. 1, 1883.)— Eeport of the Fish Commission of

Texas for the year 1882. Austin: E. W. Swindells, State
printer. 1883. Svo, pp. 12.

224. Nevada. [3.] (Jan. 4, 1883.) — Biennial Eeport of the Fish Commis-

sioner of the State of Nevada, for the years 1881 and 1882. Car-
son, Nev. : J. C. Harlow, State printer. 1883. Svo, pp. 11.

225. California. [8.J (Jan., 1883.)— Eeport of the Commissioners of Fish-

eries of the State of California for the years 1881 and 1882.
San Francisco: Francis, Valentine & Co., printers and ex-
changers, 517 Clay street. 1883. Svo, pp. 31.

226. Indiana. [1.] (Jan., 1883.) — First Annual Eeport of the Commis-

sioner of Fisheries of Indiana, to the general assembly. In-
dianapolis: Wm. B. Burford, State printer. 1883. Svo, pp. 103.

227. Delaware. [1.] (Jan., 1883?) — First Biennial Eeport of the Commis-

sioner of Fish and Fisheries for the State of Delaware, for the
years 1881 and 1882. Wilmington, Del. : Gazette print, Bell
& Taylor, 502 King street. 18S3. Svo, pp. 14.

228. Virginia. [8.] (Feb. 24, 1883.) — Annual Eeport of the Commissioner

of Fisheries, 1882. Richmond: Johns & Goolsby, printers.

1882. Svo, pp. 17. Appendix 31 pp., pi. 3, 1 cut.

229. Missouri. [2.] (Jan. 2G, 1883.) — Eeport of the Fish Commission of

the State of Missouri, to the thirty-second general assembly,
for the years 1881 and 1882. Jefferson City : State Journal
Company, State printers. 1883. Svo, pp. 62.

230. Tennessee. [2.] (Jan. (?), 1883.) — Report of the Fish Commissioners

of the State of Tennessee, for 1881 -'82. W. W. McDowell,
Edward D. Hicks, H. H. Sneed, commissioners. Nashville:
Albert B. Tavel, stationer and publisher. 1883. Svo, pp. 24.

231. Ohio. [8.] (Jan. 29, 1883.)— Seventh Annual Eeport of the Ohio

Fish Commission, to the governor of the State of Ohio, for the
year 1882. Columbus: G. J. Brand & Co., State printers.

1883. Svo, pp. 14.

232. North Carolina. [6.] (Jan. (?), 1883.)— Eeport of the Board of Agri-

culture to the Honorable the General Assembly of the State of
North Carolina, Document No. 18, session, 1883: [containing]
Second Biennial Eeport of S. G. Worth, Superintendent of
Fish and Fisheries of North Carolina. (Without cover,) Svo,
pp. 62-S1.

24 pp.

1*72

18 pp.

1873

28 pp.

1874.

36 pp.

1875.

30 pp.

1877,

63 pp.

1870,

70 pp.

1881.

31 pp.

is,-:;

108 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

3.-CIIE(KLI«T OF THE PIRMSHED REPORTS OF THE FISH (OH
7IISSIOIVEKS OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE UNITED STATES.

By (HAS. W. SMILEY.

ALABAMA.

30. (1) Preliminary report and memorial Dec. 13, 1870: 4 pp. 1p70.~

45. (2) R. of Cs. to the governor, January 26, 1872 Jan. 26, 1872: 7 pp. 1872.

CALIFORNIA.

41. (1) [First Biennial] R. of Cs. for 1870 and 1871.... Dec. 31, 1871 .'

61. (2) [Second Biennial] R. of Cs. for 1872 and 1873.. Dec. 31, 1873 ?

62. (3) [2d Biennial ] R. of Cs. for 1872 and 1873 [Repr. J.Dec. 31, 1873 ?
87. (4) [Third Biennial] R. of Cs. for 1874 and 1875.. .Dec. 31, 187:. .'

115. (5) [Fourth Biennial] R. of Cs. for 1876 and 1877. . Nov. 10, 1877

156. (0) [Fifth Biennial] R. of Cs. for 1878 and lc79..Nov. 1, 1879

189. (7) [Sixth] R. ofCs. for 1880 .Jan., 1881?

225. (8) [Seventh] R. of Cs. for 1881 and 1882 Jan., 1883

COLORADO.

(1) [First and second reports.] [Unpublished ?].. .Dec. 1, 1878 ? Unpublished f
175. (2) [3d and 4th reps. ] Biennial R. of C. for 1879-'80. . Dec. 1, 18S0 : 34 pp. 1881.

213. (3) [Fifth report] Biennial R.ofC. for 1881 and 1882 . Dec. 1, 1882 : 11 pp. 1882.

CONNECTICUT.

7. (1) [First] R. of Cs. toGen. Assem., May seas., 1867. .May, 1867 : 27 pp. 1867.

12. (2) [Second] R.ofCs. to Gen. Assem., Maysess. 1868. .May, 1868 : 28 pp. 1868.

18. (3) [Third] R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Maysess., 1869. May, 1869 : 18 pp. 1869.

27. (4) Fourth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., May sess., 1870. .May 7, 1870 : 37 pp. 1870.

37. (5) Fifth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., May sess., 1871.. May 12, 1871 : 46 pp. 1871.

49. (6) Sixth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Maysess ,1872. . .Apr. 26, 1872: 36 pp. 1872.

57. (7) Seventh R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., May sess., 1873. .May 1, 1873 : 48 pp. 1873.

70. (8) Eighth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., May sess., 1874. -Apr. 30, 1874 : 35 pp. 1874.

82. (9) Ninth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., May sess., 1875. .May 1, 1875 : 32 pp. 1875.

97. (10) Tenth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., May, 1876 May 17, 1876 : 34 pp. 1876.

106. (11) Eleventh B.ofCs. to Gen. Assam., Jan., 1877 ...Jan. 1, 1877 : 33 pp. 1877.

123. (12) Twelfth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1878. . .Jan. 1, 1878 : 24 pp. 1878.

144. (13) Thirteenth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1879. Jan. 1, 1879 : 34 pp. 1879.

161. (14) Fourteenth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1880. Jan. 1, 1880 : 2:'. pp. 1880.

184. (15) Fifteenth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1881 . . .Jan. 1, 1881 : 32 pp. 1881.

198. (16) Sixteenth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1882. .Dec. 1, 1881 : 33 pp. 1881.

199. ( 17)t 1st R. of Shell-fish Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1882. Dec. 1, 1881 : 99 pp. 18S2.

214. (is) -M K. of Shell-fish Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan., 1883. Nov. 30, 1882 : 44 pp. 1883.
212. (19) Seventeenth R. of Cs. to Gen. Assem., Jan.. 1883.Dec. 1, 1882 : 28 pp. 1883.

* The date of publication is placed at the extreme light, and is preceded by the
number of pages contained in the issue. This is preceded by the date when the re-
port was officially made if known; otherwise the date at which the report seems to
close is inserted with a query (?). The number on the left refers to the bibliography
of reports; the number in brackets to the State series. Words in brackets do not
occur on the title-panes of the reports. R. «>t' C. is used as an abbreviation for Report
of Commissioner ; Cn. for Commission ; Cs. for Commissioners.

+ In same cover with (16).

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 109

DELAWARE.

227. (1) First Biennial R. of C. for years 1881- '82 Jan. 1883 ? : 14 pp. 1883.

GEORGIA.

105h (1) R. of C. of Agriculture for the year 1876. . . .Dec. 31, 1876 ? pp. 6, 7. 1877.

12(H. (20 R. of C. of Agriculture for the year 1877 .... Dec. 31, 1877 ? pp. 29, 30. 1878.

171. (3) [First Biennial] R. of Supt. of Fisheries Oct. 15, 1880 : pp. 33-38. 1880.

[In R. of C. of Agr., for 1879-'80]

210. (4) [Second Biennial] R. of Supt. of Fisheries. . . . Oct. 15, 1882 : pp. 37-44. 1882.

[In R. of C. of Agr., years 1881-'82]

ILLINOIS.

170. (1) [First]R. of C. from July 1,1879 to Sept. 30, 1880.. Oct. 1, 1880: 14 pp. 1880.

209. (2) [Second] R. of Cn. from July 1, 1879 to Sept. 30, '82. Oct. 1, 1882 : 33 pp. 1883.

INDIANA.

226. (1) First Annual R. of C. to General Assembly Jan. 1883, : 103 pp. 1883.

IOWA.

83. (1) First R. of Cs. for years 1874 and 1875 Oct. 27, 1875 ? : 40 pp. 1876.

113. (2) 2d Biennial R. of Cn. for 1875-'76, 1876-'77 Oct. 13, 1877 : 31 pp. 1877.

152. (3) Third Biennial R. of Cn. for 1877-' 78, 1878-79 . .Oct. 1, 1879 : 54 pp. 1880.

195. (4) Fourth Biennial R. of Cn. for 1879- '80, '1880-'81 . . Oct. 31, 1881 : 38 pp. 1882.

KANSAS.

132. (l)First Biennial R. of C. for years 1877-'78 June 30, 1878: 20 pp. 1878.

148. (2) Supplemental R. for December 1878 Jan. 25, 1879 : 3 pp. 1879.

169. (3) Second Biennial R. of C. [for years 1879-'80] . . . .June 30, 1880 : 19 pp. 1880.

208. (4) Third Biennial R. of C. for years 1881-'82 June 30, 1882 : 69 pp. 1883.

KENTUCKY.

114. (1) First R. of Cs. for year ending Nov. 1, 1877 Nov. 1, 1877 : 22 pp. 1878.

157. (2) Second BiennialR. of Cn. for 1877-78, 1878-79. . . .Nov. 1, 1879: 30 pp. 1879.

194. (3) Third Biennial R. of Cn.for 1879-'80, 1880-'81 Oct. 10, 1881 : 26 pp. 1882.

MAINE.

19. (1) First R. of Cs. for the year 1867 Jan. 16, 1868 : 96 pp. 1869.

14. (2)* Second R. of Cs. for the year 1868 Dec. 31,1868: 45 pp. 1869.

23. (3) Third R. of C. for the year 1869 Dec. 31,1869: 48 pp. 1870.

31. (4) Fourth R. of C. for the year 1870 Dec. 31,1870: 56 pp. 1870.

40. (5) Fifth R. of C. for the year 1871 Dec. 31,1871: 31pp. 1872.

52. (6) Sixth R. of Cs. for the year 1872.' Dec. 31, 1872 ? : 16 pp. 1873.

60. (7) Seventh R. of Cs. for the year 1873 Dec. 31, 1873 ? : 39 pp. 1873.

74. (8) Eighth R. of Cs. for the year 1874 Nov. 30, 1874 : 32 pp. 1874.

85. (9) Ninth R. of Cs. for the year 1875 Dec. 9, 1875 ? : 40 pp. 1875.

101. (10) Tenth R. of Cs. for the year 1876 Dec. 9, 187(5 f : 31 pp. 1876.

117. (11) Eleventh R. of Cs. for the year 1877 Nov. 31, 1877 ? : 30 pp. 1877.

142. (12) Twelfth R. of Cs. for the year 1878 Dec. 31, 1878 ? : 26 pp. 1878.

150. (13) [Thirteenth] R. of C. for the year 1879 Dec. 31, 1879 ? : 35 pp. 1879.

* In same cover with (1).

110 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

183. (14) [Fourteenth] R. of C. for the year 1880 Dec. 31, 1880? : 55 pp. 1880.

200. (15) [Fifteenth] R. of C. for the year 1881 Dec. 31,1881: 31pp. 1882.

215. (1(5) [Sixteenth] R of C. for the year 1882 Dec. 1,1882: 38 pp. 1882.

MARYLAND.

21. (1) R. upon oyster resources in Maryland Oct., 1869: 20 pp. 1870.

43. (2)Ronoysternsberies,shadandlierringfisheries,&c.Jan., 1872: 48pp. 1«72.

65. (3) R. of Commander of oyster fisheries, &c Jan. 1,1872: 11pp. 1874.

92. (4) R. of Cs. to General Assembly, Jan. 1, 1876 Jan. 1, 187(5 : 239 pp. 1876.

108. (5) R.of aC, January, 1877 Jan. 1,1877? : 108 pp. 1877.

125. (6) R.of a C, January, 1878 Jan. 1,1878? : 156 pp. 1878.

145. (7) R.of Cs., January, 1879 Tan. 1,1879? : 56 pp. 1879.

162. (8) R. of Cs., January, 1880 Jan.1,1880?: 355 pp. 1880.

185. (9) R. of T. B. Ferguson, a C, January, 1881 Jan. 1,1881? : 294 pp. 1881.

(10) R. of Thos. Hughlett, a C, January, 1881 Jan. 1, 1881 ? : Unpublished.

202. (11) R. of Thos. Hughlet t, a C, January, 1882 Jan. 1, 1882 ? : 32 pp. i««9

218. (12) R. ofCs., January, 1883 Dec. 19, 1882 : 31 pp

MASSACHUSETTS.

1882.
1883.

1. (1) R. of Cs., appointed 1856; Chap. 58 May 5,1857: 54 pp. 1857.

4. (2) [First] R. of Cs., under resolve of May 3, 1865. Dec. 1, 1865 : 77 pp. 1866?

11. (3) [Second] R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1868.. Jan., 1868 : 50 pp. 1868.

15. (4) [Third] R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1869.. Jan., 1869 : 71 pp. 1869.

25. (5) [Fourth] R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1870. Jan., 1870 : 67 pp. 1870.

35. (6) Fifth R. of Cs. [for year ending] January, 1871. Jan., 1871 : 77 pp. 1871.

46. (7) Sixth R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1872.. .Jan., 1872 : 270 pp. 1872.

54. (8) Seventh R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1873.. Jan., 1873: 35 pp. 1872.

59. (9) Eighth R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1874. . .Dec. 1, 1873 : 63 pp. 1874.

75. (10) Ninth R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. I, 1875.. .Dec. 1, 1874 : 57 pp. 1875.

86. (11) Tenth R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1876- . -Dec. 15, 1875 ? : 72 pp. 1876.

104. (12) Eleventh R. ofCs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1877. Dec. 31, 1876 ? : 50 pp. 1877.

119. (13) Twelfth R. of Cs. for year ending Jan. 1, 1378. -Dec. 1, 1877 : 68 pp. 1878.

135. (14) Thirteenth R.ofCs. for year end'g Sept. 30, 1878 Oct., 1878?: 63 pp. 1879.

155. (15) FourteenthR.ofCs.foryearend'gSept.30,l879.Oct., 1879?: 50 pp. 1880.

174. (16)FifteenthR.ofCs.foryearend'gSept.30,1880.Oct., 1880?: 77pp. 1881.

197. (17) Sixteenth R.ofCs. for year end'g Sept. 30, 1881. Oct., 1881?: 62 pp. 1882.

222. (18) Seventeenth R. of Cs. year end'g. Dec 31, 1882. Dec, 1882 ? : 58 pp. 1883-

MICHIGAN.

77. (1) First [Biennial] R.ofCs. and Supt. for 1873-74,

ending Dec. 1,1874 Dec. 1,1874: 67 pp. 1875.

102. (2) Second [Biennial] R. of Cs. and Supt.for 1875-'76,

ending Dec. 20, 1876 Dec. 20,1876?: 67 pp. 1876.

133. (3) Third [Biennial] R. of Supt. for 1877-78, end-
ing Dec. 20, 1878 Dec. 20,1878?: 96 pp. 1879.

176. (1) Fourth [Biennial] R. of Cs. and Supt. for 1879-

'80, ending Dec. 1, 1880 Dec. 1,1880: 52 pp. 1881.

216. (5) Fifth Biennial R. of Supt. for 1881-'82, ending

Dec. 1,1882 Dec. 1,1882: 26pp. 1883.

MINNESOTA.

80. (l)FirstR. ofCs. [for year ending Dec. 31,1874]. ...Feb. 20,1875: 30 pp. 1875.
91. (2) Second R. of Cs. [for year ending Dec, 31, 1875] . . Dec, 1875 ? : 19 pp. 1876.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 111!

105. (3) Third E. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1876.. .Dec, 1876?: 14 pp. 1877.

121. (4) Fourth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1877. .Dec, 1877 ? : 34 pp. 1878.

143. (5) Fifth E. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1878 .... Dec, 1878 ? : 22 pp. 1879.

190. (6) Sixth and seventh R. of Cn. for 1879 and 1880. . . Jan., 1881 ? : 32 pp. 1881.

217. (7) Eighth [and ninth] R. of Cn. for 1881-'82 Dec. 1, 1832 : 84 pp. 1883.

MISSOURI.

188. (1) [First] R. of Cs. [for 1880] Jan. 27,1881: 42 pp. 1881.

229. (2) [Second] R. of Cn. for the years 1881 and 1882. .Jan. 26, 1883 : 62 pp. 1883.

NEBRASKA.

163. (1) [First] R. of Cs. for the year 1879 Jan. 1,1880?: 16 pp. 1880.

179. (2) Second R. of Cs. [for year ending] Dec. 31, '80 . .Dec 31, 1880 : 19 pp. 1881.

219. (3) Third R. of Cs. [for year ending] Dec 31. 1882 ..Dec 31,1882: 13 pp. 1883.

220. (4)* Fourth R. of Cs. [for year ending] Dec. 31, '82 ..Dec 31,1882: 22pp. 1883.

NEVADA.

139. (1) First Biennial R. of C. for years 1877 and 1878. . . .Dec 28, 1878: 7 pp. 1879.

180. (2) Second Biennial R. of C. for years 1879 and 1880. . .Dec 31, 1880 : 10 pp. 1881.
224. (3) [Third] Biennial R. of C. for years 1881 andl882..Jan. 4,1883:11pp. 1883.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

3. (1) R. of select committee, June session, 1865 July 1, 1865 : 8 pp. 1865.

5. (2) R. of Cs., June session, 1866 June 1,1866: 16 pp. 1866.

8. (3) R. of Cs., June session, 1867 July 5, 1867: 17 pp. ms. c

13. (4) R. of Cs., June session, 1868 June 18,1868: 8 pp. 1868.

19. (5) R. of Cs., June session, 1869 June 21, 1869 : 10 pp. 1869.

28. (6) R. of Cs., June session, 1870 June 10,1870: 15 pp. 1870.

38. (7) R. of Cs., June session, 1871 May 29, 1871 : 11 pp. 1871.

50. (8) R. of Cs., June session, 1872 May 27, 1872 : 15 pp. 1872.

58. (9) R. of Cs., June session, 1873 May 30,1873: 13 pp. 1873.

71. (10) R. of Cs., June session, 1874 May 20,1874: 15 pp. 1874.

87. (11) R. of Cs., June session, 1875 Feh. 20, 1875: 16 pp. 1875.

96. (12) R. of Cs., June session, 1876 Mar. 2,1876:16pp. 1876.

112. (13) R. of Cs., June session, 1877 May 19,1877?: 45 pp. 1877.

129. ( 14) R. of Cs. , June session, 1878 April 1 , 1878 ? : 75 pp. 1878.

151. (15) R. of Cs., June session, 1879 May 1,1879?: 51pp. 1879.

168. (16) R. of Cs., June [session], 1880 June 1,1880?: 61pp. 1880.

193. (17) R. of Cs., June session, 1881 June 1,1881?: 90 pp. 1881.

207. (18)R.of Fish and Game Cs., 1881-'82 June 1,1882?: 47 pp. 1882.

NEW JERSEY.

32. (I) First R. of Cs. [for the year 1870], 1871 Dec, 1870?: 25 pp. 1871.

42. (2) Second R. of Cs. [for the year 1871], 1872 Dec, 1871 ? : 22 pp. 1872.

53. (3) Third R. of Cs. for the year 1872 Dec, 1872 ? : 28 pp. 1872.

64. (4) Fourth R. of Cs. for the year 1873 Dec, 1873 ? : 32 pp. 1873.

73. (5) Fifth R. of Cs. for the year 1874 Nov. 14, 1874 ? : 62 pp. 1884.

84. (6) Sixth R. of Cs. for the year 1875 Nov. 14, 1875?: 29pp. 1875.

99. (7) Seventh R. of Cs. for the year 1876 Nov. 14, 1876 ? : 47 pp. 1876.

120. (8) Eighth R. of Cs. for the year 1877 Dec 5,1877?: 65 pp. 1877.

141. (9) [Ninth] R. of Cs. for the year 1878 Dec 31, 1879 : 33 pp. 1878.

* In same cover with (3).

112 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

NEW YORK.

17. (1) [First] R. of Cs. to legislature, March 9, 1869. . .Mar. 9, 1869 : 75 pp.

26. (2) [Secoiid] R. of Cs. to legislature. March 11, '70 Mar. 11,1870: 20 pp.

36. (3) [Third] R. of Cs. to legislature, Feb. 28, 1871... Feb. 1,1871 : 32 pp.

48. (4) Fourth R. of Cs. to legislature, March 19, '72. . .Mar. 19, 1872? : 154 pp.

55. (5; [Fifth] R. of Cs. to legislature, Feb. 12. 1873. . .Jan., 1873 : 32 pp.

67. (<i) [Sixth] K. of Cs. to legislature-, Feb. 5, 1874 ....Jan., 1874 : 41 pp.

79. (7) Seventh R. of Cs. to legislature, Feb. 1, 1875 Jan., 1875 : 61 pp.

95. (8) Eighth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1875. .Feb., 1876 : . r >9 pp.

111. (9) Ninth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1876. . . .Feb., 1877 : 20 pp.

128. (10) Tenth R. of Cs. for year 1877 Feb., 1878 : 50 pp.

166. (ll)EleventhR. ofCs. for2yrs.endingDec 31, '79. April 1,1880 : 45 pp.

206. (12) [Twelfth] R. of Cs. for the year 1881 April 1,1882 : 83 pp.

15, 1878 : pp. 10-14.
15,1878: pp. 5-8.

6,1879: 7-15 pp.

1, 1879 : 26 pp.

NORTH CAROLINA.

126. (1) Third Qr. of C, January 15, 1878 Jan.

133. (2) Second Qr. of C. of Agnc. for the year 1878. .Oct.

146. (3) R. of Snpt. [in R. of O of Agric, 1877-'78. . . Jan.

150. (4) Fish Culture in North Carolina, 1879 April

178. (5) R. of Supt. [in R. of C. of Agric, 1879-'80]„ ..Dec. 31, 1880 ? : pp. 25-51.
232. (6) Second Bennial R. of Supt., 1881-82 Dec. 31,1882: pp. 62-81.

[In R. of C. of Agric, 1883.]

OHIO.

69. (1) R.of Cs. for year ending December, 1873 Feb. 23,1874: 40pp.

109. (2) First R.of Cn. for years 1875 and 1876 Jan. 13,1877: 96 pp.

130. (3) Second R. of Cn. for year 1877 April 9,1878: 116 pp.

147. (4) Third R. of Cn. for year 1878 Jan. 14,1879: 22 pp.

164. (5) Fourth R. of Cn. for year 1879 Jan. 15,1880: 35 pp.

187. (6) Fifth R. of Cn. for year 1880 Jan. 20, 1881 : 34 pp.

205. (7) Sixth R. of Cn. for year 1881 Jan. 28, 1882 : 19 pp.

231. (8) Seventh R. of Cn. for year 1882 Jan. 29, 1883 : 14 pp.

PENNSYLVANIA.

33. (1) R. of C. for the year 1870 Jan. 23.1871: 48 pp.

44. (2)R.ofC.fortheyear 1871 Jan. 16,1872: 24pp.

63. (3)R.ofCs. for the year 1873 Dec. 31,1873?: 32 pp.

88. (4) R.of Cs. for the year 1874 Dec. 31,1875?: 29 pp.

110. (5) R. of Cs. for the years 1875 and 1876 Feb. 7,1877: 28 pp.

122. (6) R. of Special Committee Dec, 1877?: 20 pp.

127. (7) R.of Cs. for the year 1877 Feb. 11,1878: 38 pp.

149. (8) R. of Cs. for the year 1878 Feb. 20.1879: 44 pp.

191. (9) R.of Cs. for the years 1879 and 1880 Feb. 15,1881: 151pp.

RHODE ISLAND.

16. (1) R. of Cs. to General Assembly, Jan., 1869 Feb. 15, 1869 : 30 pp.

24. (3) R. of Com. [toGenl. Assem.], Jan. sess., 1870 Jan. 1870: 9 pp.

29. (2) R. of Com. of Genl. Assembly, May sess., 1870. . .June 15, 1870 : 159 pp

34. (4) [First] R. of Cs. [to G. A.], Jan. sess., 1870 Jan. 25, 1871 : 4 pp

47. (5) [Second] R.of Cs. [to G. A., Jan. sess., 1872 ....Feb. 23,1872: 16 pp

56. (6) Third R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1873 Feb. 24, 1873: 12 pp

68. (7) Fourth R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1873 Feb. 19, 1874 : 10 pp

78. (8) Fifth R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1875 Jan. 30, 1875: 20 pp

1869.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.
1876.
1877.
1878.
1880?
1882.

1877.
1878.
1879?
1879?
1881.
1883.

1874.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880.
1881.
1882.
1882.

1871.
1872.

1874.
1875.
1877.
1878.
1878.
1879.
1881.

1869?
1870.
1870.
1871?
1872.
1873.
1874.
1875.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 113

Vol. Ill, IVo. 8. Washington, D. C. August 9, 1883.

94. (9) [Sixth] R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1876 Feb. 29, Lfffa : 11 pp. 1876.

107. (10) [Seventh] R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1877. Jan. 1,1877: 11 pp. 1877.

131. (11) Eighth B. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1878 Apr. 9, 1878: 19 pp. 1878.

167. (12) Ninth R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1880 Apr. 9, 1880?: 19 pp. 1880.

192. (13) Tenth R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1881 Feb. 1881: 32pp. 1881.

203. (14) Eleventh R. of Cs. to G. A., Jan. sess., 1882 Jan. 5,1882: 10 pp. 1882.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

22. (1) R. on Fish, of Agr. and Mech. Soc . .Nov. 10, 1869 : pp. 21-26 and 45-47. 1869.

154. (2) [First] R. of C. for the year 1879 Oct. 31, 1879? : pp. 569-582. 1880?

172. (3) [Second] R. of Snpt. [R. of C. of Agr., 1880] . .Oct. 23, 1880 : pp. 12-17. 1880.
196. (4) [Third] R.of Supt. [R. of C. of Agr., 1881]. Oct. 31, 1881 : pp. 28-42, 95. 1881.

TENNESSEE.

186. (1) Bienn. R. of C. to Gen. Assem., Jan. 3, 1881 Jan. 3, ; 1881 : 13 pp. 1881.

230. (2) [Second] R. of Cs. for 1881-'82 Jan. (?), 1883: 24 pp. 1883.

TEXAS.

177. (1) First R. of C. for the year 1880 Dec. 1, 1880 : 26 pp. 1880.

223. (2) R.of C. for the year 1882 Jan. 1,1883: 13 pp. 1883.

UTAH.

66. (1) R. of Deseret Agr. and Mfg. Soc. for 1872-73. . . Jan. 1, 1874 : pp. 5-7. 1874 ?

93. (2) R. of Deseret Agr. and Mfg. Soc. for 1875 Feb. 14, 1876 : pp. 8-9. 1876.

124. (3) R. of Supt. of Zion's Fish Assoc'n, 1871-77 . . . .Jan. 1, 1878 : 14 pp. 1878 ?

VERMONT.

2. (1) R. on propagation of fish Oct. 22, 1857: 64 pp. 1857.

6. (2) R. of Cs. to annual session, 1766 Oct. 11, 1866 . 35 pp. 1866.

9. (3) R.of Cs. for the year 1867 Oct.25, 1867: 25 pp. 1867.

20. (4)R.ofCs. for the year 1869 Oct.25, 1869: 16 pp. 1869.

51. (5) [Biennial] R. of Cs. for the years 1871-72 Oct. 29, 1872 : 20 pp. 1872.

72. (6) [Biennial] R. of Cs. for the years 1873-74 Oct. 27, 1874 : 80 pp. 1874.

98. (7) [Biennial] R. of Cs. for [the years] 1875-76 Oct.— ,1876?: 16pp. 1876.

134. (8) Biennial R. of Cs. for 1877-78 Oct.— 1878: 24 pp. 1878.

173. (9) Biennial R. of Cs. for 1879-'80 Oct. 26, 1880: 10 pp. 1880.

211. (10) Biennial R. of Cs. for 1881-'82 Nov. 15, 1882: 23 pp. 1882.

VIRGINIA.

39. (1) Report to the Auditor on the oyster beds, &c Oct. 1, 1871: 21pp. 1872.

89. (2) R. of Cs. for the 1875 Dec. 31, 1875?: 34 pp. 1875.

100. (3) R. of Cs. for the year 1876 Nov. 30, 1876: 13 pp. 1876.

116. (4) R. of C. for the year 1877 Nov. 20, 1877: 60 pp. 1877.

136. (5) R.of C. for the year 1878 Nov. 5,1878: 25 pp. 1878?

158. (0) R. of C. for the year 1879 Nov. 1,1879: 23 pp. 1879.

165. (7) R. of C. on fisheries and oysters Jan. 28, 1880 : 20 pp. 1880.

228. (8) R. of C. [for three years ending Oct. 1], 1882. ...Feh. 24, 1883: 31 pp. 1882.

Bull. IT. S. F. C, 83 8

114 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

WASHINGTON.

153. (l)K.ofC. [forthe year] 1879 Oct, 1, 1879: 4 pp. 1879.

WEST VIRGINIA.

137. (1) R. of Cs. for the years 1877-78 Nov. 22, 1878: 28 pp. 1879.

181. (2) R. of Cs. for the years 1879-'80 Dec. 31, 1880 : 16 pp. 1881.

204. (3) R. of Cs. for the year 1881 Jan. 26, 1882 ! 37 pp. It82.

WISCONSIN.

75. (1) First R. of Cs. [for year ending Dec. 31, 1874]... Dec.

90. (2) Second R. of Cs. [for year ending Dec. 31, 1875] . .Dec.
103. (3) Third R. of Cs. for year [ending Dec. 31] 1876... .Dec.
118. (4) Fourth R. of Cs. for year ending Sept. 30, 1877 ....Nov.

140. (5) Fifth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1878 Dec.

160. (6) Sixth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1879 Dec.

182. (7) Seventh R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1880.. . .Dec.
201. (8) Eighth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1881... .Dec.
221. (9) Ninth R. of Cs. for year ending Dec. 31, 1882 Dec.

— , 1874 :

8 pp.

1875

— , 1875 :

15 pp.

1875

21,1876:

2:! pp.

1876

— , 1877 :

23 pp.

1-77

29, 1878 :

46 pp.

1879

31, 1879 !

:36 pp.

1880

29, 1880 :

44 pp.

L883

31,1881:

54 pp.

1882.

31,1882:

52 pp.

1883

'SI

RECAPITULATION.
[Years in which each State commission has issued reports.]

Massachusetts '57, '65, — , — , '68, '69, 70, '71,72, 73 2 , 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, '80,

Vermont '57, —,'66, '67, —,'69, — , —,72, — , 74, —.76, — , 78, — , '80,

New Hampshire '65, '66, '67, '68, '69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74,75,76,77, 78, 79, '80,

Connecticut '67, '68, '69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74,75,76,77, 78, 79, '80,

Maine '67, '68, '69, 70, 71,72, 73, 74,75,76,77, 78, 79, '80,

Rhode Island '69, 70 2 , 71, 72, 73, 74,75,76,77, 78, — , '80,

New York '69,70, 71,72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, — , '80,

Maryland : '69,—, —72, — , 74, — , 76, 77, 78, 79, '80,

South Carolina '69, — , — , — , — , — , — , — , — , — , 79, '80,

New Jersey 70, 71,72, 73, 74,75,76,77, 78, — , .— ,

Alabama 70, -,72, -, _,__,_, _ _ _ .

Pennsylvania 71,72, 73, —75, — , 77», 78, 79, — , '81

Virginia 71,—, — , — , 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, '80, —

California 71,—, 73*, — , 75, — , 77, — , 79, — , '81

Utah 74, — , 76, — , 78, — , — , -

Ohio 74,—, — 77, 78, 79, '80, '81

Michigan 74, — , 76, — , 78, — , - 80, —

Wisconsin 74,75,76,77, 78, 79, '80, '81

Minnesota 74,75,76,77, 78, — , — , '81

Iowa 75, —,77, -, 79, — , '81

Georgia 76,77, — , —,'80, — ,

Kentucky 77, — , 79,

North Carolina 78 2 , 79 2 ,

Kansas 78, 79,

'81, '82, —
'82, —

'82, —

'81 3 , '82 2 , —

"West Virginia 78, — ,

Nevada 78, — ,

Washington 79,

Nebraska

Illinois

Colorado

Texas

Tennessee

Missouri

Indiana ;

Delaware '

- - 81

'80, —

'80, -

'80, -

'80, —

'80 2 , —
'80, -
'80, —
'80, —
....'81
....'81

'82, —

'82, —

'82, —

'82 2 , —

— ,

'83

— ,

'83

'82,

'83

'82,

—

'82,

—

'82,

—

'82, —

'82, —

'82, —

— , '83

'82 2 , —
'82, —
'82, -
— , '8S
— , '83
— , '8X
....'83

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH. COMMISSION. 115

4.— THE ORGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL OF THE UNITED STATES

I ISI1 COMMISSION, JUNE 1, 1SS3.

By CIIAS. W. SMILEY.

[nEADQUARTERS, 14415 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C.]

Office of the Commissioner :

Prof. Spencer F. Baird, LL. D., Commissioner.

Thos. B. Ferguson, Chief Assistant.

Edward Hayes, Stenographer.
Division of Accounts :

H. A. Gill, Disbursing Agent and Chief of* Division.

Miss Fannie A. Beese, Clerk.

W. J. Murphy, Clerk.
Division of Mailing:

J. P. Wilson.
Division of Becords and Publication :

Chas. W. Smiley, Editor of Publications and Chief of Division.

Chas. W. Scudder, Clerk.
. Miss Julia Bockwell, Indexer.

Clarence E. Latimer, Clerk.

Merwin P. Snell, Stenographer.
Division of Distribution:

Marshall McDonald, Chief of Division.

James S. Goldsmith, Clerk.

J. J. O'Conner, Stenographer.

George H. H. Moore, Conductor of Car No. 1 : Four Assistants.

J. Frank Ellis, Conductor of Car No. 2 : Four Assistants.

G. G. Davenport, Distributing Agent.
Division of Property :

Lieut. W. C. Babcock, U. S. N., Chief of Division.

Miss E. M. Marbury, Clerk.

STATIONS.

Central Hatching and Distributing Station (Shad, Salmon, Whitefish,
&c):

M. McDonald, Superintendent.

W. F. Page, in charge of Propagation.

John E. Brown, in charge of Property and Transportation.
Havre de Grace Station (Shad and Herring) :

Frank N. Clark, Superintendent; two watchmen.
McCloud Biver Station (Salmon and Trout) :

Livingston Stone, Superintendent. %

Myron Green, Chief Assistant.
Bucksport and Grand Lake Stream Salmon Stations (Schoodic and
Penobscot Salmon) :

Chas. G. Atkins, Superintendent.

H. Tl. Buck, Chief Assistant.

11G BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Northville and Alpena Stations (YVhitefish, Trout, &c.) :

Frank N". Clark, Superintendent.

Seymour Bower, Chief Assistant.
Washington Carp Ponds (Carp) :

Rudolph Hessel, Superintendent; six watchmen.

Six Watchmen.
Gloucester Station (Reports of Cod and Mackerel Fisheries).

S. J. Martin, Custodian.
Wood's Holl Station (Cod, &c.).*

Viual N. Edwards, Custodian.
Saint Jerome Station (Qysters) :

Pinckney Hopewill, Watchman.
Wytheville Station (Trout, &c.) :

George A. Seagle, in charge.
Fort Washington Station (Shad and Herring) :

Lieut. W. C. Babcock, U. S. N., Superintendent.

STEAMERS.

U. S. S. Albatross (385.82 tons, signal letters G. V. Q. B.) :

Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. IN"., Commanding Officer.

Lieut. Seaton Schroeder, U. S. N., Executive Officer and Navigator ;
in charge of Hydrography and Metrology.

Lieut. Sidney H. May, U. S. N., Watch Officer ; in charge of Sound-
ing Apparatus.

Lieut. A. C. Baker, U. S. N., Watch Officer ; in charge of Dredging
Apparatus.

Ensign Clifford J. Boush, U. S. N., Watch Officer ; in charge of Elec-
tric Apparatus.

Ensign R. H. Miner, U. S. N., Recording Officer ; in charge of Ma-
rine Vertebrates.

Surgeon Jerome H. Kidder, U. S. N., Medical Officer ; in charge of
Chemistry.

Paymaster George H. Read, U. S. N., Pay Officer; in chnrge of
Photography.

Passed Asst. Engineer George W. Baird, U. S. N., Chief Engineer ;
in charge of Special Mechanical Appliances.

James E. Benedict, Resident Naturalist.
U. S. S. Fish Hawk (205.71 tons, signal letters G. V. Q. C):

Lieut. W. M. Wood, U. S. N., Commanding Officer.

James A. Smith, Mate and Executive Officer.

D. H. Cleaveland, Mate.

Wrajj, Bailie, Passed Asst. Engineer, Acting Chief Engineer.

J. Allan Kite, M. D., Civilian, Apothecary.
U. S. S. Lookout (28.7G tons, signal letters G. V. Q. D.) :

William Iiamlen, Chief Boatswain's Mate, in charge.

* The Commissioner wi}l organize this station in person about July 1.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 117

5.— A LIST OF THE NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF THE FISH (OII11IX.
SIONERS OF THE VARIOUS STATES OF THE UNITED STATES, AND
OF SUPERINTENDENTS OF HATCHERIES; CORRECTED TO JUNE
1, 1883, WITH SOiTIE INDICATION OF THE LIMITS OF THE TERMS
UPON WHICH THEY ARE NOW SERVING.*

By CHAS. W. SMIL.EY.

[Prepared by request of Prof. S. F. Baird, for the London Exhibition, 1883.]

ALABAMA.

[Commissioners first appointed in 1871.]

Charles S. G. Doster, Prattville, Ala 1871-1881+

D.B. Hundley, Courtland, Ala 1871-1883+

ARIZONA.

[Commissioners first appointed in April, 1881.]

John J. Gosper, Prescott, Ariz Apr., 1881-1883+

Richard Rule, Tombstone, Ariz Apr., 1881-1883+

J. H.Taggart, 1 Yuma, Ariz Apr., 1881-1883+

ARKANSAS.

[Commissioners first appointed January 25, 1876.]

James H. Hornibrook, Little Rock, Ark Aug. 30, 1880-1883+

John E. Reardon, Little Rock, Ark Aug. 30, 1880-1883+

H. H. Rottaken, Little Rock, Ark .Feb. 7, 1882-1883+

CALIFORNIA.

[Commissioners first appointed April 25, 1870.]

A. B. Dibble 2 , Grass Valley, Cal Apr., 1883-1884+

B.H.Buckingham, Washington, Cal Apr., 1883-1884+

Joseph D. Redding, San Francisco, Cal Dec. , 1882-1883+

J.G.Woodbury, San Leandro, Cal., superintendent of fishery.

COLORADO.

[Commissioner first appointed Feb. 9, 1877.]

W.E.Sisty, Denver, Colo Feb. 1881-1883.

E. V. Bogart, superintendent of hatchery.

CONNECTICUT.

[Commissioners first appointed September 11, 1866.]

Wm. M. Hudson, Hartford, Conn Aug. 26, 1882-Aug. 26, 1886.

Robert G. Pike, Middletown, Conn March 8, 1882-Mar. 8, 1886.

Geo. N. Woodruff, Sherman, Conn Aug. 26, 1880-Aug. 26, 1884.

1 Business manager.

2 Secretary and treasurer.

* The plus mark is affixed to years to indicate that the appointment was for an indefinite term, or
for a term unknown to the compiler, and is still in force.

118 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

DELAWARE.

[Commissioner first appointed April 23, 1881.]

Enoch Moore, jr., Wilmington, Del Apr. 23, 1881-Apr. 23, 1883.

GEORGIA.

[Commissioner of Agriculture made ex officio Fish Commissioner 187C]

J. T. Henderson, 3 Atlanta, Ga Aug. 26, 1882-Aug. 26, 1886 6

Dr. H. H. Cary, La Grange, Ga., superintendent.

ILLINOIS.

[Commissioners first appointed May 20, 1875.]

N. K. Fairbanks Chicago, 111 July 1,1880-July 1,1883.

S. P. Bartlett, Quincy, 111 July 1, 1881-July 1, 1884.

S. P. McDole, Aurora, 111 .. . July 1, 1881-July 1,1884.

INDIANA.

[Commissioner first appointed in Sept., 1881.]

Calvin Fletcher, Spencer, Ind 1881 (?)-1883.

IOWA.

[Commissioners first appointed March 30, 1874.]

B. F. Shaw, Anamosa, Iowa Apr. 11, 1882-Apr. 11, 1884.

A. A.Mosher, 6 Spirit Lake, Iowa Oct., 1882-Oct., 1884.

KANSAS.

[Commissioner first appointed Marcli 10, 1877.]

W.S.Gile, Vennago, Kans Mar. 10, 1883-Mar. 10, 1885.

KENTUCKY.

[Commissioners first appointed March 22, 1876.]

John B. Walker, Madisonville, Ky 1878-1883+*

C. J. Walton, Munfordville, Ky 1876-1883+

John A. Steele, Midway, Ky 1876-1883+

W. C. Price, Danville, Ky > 1880-1884.

John II. Mallory, Bowling Green, Ky 1882-1886.

W. Van Antwerp, Mouut Sterling, Ky 1880-1884.

J. M. Chambers, Independence, Ky 1880-1884.

A.H.Goble, Catlettsburgh, Ky 1880-1884.

P. II. Darby, Princeton, Ky 1876-1883+

Win. Griffith," Louisville, Ky 1876-18^3+

Joseph Griffith, Louisville, Ky., superintendent.

'Commissioner of Agriculture and ex officio Commissioner of Fisheries.

4 President of Fish Commission.

5 Assistant for Northwestern Iowa.

The Commissioners are appointed by the governor for four years, and until their successors are
appointed. '

7 President.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 119

MAINE.

[Commissioners first appointed Jan. 1, 1867.]

Henry O. Stanley, Dixfield, Me Dec., 1879-Dec., 1883.

E. M. Stilwell, Bangor, Me Jan., 1883-Jan., 1886.

MAEYLAND.

[Commissioners first appointed in April, 1874.]

Thomas Hughlett, Easton Md May, 1882-May, 1884.

George W. Delawder, Oakland, Md May, 1882-May, 1884.

MASSACHUSETTS.

[Commissioners first appointed May 3, 1865.]

E. A. Brackett, 8 Winchester, Mass June, 1879- June, 1884.

Asa French, South Braintree, Mass June, 1879-June, 1884.

F. W. Putnam, Cambridge, Mass - June, 1879-June, 1884.

MICHIGAN.

[Commissioners first appointed April 25, 1873.]

Andrew J. Kellogg, Detroit, Mich Jan. 1, 1879-Jan. 1,1885.

Dr. J. C. Parker, Grand Eapids, Mich Jan. 1, 1881-Jan. 1, 1887.

John H. Bissell, Detroit, Mich Jan. 1, 1883-Jan. 1, 1889.

W. O. Macks, Paris, Mich., superintendent.
Oren M. Chase, Detroit, Mich. , superintendent.
Edward Chase, Detroit, Mich., assistant superintendent.
Herschel Whitaker, Detroit, Mich., secretary.

MINNESOTA.

[Commissioners first appointed in May, 1874.]

Daniel Cameron, La Crescent, Minn. (1st district) Apr. 12, 1881-Apr. 12, 1884.

Wm. W. Sweney, M. D., Red Wing, Minn. (2d district) .. .Sept. 1, 1882-Sept. 1, 1885.
Robt. Ormsby Sweeny, 9 Saint Paul, Minn. (3d district).. Sept. 1, 1882-Sept. 1. 1885.
S. S. Watkins, Red Wing, Minn., superintendent.

MISSOURI. 10

[Commissioners first appointed August 2, 1877.]

I. G. W. Steedman, M. D., u Saint Louis, Mo June 15, 1881, May 17, 1883.

Col. John Reid, Lexington, Mo May 17, 1879-May 17, 1883.

Dr. John S. Logan, Saint Joseph, Mo May — , 1882-May 17, 1883.

Cbas. George Eckardt, Saint Louis, Mo., superintendent Dec. 1, 1882-1883.

NEBRASKA.

[Commissioners first appointed June 2, 1879.]

William L. May, Fremont, Nebr June 1, 1880-June 1, 1883.

Robt. R. Livingston, Plattsmouth, Nebr June 1, 1881-June 1, 1884.

B. E. B. Kennedy, 0*maha, Nebr June 1, 1882-June 1,1885.

8 Executive officer of Board.

9 Chairman of the Board.

10 J. H. Steedman, secretary.

11 Chairman and ex-offi,cio treasurer.

120 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

NEVADA.

[Commissioner first appointed in 1877.]

Hubb. G. Parker, Carson City, Nev Mar. 5. 1881-Mar. 5, 1885.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

[Commissioners first appointed Aug. 30, 1866.]

George W. Riddle, Manchester, N. H Dec. 6, 1882-Dec. 6, 1887.

Luther Hayes, Milton, N. H July 28, 1881-July 28, 1886.

Albina H. Powers, Grantham, N. H July 21, 1881-July 21, 1886.

E. B. Hodge, Plymouth, N. H., superintendent.

NEW JERSEY.

[Commissioners first appointed March 29, 1870.]

Theodore Morford, Newton, N. J. ]2 Apr. 3, 1878-1884+.

Richard S. Jenkins, Camden, N.J. 13 1882-1 884+.

William Wright Apr.-, 1883-1884+.

NEW YORK.

[Commissioners first appointed April 22, 1868.]

Robert B. Roosevelt, New York, N. Y 1868-1883+.

E. M. Smith, Rochester, N. Y 1872-1883+.

R. U. Sherman, New Hartford, N. Y 1879-1883+.

Eugene G. Blackford, New York, N. Y 1877-1883+.

Seth Green, Rochester, N. Y., superintendent.

NORTH CAROLINA.

[Superintendent of fisheries first appointed April 2, 1877. J

S. G. Worth, Raleigh, N.C. 14 Feb. 1878-1883+.

OHIO.

[Commissioners first appointed May 3, 1873.]

Col. L. H. Harris, 16 Cincinnati, Ohio Apr. 15, 1881-1883+.

C. W.Bond, lfi Toledo, Ohio Apr. 15, 1881-1883+.

H.C. Post, 17 Sandusky, Ohio Apr. 15, 1881-1883+.

D. Y. Howell, Toledo, Ohio, superintendent.
Henry Douglass, Sandusky, superintendent.

OREGON.

[Commissioner first appointed Apr. 1, 1879. J

A. B. Ferguson, 18 Astoria, Oreg Apr. 1, 1679-Apr. 1, 1881,

12 Chairman.

13 Secretary and treasurer. %

14 E. M. Robinson, Raleigh, X. C, assistant.
16 President.

16 Treasurer.

17 Secretary.

18 Term expired Apr- 1, 1881. No information whether a new appointment has been made.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 121

PENNSYLVANIA. 19

[Commissioners first appointed April 15, I860.]

James Duffy, Marietta, Pa June 8, 1881-June 8, 1884.

H. J. Keeder, Eastern, Pa June 8, 1881-June 8, 1884.

Benj.L. Hewit, Hollidaysburg, Pa June 8, 1881-June 8, 1884.

John Hummel, Selin's Grove, Pa June 8, 1881-June 8, 1884.

G. M. Miller, Wilkes Barre, Pa June 8, 1881-June 8, 1884.

Kobert Dalzell, Pittsburgh, Pa June 8, 1881-June 8, 1884.

John Creveling, Marietta, Pa., superintendent.
Seth Weeks, Corry, Pa. , superintendent.

RHODE ISLAND.

[Commissioners first appointed in 1868.]

John H. Barden, Rockland, R. I June 15, 1880-June 15, 1883.

Henry T. Root, Providence, R. I Apr. , 1883-1884+.

Col. Amos Sherman, Woonsocket, R. I Apr., 1883-1884 + .

SOUTH CAROLINA.

[Superintendent of fisheries first appointed December 23, 1878.]

A. P. Butler, 20 Columbia, S. C Nov. 1,1881-1883+.

C. J. Huske, Columbia, S. C, superintendent.

TENNESSEE.

[Commissioners first appointed January 14, 1877.]

W. W. McDowell, Memphis, Tenn Apr. 1875-1883-f-.

H.H.Sneed, Chattanooga, Tenn Feb. 1881-1883+.

Edward Hicks, Nashville, Tenn Aug. 1882-1883+.

TEXAS.

[Commissioner first appointed Sept. 26, 1879.]

John B. Lubbock, Austin, Tex Mar. 1883-1883+.

UTAH. 21

[Action regarding fish culture dates from 1871.]

VERMONT.

[Commissioners first appointed in 1865.]

Hiram A. Cutting, Lunenburg, Vt Dec. 1, 1881-Dec. 1, 1886.

Herbert Brainerd, Saint Albans, Vt Dec. 1, 1881-Dec. 1, 1886.

VIRGINIA.

[Commissioner first appointed in April, 1874.]

Marshall McDonald, 22 Berry ville, Va Jan. 1879-1883+

19 Col. James "Worrall, actuary.

20 Commissioner of Agriculture and ex-offi,cio Fish Commissioner.

21 Since the death of Prof. J. L. Barfoot, curator of Deseret Museum, Salt Lake City, Utah, April,
1882, no new appointment has been made.

22 Continues until a new appointment is made. The term of service, as defined by law, is two years.
The Commissioner at present resides in Washington, D. C.

122 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

WASHINGTON.
[Commissioner first appointed November 9, 1877.1

Albert T. Stream, 23 North Cove, Wash. Nov. 14, 1879-Jan. 9, 1882+.

WEST VIRGINIA.

[Commissioners first appointed June 1, 1877.]

Henry B. Miller, Wheeling, W. Va June 1, 1861-June 1, 1885.

C. S. White, Romney, W. Va June 1, 1881-June 1, 1885.

N. M. Lowry, Hinton, W. Va June 1, 1881-June 1, 1885.

WISCONSIN. 2 *

[Commissioners first appointed March 20, 1874.]

Philo Dunning, 25 Madison, Wis Apr. 1,1879-Apr. 1,1885.

C . L. Valentine, ^ Janesville, Wis Apr. 1, 1881-Apr. 1, 1887.

J. V. Jones, Oshkosh,Wis Apr. 1, 1880-Apr. 1, 1886.

John F. Antisdel, Milwaukee, Wis Apr. 1, 1879-Apr. 1,1885.

Mark Douglas, Melrose, Wis '. Apr. 1, 1881-Apr. 1, 1887.

Christopher Hutchinson, Beetown, Wis Apr. 1, 1879-Apr. 1,1886.

James Nevin, Madison, superintendent.

WYOMING.

[Commissioners first appointed December 13, 1879.]

Dr. M. C. Barkwell, Cheyenne, Wyo... Mar. 12, 1882-Mar. 12, 1884.

Otto Gramm, Laramie City, Wyo Mar. 12, 1882-Mar. 12, 1884.

E. W. Bennett, Warm Springs, Wyo Mar. 12, 1882-Mar. 12, 1884.

P. J. Downs, Evanston, Wyo Mar. 12, 1882-Mar. 12, 1884.

T. W. Quinn, Lander, Wyo Mar. 12, 1882-Mar. 12, 1884.

N. L. Andrews, Buffalo, Wyo Mar. 12, 1882-Mar. 12, 1884.

Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Louisiana, Mississippi, Montana, and New Mexico have
not as yet had any fish commissioners.

INSPECTORS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE BRITISH PROVINCES.

Canada. — W. F. Whitcher, Ottawa, Ont.

S. Wilmot, Superintendent, New Castle, Ont.
New Brunswick. — W. H. Venning, St. Johns, N. B.
Nova Scotia. — W. H. Rogers, Amherst, N. S.
Prince Edwards Island. — J. H. Duvar, Alberton, P. E. I.
British Columbia. — Alex. C. Anderson, Victoria, B. C.

23 Term expired January 9, 1882. No information whether a new appointment has been made.

24 The governor of State exofficio Fish Commissioner.
14 President.

16 Secretary and treasurer.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 123

6 A EIST OF THE NAMES OF ALL PERSONS WHO HAVE BEEN

APPOINTED COMMISSIONERS OF FISHERIES OF THE VARIOUS
STATES OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH THEIR ADDRESSES AND
THE DATES OF THEIR TERMS OF SERVICE.

By CHAS. W. SMILEY.

The preceding list of Commissioners is designed to include only such
as are now in office. Those names, together with the names of all other
persons who have acted as State commissioners and the names of super-
intendents, are here arranged in alphabetical order. Several years
having elapsed since some of them retired from the work, the addresses
may not all be correct for the present time. Those who are known to
h£ve died are marked " deceased," and their last official address is given.
All were connected with the States indicated by the addresses, except
in a very few cases, where the State by which the gentleman was ap-
pointed is indicated in parenthesis following the address. This list
contains 237 names.

Akers, Col. George F., Nasliville, Term 1877-1882

Allen, Hon. W. C, Owingsville, Ky 1876-1879

Anderson, G. A., Trenton, N.J 1874-1883

Andrews, N. L., Buffalo, Wyo 1882-1884

Antisdel, John F., Milwaukee, Wis 1878-1885

Atkins, Charles G., Augusta, Me 1867-1871

Atwood, N. E., Provincetown, Mass 1857-1857

Austin, Gov. Horace, Saint Paul, Minn 1874-1875

Bagley, John J., Detroit, Mich 1873-1874

Ball, William B., Midlothian, Va 1871-1874

Barkwell, M. C, M. D., Cheyenne, Wyo '. 1882-1884

Barden, John H., Eockland, E. 1 1871-1883

Barfoot, Prof. J. L., Salt Lake City, Utah [deceased] 1880-1882

Barrett, Charles, Grafton, Vt 1866-1870 and 1877-1881

Bartlett, S. P., Quincy, 111 1879-1884

Battle, Preston, R. P., Chapel Hill, N. C 1878-1879

Bellows, Hon. Henry A., Concord, N. H 1865-1869

Bennett, E.W., Warm Springs, Wyo 1882-1884

Bill, James A., Lyme, Conn : 1871-1880

Bissell, John H., Detroit, Mich 1883-1889

Blackford, Eugene G., Fulton Market and Brooklyn, N. Y 1879-1883+

Bogart, E. V., Colo., superintendent of hatchery 1882

Bond, C. W., Toledo, Ohio 1881-1883+

Brackett, E. A., Winchester, Mass ". 1869-1884

Brainerd, Herbert, Saint Albans, Vt 1881-1885

Briggs, J. Smith, Kankakee, 111 '. 1879-1880

Brownell, Charles H., Saint Joseph, Mo., superintendent 1881-1882

Bruce, Hon. J. H. , Lancaster, Ky 1876-1879

Buckingham, B. H., Washington, Cal 1883-1883+

Burt, Grover C. , Mankato, Minn 1876-1878

Butler, A. P., Columbia, S. C 1879-1883

Cameron, Daniel, La Crescent, Miuu 1878-1884

124 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION

Cary, II. H., Dr., Lagrange, Ga., superintendent 1880

Casey, Hon. James J!.. Covington, Ky 1876-1879

Chambers, Hon. James M., Independence, Ky 1880-lf-l

Chapman, R. A.. Boston, Mass 1857

Chase, Oren M., Detroit, Mich., superintendent 1882

Clark, George, Ecorse, Mich 1873-1877

Coombs, Dr. S. W., Bowling Green, Ky 1876-1880

Cooper, George G. , New York, N. Y 1 869-1871

Creveling, John, Marietta, Pa., superintendent of hatchery 1882

Crock-well, Dr. J. D. M., Clear Lake, Utah, superintendent offish farm 1881-1882

Cummings, Robert, Toledo, Ohio 1875-1881

Cutting, Hiram A., M. D. , Lunenburg, Vt 1882-1885

Dalzell, Robert, Pittsburgh, Pa 1879-1884

Darby, P. II., Princeton, Ky 1876-1883+

Davidson, Capt. Hunter, Md 1869-1872

Day, Dr. David, Saint Paul, Minn 1874

Delawder, Geo. W., Oakland, Md 1882-1884

Dexter, Newton, Providence, R. I 1870-1883^

Dinkins, Hon. J. H., Austin, Tex 1879-1881

Doster, Charles S. G., Prattville, Ala 1871-1883+

Douglass, Mark, Melrose, Wis 1878-1887

Dousman, H. F., Waterville, Wis ..1876-1877

Downes, P. W., Denton, Md 1874-1.-77

Downs, P. J., Evanston, Wyo 1882-188 I

Duffy, Hon. James, Marietta, Pa 1873-1884-

Dunning, Philo, Madison, Wis 1879-1885

Edmunds, Dr. M. C. , Weston, Vt 1871-1873

Ellzey, M. G., Blacksburg, Va 1875-1877

Evans, Maj. Jonathan, Fayetteville, N. C 1878-1879

Evans, Samuel B., Ottumwa, Iowa 1874-l87<>

Ewing, Henry Clay, Jefferson City, Mo 1880

Fairbank, N. K., Chicago, 111 1875-1883

Farwell, J. D., Niles, Alameda County, Cal 1870-1882

Ferguson, Maj. T. B., Baltimore, Md. [Address changed to Washington,

D. C] ....1874-1882

Ferguson, H. B., Astoria, Oreg 1879-1881

Field, Alfred R., Greenfield, Mass 1866-1869

Fifield, Andrew C, Enfield, N. H 1874-lb7<;

Fish, N. II., Pine Bluffs, Ark. [deceased] 1876-1877

Fisher, John C, Coshocton, Ohio 1875-1881

Fletcher, Calvin Spencer, Ind 1881

Fletcher, Dr. Win. W., Concord, N. H 18(39-1874

Ford, Samuel II., Connecticut 1870

Foss, S. S., Rhode Island [deceased] 1868-1870

Foster, Nathan W., East Machias, Me 1867-lSi;-

French, Asa, South Braintree, Mass 1873-18,-1

Gallup, Albert S., No. 8 E. 54 street, New York, N. Y. (Rhode Island) 1868

Garrard. Hon. T. T., Manchester, Ky 187(i-lS79

Gile. W. s., Venango, Kans 1883-1885

Goble, A. II., Catlettsburg, Ky 1880-1884

Goloher, William, Saint Paul, Minn 1876-1878

Goldsmith, Dr. M., Rutland, Vt 1871-1881

Gosper, John J., Pieseolt, Ari/, 1881-1883+

Gramm, Otto, Laramie City, Wyo 1882-1884

Green, Seth, Rochester, N Y., superintendent 1808+

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 125

Griffith, Joseph, Louisville, Ky., superintendent 1876-1883-H

Griffith, William, Louisville, Ky 1876-1883 +

Hager, Alhert D., Proctorsville, Vt. [Address changed to Chicago, 111. ] . . 1866-1870

Haiues, Charles H., Waterloo, Iowa 1874-1876

Harris, J. W., Lewisburg, W. Va 1877-1878

Harris, Col. L. A. , Cincinnati, Ohio 1878-1883+

Hatch, Thomas E., Keene, N. H 1869-1874

Hayes, Luther, Milton, N. H 1876-1886

Henderson, Hon. J. T., Atlanta, Ga 1879-1886

Hewitt, Benjamin L., Hollidayshurg, Pa 1873-1884

Hicks, Edward D. , Nashville, Tenn 1882-1833+

Hodge, E. B., Plymouth, N. H., superintendent of hatchery 1878-1879

Holt, Col. S. M., HawEiver, N. C 1878-1879

Hooper, Moses, Oshkosh, Wis 1878

Hornibrook, James, Little Eock, Ark 1880-1883+

Howell, Dr. B. P., Woodbixry, N. J. [deceased October 10, 1882] 1870-1882

Howell, D. Y., Toledo, Ohio, superintendent 1882

Hoy, Dr. P. R., Racine, Wis 1874-1878

Hudson, William M., Hartford, Conn 1870-1886

Hughlett, Thomas. Easton, Md 1878-1884

Hummel, John, Selin's Grove, Pa * 1879-1884

Hundley, D. B., Courtland, Ala 1871-1883+

Huske, C. J., Richland, S. C, superintendent 1880-1883+

Hussey, John, Lockland, Ohio 1873-1874

Hutchinson, Christopher, Beetown, Wis 1878-1886

Janes, Thomas P., Atlanta, Ga 1876-1879

Jenkins, Richard S., Camden, N. J 1882-1883

Jerome, George H., Niles, Mich 1873-1878

Jones, James V., Oshkosh, Wis 1879-1886

Kaley, H. S., Red Cloud, Nebr 1879-1882

Kellogg, Andrew J., Detroit, Mich 1874-1885

Kennedy, B. E. B., Omaha, Nebr , 1882-1885

Kew, Prof. W. C, Raleigh, N. C 1878-1879

Klippart, John H., Columbus, Ohio [deceased] 1873-1877

Laifoon, Polk, Madisonville, Ky 1876-1877

Latham, A. W., Excelsior, Minn 1874-1875

Leinenweber, C, Astoria, Oreg > 1879

Livingston, Dr. Robt. R., Plattsmouth, Nebr 1879-1S84

Logan, Dr. John S., Saint Joseph, Mo 1882-1883

Long, Hon. D. B., Ellsworth, Kans 1877-1883

Lowry, N. M., Hinton, W. Va 1879-1885

Lubbock, John B., Austin, Tex 1883-1883+

Luddington, Gov. Harrison, Milwaukee, Wis 1876-1877

Lyman, Theodore, Brookline, Mass 1865-1881

McDole, S. P., Aurora, 111 1881-1884

McDonald, Col. M., Lexington, Va. [Address changed to Washington,

D. C] ...1879-1883

McDowell, Judge W. W., Memphis, Tenn 1877-1883+

Macks, W. O., Paris, Mich. , superintendent 1882-1883+

McGehee, Munford, Raleigh, N. C 1880

Mallory, John H., Bowling Green, Ky 1882-1886

May, William L., Fremont, Nebr 1879-1883

Miller, Eli R., Richland, Mich 1875-1883

Miller, G. M., Wilkes Barre, Pa 1879-1884

Miller, Henry B., Wheeling, W. Va 1877-1885

126 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Moore, Enoch jr., Wilmington, Del 1881-1883

Morford, Theodore, Newton, N. J 1876-1--:;

. .

Moseley, A., Richmond, Va 1875-15!

Mosher, A. A., Spirit Lake, Iowa 1882-1884

Nevins, Janus. Wisconsin, superintendent 1882

Xoyes, Oliver H., Henniker, N. H 1874-1^7(>

Palmer, Alfred, Boscobel, Wis 1874-li-7?

Parker, Hnbb. G., Carson City, Nev 1877-1885

Parker, Dr. Joel C, Grand Rapids, Mich 1877-1687

Pearce, E. D., Providence, R. 1 1868

Pearce, Gen. N. B., Osage-Mills, Ark 1876-1881

Pike, Robert G.,Middletonn, Conn 1870-1--I i

Polk, L. L. Raleigh, N. C. [deceased May 26, 1880] 1877-1880

Portman, James G., Pokagan, Mich 1879-1681

Post, Henry C, Sandusky, Ohio 1881-1883+

Potter, Emery D., Toledo, Ohio 1875-1881

Powers, Albina H., Grantham, N. II 1876-1886

Pratt, Dr. W. A., Elgin, 111 1875-1879

Price, W. C, Danville, Ky 1880-1884

Putnam, F. W., Cambridge, Mass 1879-lf-4

Quinn.F. W., Lander, Wyo 1882-16-4

Rankin, James, Old Say brook, Conn 1868-1869

Reardon, John E., Little Rock, Ark 1880-1^83+

Redding, B. B., San Francisco, Cal. [deceased, 1882] 1870-1880

Redding, Joseph D., San Francisco, Cal 1882-1883+

Reed, Alfred A., Rhode Island 1868-1883

Reed, Alfred A., Massachusetts [deceased] 1865-1866

Reed, Alfred A., jr., Providence, R. I 1871-16-:!

Reeder, Hon. Howard J., Easton, Pa 1873-1884

Reid, Col. John, Lexington, Mo 1877-1883

Riddle, George W., Manchester, N. H 1882-1—:

Robertson, R. R. ; Austin, Tex 1881-1683

Robertson, Dr. W. B., Lynchburg, Va 1875-1877

Robinson, Henry C. , Hartford, Conn 1866-18) 19

Rockwood, A. F., Salt Lake City, Utah 1871-1879

Root, Henry J., Providence, R. I 1883-1883+

ltosevelt, Robert B., New York, N. Y 1868-1883+

Rottaker, H. H., Little Rock, Ark 1882-1863+

Rule, Richard, Tombstone, Ariz : - - 1881-1883+

Rumsey, Capt. Henry B., Laramie City, Wyo .* 1879-1881

Russell, F. W., Hartford, Conn 1866-1669

Sanborn, W. A., Weirs, N. II 1865-1674

Seymour, Horatio, Utica, N. Y 1868-187-

Shaw, Benjamin F., Anamosa, Iowa -• 1874-188 I

Sherman, Col. Amos, Woonsocket, R. I 1883-1883+

Sherman, Richard U., New Hartford, N. Y 1879-16>:;+

Shortwell, J. R., Rahway, N. J 1873-1677

Sisty, Wilson E., Denver, Colo ....1879-166::

Slack, Dr. J. II., Bloomsbury, N. J. [deceased] ~. 1870-187:!

Smith, Edward M., Rochester, N. Y 1872-1883+

Smith, Everett, Portland, Me 1879-1862

Smith, Gov. William E., Madison, Wis 1878-1880

Sneed, Hon. H. II., Chattanooga, Tenn 1880-1683+

Spalding, Dr. Edward, Nashua, N. H 1881-166,!

Stanley, Henry O., Dixheld, Me 1872-16.S!

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 127

Steedman, Dr. Isaiah G. W., Saint Louis, Mo 1879-1883

Steele, Hon. John A., Midway, Ky ...1876-1883+

Steelman, J. R., Little Rock, Ark. [deceased] 1876-1877

Sterling, Dr. E., Cleveland, Ohio 1873-1874

Stilwell, E. M., Bangor, Me 1872-1886

Stream, Albert T., North Cove, Wash 1877-1882

Sweeny, Robert Ormsby, Saint Paul, Minn 1875-1884

Sweney, William M., M. D., Red Wing, Minn 1883-1884

Sweney, William W., M. D., Red Wing, Minn, [deceased Aug. 12] 1878-1882

Taggart, J. H., Yuma, Ariz 1881-1883+

Talbot, Thomas, North Bellerica, Mass 1870-1872

Thomas, Pack, Louisville, Ky 1876

Timmons, William E., Snow Hill, Md 1873

Tompkins, C. H., New York, N. Y. (formerly Rhode Island) 1868

Traylor, W. W., San Francisco, Cal 1882-1883

Trespan, Capt. J. R., Tarborough, N. C 1878-1879

Trockmorton, S. R., San Francisco, Cal 1870-1883

Turley, Hon. W. T., Knoxville, Tenn 1877-1880

Tyler, Robert, Montgomery, Ala 1872-1880

Valentine, C. L., Janesville, Wis 1879-1887

Van Antwerp, Dr. William, Mount Sterling, Ky 1880-1884

Vance, Hon. Z. B., Charlotte, N. C 1878-1879

Wadleigh, John S., Laconia, N. H 1874-1876

Walker, John B. , Madisonville, Ky. [mov ed and address lost] 1878-1883+

Wall, Asa, Winchester, Va 1871-1874

Walton, Hon. C. J., Munfordville, Ky 1876-1883+

Watkins, S. S., Minn., superintendent 1882

Webber, Col. Samuel, Manchester, N. H 1876-1881

Weeks, Seth, Corry, Pa. , superintendent hatchery 1882

Welch, William, Madison, Wis 1874-1878

Welsher, H. W., Madison, Wis 1878-1881

Welsher, W. A., Madison, Wis 1878

Wheatland, Henry, Salem, Mass 1857

White, Christian S., Romney, W. Va 1877-18a5

Wilson, P. M., Raleigh, N. C 1880

Woodbury, John G., San Leandro, Cal., superintendent of fishery 1883+

Woodruff, George N., Sherman, Conn 1880-1884

Woodson, Hon. Silas, Saint Joseph, Mo 1879-1883

Woodward, Henry, Middletown. Conn 1868-1869

Worrall, James, Harrisburg, Pa 1870-1872

Worth, S. G.,Morgantown, N. C 1878-1883+

Wright, William, Newark, N. J 1883-1883+

Dibble, A. B., Grass Valley, Cal 1883-1884

Douglass, Henry, Sandusky, Ohio, superintendent 1883

Eckardt, Chas. George, St. Louis, Mo., superintendent 1883

7.-«ROWTH AND PROTECTION OF CARP FROM TURTLES, ETC.

By EDWARD STABLER.

[From a letter to Rudolph Hessel. ]

Professor Baird and yourself have afforded me so much gratification
that I can do no less that again thank you for the pleasure you have

128 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

been the means of conferring, for I can now at my pleasure take a 5-
pound carp ont of my pond, within 300 to 400 yards of my own door.

My pond contains some three-quarters of an acre. The supply of water
is brought from the outside through a 4-inch pipe, which near the outlet
or draining trough connects with a perpendicular iron pipe, at the top
of which the water is discharged. During floods it is stopped in the
outside ditch, and passes around the pond. The pond is lined with
boards for 100 yards or more, making it proof against rats and cray-
fish.

The carp weighed from one-half to three-quarters of a pound when
they were received, April 1, 1882. I fed them pretty regularly last sum-
mer, and they grew wonderfully. They now come up of themselves to
be fed. Last September I took three or four weighing quite 3 pounds
apiece, which I returned to the water; and a few days ago, June 28,
1883, I took out a 5-pounder, to show how they increase in size, but
did not kill this one either. It was 20 inches long and 8 inches broad,
and appeared to have from a gill to half a pint of spawn in it. I do not
think that those received spawned last season, as I have seen no young
fish as yet.

In a year, if I like, I shall have all the sport desired in the way of
Ashing. I now have plenty of shooting, in cutting off turtle's heads with
explosive shells. I have killed several dozen in this way, and some
very large ones, say 12 inches in diameter. I learned from an acquaint-
ance who has some large carp that in draining his pond he found the
tails of some of his large fish bitten off, no doubt by large turtles, which
were seen there.

On account of my frequent shooting at the pond, the remaining tur-
tles have become almost as wild as wild turkeys, scarcely showing more
than the nose above the water, and for a moment only ; but it is enough
if I can see the head a few seconds, as the shell explodes on striking
the water and kills them, and in about thirty-six hours they float on the
surface and can be taken out.

I was much surprised recently, when in setting a hook with meat-
bait to catch the turtles — they are frequently taken in this way — I
caught several eels of about 2 feet or over in length. They could only
have entered through the ingress pipe three or four years ago, when of
a finger's length, and through wire gauze having a one-fourth inch mesh.
They have grown almost as rapidly as the carp.

As soon as my fish have done spawning, I will let off the water and
clean out turtles, eels, snakes, and all. Now that I have the fish and
am keeping them so successfully I do not intend that depredators shall
have the benefit.

Professor Baird has benefited a very large number by the distribution
of these and other valuable fish, and he deserves, and doubtless re-
ceives, the thanks of hundreds, if not of thousands, far and near.

Sandy Spring, Md., June 31, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 129

Vol. Ill, No. 9. Washington, D. C. Aug. 31, 1883.

S— A T.IST OF THE BLANK FORMS. CIRCULARS, AN» ITIIIVOR PUBLI-
CA.TIONS OF THE CXITED STATES FISH COMMISSION, FROM ITS
ORGANIZATION IN 1871 TO AUGUST 1, 18S3.

By CHAS. W. SMILEY and CHAS. W. SCUDDEK.

1. [Serial mark E.^ . ] Circular-letter addressed to fishermen living near Lake Mich-
igan, announcing that fishes with metallic tags had been liberated at twenty points,
and asking for information about their subsequent capture. 5 questions. 1871. 1
page. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

2, 3. (Transferred to list of important publications.)*

4. [Serial mark E j.] Circular-letter inviting information concerning food-fishes.
1872. 1 page. 20 by 25.5cm.

5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

11. [Serial mark Ej>.] Blank for statistics of fishing vessels, particulars of vessel,
crew, and occupation. Also specimen table. Ruled in 11 columns. 1875. 2 pp.
32.5 by 42cm.

12. [Serial mark 10, E^.] Circular-letter 1»o collectors of customs. To accompany
No. 11. Statistics of the fishery marine. On reverse is same specimen table as in No.
11. 1875. 2 pp. 20.5 by 33cm.

13, 14, 15. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

■a

16. [Serial mark Eg. ] Statistics of the mackerel fisheries, &c. Circular letter
asking replies to questions. 1877. 1 p. 21 by 33cm.

17. [Serial mark Ey.] Statistics of the cod fisheries, &c. Circular-letter solicit-
ing information. 1877. 1 p. 21 by 33cm.

18. [Serial mark Eg.] Statistics of the mullet fisheries, &c. Circular-letter for
southern coast, soliciting information. 1877. 1 p. 21 by 32.5cm.

19. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

c c

20. Serial mark jqj 3.] Statistics of the fish trade, New York market. Dealers'

statement. Blanks for pounds of thirty leading kinds of food-fish, received daily.
1877. 32 columns, 2 pp. 33 by 42cm.

21. [Serial mark E^.] Statistics of the whale fisheries. Blanks for the number
and kind of vessels, tonnage, and yield of oil. 1877. 13 columns, 2 pp. 21 by 33cm.

22. [Serial mark A.] Record of hatching operations. Blank for recording tem-
peratures, wind, tide, fish and eggs taken. 1877. 22 columns, 2 pp. 33 by 42cm.

23. [Serial mark B. ] Record of operations of State Fsh Commissioners in hatching
and distributing young fish. Blanks for recording eggs received, time, condition,
loss, hatching, distributing, &c. 1877. 18 columns, 2 pp., each 33 by 42cm.

24. [Serial mark C] Record of distribution of fish. Blanks for recording date,
number, place, stream, &c. 1877. 12 columns, 1 p. 33 by 42cm.

25. Record of collection of eggs. Blank for nature of fishery, seine, haul, number
of fish taken, eggs impregnated, &c. 1877. 24 items, 1 p. 10 by 21cm.

26. 27, 28, 29, 30. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

Q

31. [Serial mark E^.] Statistics of the fresh-fish trade, New England markets.
Dealers' statements. Blanks for pounds of 36 different kinds of fish for each day dur-
ing the month. 1878. 38 columns, 2 pp. 33 by 42cm.

32. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

* See page 1, U. S. F. C. Bulletin, 1883.

Bull. U. S. F. 0., 83 9

130 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

33. Circular-letter of acknowledgment of receipt of returns on the mackerel fishery.
February 8, 18/9. 1 p. 13 by 20cm.

34. Circular-letter acknowledging replies to menhaden and cod circulars, and asking
full information concerning the mackerel. December, 1878. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

35. Record of ocean temperatures. Blank for recording time, temperatures, winds,
weather, and movements of tishes. 1878. 20 columns, 1 p. 35.5 by 43cm.

36. Application for lish. 13 items. April 12, 1879. 1 p. 11.5 by 17cm.

37. 38. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

39. Record of dredging stations. Blanks for observations — date, locality, tide, sky,
depth of water, temperature, air, wind, currents, &c. September, 1879. 31 columns,
2 pp. 35.5 by 43cm.

40. Circular-letter to coast-towns, inviting co-operation. To accompany No. 41.
July, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 26cm.

41. Returns of circular inviting co-operation. 6 questions concerning fishing-ves
sels, apparatus, fishermen, and fish-markets. July 1, 1879. 1 p. 20.5 by 33cm.

42. Circular-letter relating to the fish trade and consumption of fish. July, 1879.
1 p. 20 by 2Gcm!

43. 44. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

4"). Statistics of fishery marine. Note-book for description of vessel, crew, fishery,
stock, profits, catch and sale of fish. September, 1879. 1 p. 11 by 20cm. Roan vol.
60 p. each.

46. Statistics of the fishing- vessels of the United States. Second edition of No. ll r
revised. Circular form of No. 45. September, 1879. 34 columns. 2 pp. 35 by 43cin r

47. Letter to persons interested in fish-culture, and calling for information. Hek.
tograph. October 20, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 25cm. /

48. Fish-cultural returns. Questions upon fish-culture, hatcheries, stocking public
waters, articles published, &c. November 6, 1879. 15 questions. 1 p. 20 by 33cm.

49. Circular-letter to practical fish-cult nrists. October, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

50. [Serial mark 3179.] Property receipts. Blank for number, articles, condition,
value, remarks. 6 columns, 1 p. Filing blank on reverse. 20 by 25cm.

51. Coast-town index. Blank for fishing statistics of the coast-towns for use in com-
pilation of returns of No. 41. October, 1879. 8 columus, 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

52. Letter to Rhode Island postmasters who failed to answer questions on fish trade
and consumption of fish. Hektograph. November 26, 1879. 5 questions. 1 p. 19.5
by 24.5cm.

53. [Serial mark 7-119.] Questions concerning fishing towns, periods, distance tip
the river, tide-water, obstruction, kinds of fish and apparatus used. October, 1879.
8 questions. 1 p. 21 by 35cm.

54. [Serial mark 7-151.] Circular-letter of the Postmaster-General to postmasters.
October, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 26cm.

55. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

56. Property record. Blanks for date, number, name, application, description,
maker, where used, cost, and remarks. October, 1879. 9 columns, 1 p. 35.5 by 45cm.

57. Blank for measurements of fishes. Issued 1875 or 1876. 8 columns, 2 pp. 21.5
by 35cm.

58. Questions relating to the menhaden. Movements, quantity, food, eggs, fatality,
vessels, oil made, price, &c. Hektograph. November, 1879. 2 pp. 19-5 by 32.5cm.

59. Letter to manufacturers of menhaden oil. To accompany No. 58. Hektograph.
November 18, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

60. Measurements of fishes. Reprint of No. 57, revised. December, 1879. 8 col-
umns, 2 pp. 21.5 by 35cm.

61. Record of observations at hatching-stations. Blank for recording date, tem-
perature, wind, sky, and tide. December, 1879. 26 columns, 1 p. 40 by 51.5cm.

62. Record of hatching operations. Reprint of No. 22. December, 1879. 20 columns,
1 p. 40 by 51.5cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 131

63. Record of observations of State Fish Commissioners in hatching and distributing
young fish. Reprint of No. 23. December, 1879. 18 columns, 2 pp. 35.5 by 44cm.

64. Record of distribution offish. Reprint of No. 24. 18 columns, December, 1879.

1 p. 41 by 52cm.

65. Record of collection of eggs. Blank for nature of fishery, description of seine,
haul, number offish taken and stripped, eggs impregnated, &c. 24 items. 1 p. 10
by 21cm. Roan vol. 88 p. each.

66. Circular-letter and questions upon the natural production, artificial propaga-
tion, and commercial value of oysters. 15 questions. Hektograph. January, 1880.

2 p. 19.5 by 32cm.

67. [Serial mark 7-217.] Blank record book of river fisheries; first page, with name
of fishery, owner, operator, &c. ; succeeding pages blank for record of catch, value, and
disposition of shad, and other fish, February, 1880. 1 p. 10.5 by 21.5cm. Roan
vol. 216, pp. each.

68. Circular-letter asking parties to keep record of river fisheries. To accompany
No. 67. Hektograph. February, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

69. Blank for record of ocean temperature, movements of fish, &c, for mackerel
and menhaden vessels. 25 columns. February, 1880. 2 p. 35.5 by 43cm.

70. Circular- letter and questions concerning the oyster industry of Maryland. 15
questions. Hektograph. February, 1880. 2 forms, 1 p. each. 19.5 by 25, and 19.5
by 32cm.

71. Circular-letter relating to fish-trade, sale, and consumption of fish. 5 ques-
tions. Hektograph. December 1, 1879. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

72. Nine questions to supplement circular 41. Hektograph. December, 1879. 1 p.
19.5 by 32 cm.

73. Circular-letter and questions concerning the use of fish-guano. 5 questions.
Hektograph. December 17, 1879. 1 p. 19.5by25cm.

74. Circular-letter and questions concerning post-offices within three miles of the
coast. 6 questions. Hektograph. January, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

75. Circular-letter and blank for determining post-offices within three miles of the
coast. Hektograph. February 7, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

76. [Serial mark 7-028. ] Blank for voucher. Expenses for the tenth census of the
United States. Statistics of the fisheries. June, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

77. Circular-letter asking for lists of vessels engaged in the menhaden fishery.
Hektograph. February 5. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

77 A. Blank for list of vessels engaged in the menhaden fishery. 7 columns. To
accompany No. 77. Hektograph. February 5, 1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 32. 5cm.

77 B. Note of acknowledgment of the receipt of 77 A. Hektograph.' February 5,
1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

78. Shipping record of the United States Fish Commission to the International
Fishery Exhibition at Berlin, February, 1880. 18 columns, 1 p. 24.5 by 35cm. Bun ml
vol. pp. 200±.

79. Circular-letter to houses proposing to participate in the Berlin Fishery Exhi-
bition. Hektograph. February 24, 1880. 3 pp. 20 by 25cm.

80. [Serial mark -y .] Circular letter of Barnet Phillips to railroads terminating in
New York concerning fish transportation. February, 1880. 1 p. 12.5 by 20cm.

81. [Serial mark 2 -] Blank for information upon transportation offish. To ac-
company No 80. 11 questions. February, 1880. 20.5 p. 1 by 25.5cm.

82. [Serial mark g ] Blank for information concerning fish as food, its transporta-
tion, and use as fertilizer. 17 questions. 1 p. 11 by 23cm.

83. Circular-letter requesting additional information in regard to the oyster indus-
tries. Hektograph. March, 1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 25.5cm.

84. Blank for statistics of oyster vessels, moral and social condition of oyster men.
To accompany No. 83. Hektograph. March, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

132 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

85. Circular-letter and questions concerning t lie use of oysters, clams) scollops, capi-
tal, wages, and employes. 8 questions. March, 1880. 1 p. 11.5 by 23eiu.

86. Circular-letter and questions on oysters, inquiring concerning direction ami
extent of transportation. 9 questions. March, 1880. 1 p. 11.5 by 23cm.

87. [Serial mark 7-276.] Circular-letter and questions by Charles G. Atkins, con-
cerning the river-fisheries of Maine, especially salmon, alewives, and smelts. 10
questions. April, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

88. Circular-letter concerning menhaden on the coast of Maine in the summer of
1880, with the request that fishing vessels record temperatures. Hektograph. March
16, 1880. 2 pp. 20 by 25.5cm.

89. Circular-letter to Susquehanna River shad fishermen, asking a record of the
year's catch on blank No. 67. Hektograph. March 27, 1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 25.

89 A. Blank for application for No. 67. To accompany No. 89. March 27, 1880. 1
p. 19.5 by 35cm.

90. Blank for geographical catalogue of fish dealers. 3 columns. Hektograph.
November, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

91. Circular-letter to collectors of customs, requesting information concerning tish-
ing licenses issued in their districts. Hektograph. March 16, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

92. Questions to collectors of customs concerning the fishing licenses issued in their
districts. 9 questions. March, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

93. Blank for compilation of commerce and navigation statistics. 29 columns. De-
cember, 1879. 1 p. 48 by 61cm.

94. Circular-letter to light-house keepers asking the condition of their thermome-
ters and stationery. 6 questions. Hektograph. April 1,1880. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

95. Circular-letter to applicants for copies of the United States Fish Commissioners'
Report. 1878? 1 p. 13 by 20.5cm.

96. Blank for the statistics of the river fisheries. Circular form of No. 67, with
additions. 13 questions. May, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 35.5cm.

97. Blank for information concerning the shipment of fish. 6 columns. May, 1880.
1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

98. Circular-letter to menhaden fishing firms announcing blanks and thermometers
forwarded. Hektograph. April 3, 1880. I p. 20.5 by 32cm.

99. Circular-letter to the secretaries of states asking the date of origin of the State
Commissions. Inclosing No. 100. Hektograph. April 7, 1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

100. Inquiry concerning State Commissioners, their organization, reports, date of
appointment, and amounts of appropriation. To accompany No. 99. Hektograph.
April 7, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 31.5cm.

101. Circulaf-letter and questions upon the manufacture of salt on the Pacific
roast. 12 questions. Hektograph. May, 1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 32.5cm.

102. Circular-letter to men engaged in the Delaware River fisheries. To accom-
pany No. 96. Hektograph. May, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

103. Blank for recording application for eggs and young fish. 13 columns per folio.
1 p. 21.5 by 33cm. Bound vol. pp. 300-J-.

104. Blank for statements of the oyster industries in Virginia. To accompany No.
in... 5 questions. Hektograph. May 25, 1880. 1 p. 29.5 by 32cm.

105. Circular-letter to Virginia oystermen, requesting them to fill blank No. 104.
May 25, 1880. Hektograph. 1 p. 25 by 32cm.

106. Circular-letter to collectors of customs acknowledging receipt of No. 92, ask-
ing them to furnish the detailed statistics therein indicated. Hektograph. May 28,
1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

107. Blank for the list of post-offices in the lake and sea-coast counties, located with-
in 3 miles of the coast. 3 columns. Hektograph. Juno, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

108. Circular-letter to postmasters located within 3 miles of the coast, inquiring
whether there are any fishermen in their vicinity. To accompany No. 41. Hekto-
graph. June, 1880. 1 p. 16 by 19.5cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 133

109. Circular-letter to light-house keepers, announcing supplies sent, with blank
form of receipt to be returned. Hektograph. June 12, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

110. Circular-letter to light-house keepers, inclosing addressed return envelopes.
Hektograph. July 2, 1880. . 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

111. Blank for compiling a summary of goods exported; fish, oil, whale-bone, and
oysters. 4 columns. Hektograph. July, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

112. Blank for summary of goods imported. 4 columns. Hektograph. July, 1880.
1 p. 20 by 32cm.

113. Blank for dried and smoked fish and spermaceti and whale-oil exported by
countries. Hektograph. July, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

114. Circular-letter to newspaper publishers, asking for copies to complete the files.
Hektograph. July 2, 1880. 1 p. 19.5 by 25.5cm.

115. Blank for compiling fish, oil, whale-bone, and candles exported by countries.
Hektograph. July, 1880. 1 p. 26.5 by 31.5cm.

116. Book for recording temperature, depth of water, currents, and nature of bottom.
1878. 1 p. 10 by 20cm. Roan vol. 44 pp. each.

117. Blank for acknowledging receipts of letters. 1878. 1 p. 12 by 20cm.

118. Blank for acknowledging receipts of letters. January 29, 1879. 1 p. 12.5 by
20.5cm.

119. Blank for acknowledging receipt of letters. 1878? 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

120. Circular-letter asking what number of eggs are desired by each State Com-
missioner. 1878? 1 p. 19 by 24.5cm.

121. Blank for compiling the names of fishermen. Hektograph. May, 1880. 1 p.
20.5 by 31.5cm.

122. List of references of P. H. Alexander & Co. Berlin. Hektograph. August,
1880. lp. 20.5 by 26cm.

■123. Circular-letter to International Fishery Exhibition Medalists. Hektograph.
August 7, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 26cm.

124. Circular-letter to exhibitors at the International Fishery Exhibition to whom
honorary mention was. awarded. Hektograph. August 7, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 26cm.

125. Blank for exports from the cod fisheries of Massachusetts, by countries, for
1765-'75. Hektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

126. Blank for exports from the cod fisheries of Massachusetts, by countries, for
1786-'89. Hektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm. '

127. Circular-letter to postmasters in coast counties asking the distance from tide-
water and the number of fishermen. Hektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

128. Inquiry concerning fishing vessels, traps, fishermen, and markets. 7 questions.
Hektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32.5cm.

129. Circular-letter inviting co-operation in coast towns. Modification of No. 40.
To accompany No. 128. August, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 26cm.

130. Circular-letter to marine insurance companies inquiring to what extent they
have engaged in insuring fishing vessels. 5 questions. June, 1880. 1 p. 20 by
31.5cm.

131. River compilation blank for tabulating circular 48. 4 columns. Hektograph.
1 p. 20.5 by 31.5cm.

132. Blank for tabulating distribution of California salmon. 7 columns. Hekto-
graph. 1 p. 20.5 by 32.5cm.

133. Blank for tabulating distribution of Schoodic salmon. 8 columns. Hektograph.
1 p. 20 by 32cm.

134. Blank for tabulating distribution of shad. 7 columns. Hektograph. 1 p.
20 by 32.5cm.

135. Circular-letter to carp applicants, announcing a trip of messenger. October,
1879. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

136. Circular-letter to carp applicants, announcing a trip of messenger. 1880. 2 p.
20 by 26.5cm.

134 BULLETIN OF THE EXITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

137. Directions for making temperature observations of the ocean at coast stations.
Circular-letter. August 10, 1878. 1 p. 14 by 21.5cm.

138. Circular-letter to railroad corporations, inclosing copies of No. 140 and thank-
ing them for transporting young fish. April 12, 1879. 2 p. 13 by 20.5cm.

139. Blank application for carp. 12 questions. 1 p. 11.4 by 17.4cm.

140. Ordei's issued by railroad companies to employes concerning transportation of
live fish in baggage cars. 1675-'79. 1 p. each, 11.5 by 19cm. Eoan vol. 108 pp.

141. Blank for voucher. Expenses of propagation of food-fishes. 1879-80. Octo-
ber 16, 1879. 1 p. 19.5 by 25.5cm.

142. Blank for geographical catalogue of fish dealers. 3 columns, llektograph.
November, 1879. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

143. Circular-letter to superintendent of railroads forwarding copies of No. 140.
March 26, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

144. Circular-letter acknowledging application for carp, announcing that applica-
tion will be filled later. April 1, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

145. Blank for application for carp. 9 questions. 2 pp. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

146. Circular-letter to railroad auditors, concerning payment of Army quartermas-
ters' transportation order. June 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 2.6cm.

147. Circular-letter inquiring how many eggs of salmonida' each State Commission
desires. November 27, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

148. Circular-letter to carp applicants, announcing the seasons' distribution finished,
and giving directions concerning ponds. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

149. Circular-letter to carp applicants, announcing supply sent to central point for
distribution, and giving instructions how to transport and feed them. 1880. 1 p.
19.5 by 25.5cm.

150. Circular-memorandum to carp applicants; instruction for preparing pond. 1
p. 19.5 by 20cm.

151. Circular-letter of United States Fish Commission messenger lo carp applicants,
announcing carp in readiness to deliver. 1 p. 20 by 27cm.

152. Circular-letter to carp applicants, stating when distribution will occur, and
giving directions how to prepare pond and receive fish. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

153. Orders issued by railroad companies concerning transportation of live fish in
baggage-cars. March, 1880. 1 p. 10.5 by 18.5cm. Eoan vol., 108 pp. each.

154. Circular-letter to carp applicants, stating that owing to late appropriation
applications cannot be tilted till September or October, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 27cm.

155. Circular-letter to carp applicants, stating that applications will be tilled in Oc-
tober audNovember, explaining how to prepare ponds, and how shipments are made.
1880. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

156. Shipping label: Fischer ei-ausstellung, Berlin. 1880. 1 p. 25.5 by 3bcm.

157. Statistics of fishing vessels of the United States. Third edition of No. 11 re-
vised. 1880. 2 pp. 35 by 43cm.

158. Blank for statement of number of licenses issued to vessels engaged in fishing
i:i each district of the U. S., by ports. llektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 3-Jein.

159. Blank for statement of quantity of oil taken by vessels employed in the cod
fisheries, by districts. 6 columns. llektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cni.

KJ0. Blank for statement of product of the cod fishery, by customs districts. 6 col-
umns. Hektograpb. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

161. Statement of the product of fisheries, other than cod. by customs districts.
(i columns, llektograph. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

1<>2. Blank for the statement of bounties paid to fishing vessels, by customs dis-
tricts. 6 columns. Hektograpb. August, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

163. Circular-letter, Taunton River fishermen, asking them to fill out No. 96- llek-
tograph. September 8, 1880. 2pp. 20 by 25.

li'il. Circular-letter to Merrimack River fishermen, asking them to fill out No. 96.
Hektograpb. September 8, 1880. 2 pp. 20 by 25cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 135

11)5. Blank for containing summary statement of goods exported from the United
States, paying specific duty. 4 columns. Hektograph. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

10(3. Blank for compiling foreign goods exported from the United States. Fish and
oil. Dutiable. 13 columns. Hektograph. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

167. Blank for compiling number and tonnage of vessels in the cod and mackerel
fisheries, by districts. G columns. Hektograph. October 25, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

1G8. Blank for compiling statement of the number and tonnage of vessels and seamen
employed in the cod and whale fisheries. 7 columns. Hektograph. November 10,
1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

169. Circular-letter to menhaden fishing firms, asking if ocean-temperature records
have been kept. 5 questions. Hektograph. November 12, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

170. Circular-letter asking naturalists and special correspondents to secure replies
to Circular 55 from cities. Hektograph. November 17, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

171. Circular-letter asking detailed response to questions relating to turtles, terra-
pin, and frogs. Hektograph. November 11, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

172. Inquiry concerning terrapin, snapping and green turtles. 13 questions. To
accompany No. 171. Hektograph. November 19, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

173. Inquiries concerning frogs. 9 questions. To accompany No. 171. Hekto-
graph. November 19, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

174. Blank for compiling sponges, shells, and other commodities exported, by dis-
tricts. 17 columns. Hektograph. November 20, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

175. Blank for compiling turtles, dried oysters, cuttle-fish bone, cudbear, and other
commodities entering into consumption imported. Hektograph. November 20, 1880.
1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

176. Blank for compiling sponges, cuttle-fish bone, and miscellaneous products of
the sea imported, by districts. Hektograph. November 20, 1880. lp. 21 by 31. 5cm.

177. Circular-letter to superintendents of railroads, asking permission to transport
live fish in baggage-cars during 1881. November 17, 1880. 1 p. 10.5 by 19cm.

178. Circular-letter soliciting answers concerning national history of lobsters.
Hektograph. November, 1880. 2 pp. 19.5 by 25cm.

179. Questions upon natural history of lobster. To accompany No. 178. 113 ques-
tions. Hektograph. November 20, 1880. 8 pp. 20 by 32cm.

180. Circular-letter to railroads, asking permission to transport live fish in baggage-
cars, similar to that granted by the Baltimore and Ohio Kailroad. Hektograph.
November 22, 1880. 20 by 25cm.

181. Questions upon the natural history of the lobster; abbreviated edition of No.
179. 37 questions. Hektograph. November 23, 1880. 3 pp. 20 by 32cm.

182. Blank for the statistical recapitulation of the oyster industries. 26 questions.
Hektograph. November 24, 1880. 2 pp. 14 by 22cm.

183. Circular-letter asking for the return of the receipt for carp. Hektograph.
November 26, 1880. 30 copies. 1 p. 20 by 25.5 cm.

184. Circular-letter soliciting information of the edible crabs and shrimps. Hek-
tograph. December 10, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

185. Inquiry concerning natural history of crabs. To accompany No. 184. 19 ques-
tions. Hektograph. December 10, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32.5cm.

186. Inquiry concerning natural history of shrimps. To accompany No. 184. 17
questions. Hektograph. December 10, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32.5cm.

187. Blank for weekly time report. 4 columns. Hektograph. April 10, 1880;
amended December 11, 1880. 1 p. 16 by 20cm.

188. Circular-letter concerning obstructions .in rivers, with blanks for nature of
obstruction, distance from the mouth, &c. Hektograph. December 20, 1880. 1 p.
-20 by 32cm.

189. [Serial mark 143.] Blank for transferring check-marks from circular returns
relating to fish trade and consumption of fish (43 and 55). 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

136 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION.

190. [Serial mark 7-747 and 144.] Blank for compiling fish and oyster report, by

counties, from circular returns relating l<> fish trade ami consumption of fish (43 and
55). 1 p. 19.5 by 30cm.

191. [Serial mark 146.] Circular letter to persons interested in fish culture. Toac-

company No. 48. Hektograpb. January 12, 18SI. Hi by : J<>.5cm.

192. [Serial mark 147.] Circular Letter upon the ascent of Bhad in the headwaters
of rivers, (i questions. Hektograph. January, 1881. 2 pp. 2&) by 25cm.

193. Circular-letter soliciting information concerning fish trade and consumption.
Hektograph. January 19, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

194. [Serial mark 7-806 and 151.] Circular to dealers in fresh fish. 12 questions.
2 pp. 20.5 by 26.5cm.

195. Circula r-letter announcing shipment of land-locked salmon eggs. Hektograph.
January 20, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

196. Inquiry concerning fish-hatching establishments. 10 questions. Hektograph.
January 25, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

197. [Serial mark 7-952 and 157.] Circular to dealers in salt fish. 9 questions. 1881.
1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

198. Circular-letter to persons engaged in fish-hatching. To accompany No. 196.
Hektograph. January 28, 1881. 1 x>- 16 by 20.5cm.

199. Blank for alphabetical catalogue of fish culturists. 5 columns. February,
1881. Hektograph. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

200. Blank for general result of hatching California salmon. 5 columns. February,
1881. Hektograph. 1 p. 20.5 by 31.5cm.

201. Blank for application for carp. 11 questions. Reprint of No. 145, revised.
1881. 2 pp. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

.202. Blank for geographical catalogue of fish-culturists. 4 columns. Hektograph.
February, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

203. Blank for catalogue of persons engaged in fish-hatching. 5 columns. Hekto-
graph. 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

204. Circular-letter and blank, inquiring the name of the water in which land-
locked salmon hare been placed. Hektograph. February 4, 1881. lp. 20.5 by 32cm.

205. Circular-letter inclosing order to baggage-masters, facilitating transportation
of fish during 1881. Hektograph. February 11, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

206. Circular-letter to packers of canned fish and other sea food, requesting dum-
mies and labels. 5 questions. Hektograph. February 11, 1881. 2 pp. 20.5 by 32.5cm.

207. Blank for compiling information concerning obstruct ions in rivers. 7 columns.
Hektograph. February 12, 1881. 1 p. 16 by 20.5cm.

208. Blank for summary of fish and other products of the sea imported annually.
Hektograph. February, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

209. Blank for summary of fish, oysters, oil, bone, spermacel i, and candles exported
annually. Hektograph. February, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

210. Blank for oil exported from the United States annually, by countries. 6 col-
umns. Hektograph. February, 1881. 1 p. ,2 forms. 20 by 31.5cm.

211. Blank for pickled and dried fish imported into the United States annually,
paying specific rates of duty. 7 columns. Hektograph. February, 1881. 1 p. 20.5
by 31.5cm.

212. Circular-letter to medalists of the International Fishery Exhibition, inclosing
a photograph of the medal. Hektograph. February 15, L881. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

213. Blank for fresh-lish dealers in cities of over 10,00Q inhabitants. Hektograph.
February 20, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 32om. •

214. Circular-letter requesting address of the principal dealers in salt and fresh
fish in cities. Hektograph. February 25, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm,

215. Blank for measuring the centers of distribution of fresh fish, salt fish, and
oysters. 5 columns. Hektograph. March 1, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 32cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 137

21G. Blank for record of the work performed in the fishery division of the Tenth
Census. 12 items. Hektograph. March 7, 1881. 1 p. 16 by 20.5cin.

217. Blank for outliue of the localities to which each center of distribution send
fresh or salt fish and oysters. Hektograph. March 20, 1881. 1 p. 12 by 21.5cm.

218. Blank for pickled herring and sardines imported, 1843-'80. 4 columns. Hek-
tograph. March, 1881. 1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

219. Blank for the value of marble, stone, and slates exported and imported by
countries. 10 columus. Hektograph. April 23, 1881. 1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

220. Circular-letter asking parties to verify statement concerning pickled sword-
fish. 3 questions. Hektograph. April 23, 1881. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

221. Circular-letter answering questions about fresh sword-fish. 4 questions. Hek-
tograph. May 10, 1881. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

222. Circular-letter to correspondents answering questions about sword-fish. 4
questions. Hektograph. May 13, 1881. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

223. Circular-letter requesting the address of the principal dealers in salt fish.
Hektograph. May 14, 1881. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

224. Circular-letter to State Fish Commissioners, asking the results of hatching
California salmon eggs donated by the U. S. Fish Commission. Hektograph. May
24, 1881. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

225. Circular-letter to the secretaries of States requesting the last report of the
State Fish Commissioners. Hektograph. May 25, 1881. T p. 19.5 by 25cm.

226. Circular-letter and inquiries concerning the constant use of fish-guano. 5 ques-
tions. Hektograph. May 30, 1881. 1 p. 16 by 20.5cm.

227. Circular-letter to city fish dealers, soliciting response to former inquiries con-
cerning fish trade. Hektograph. June 10, 1881. 1 p. 13 by 21.5cm.

228. Circular-letter to State Commissioners requesting report upon the trout-eggs
donated by the U. S. Fish Commission. Juue 11, 1881. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

229. Circular-letter euforcing request for response to Circular No. 48. Hektograph.
June 17, 1881. 1 p. 14 by 22cm.

230. Circular-letter requesting response to No. 197. Hektograph. June 22, 1881.
lp. 14 by 22cm.

231. Circular-letter inclosing blank carp application, and offering to send the carp by
express. October, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

232. Circular-letter stating that fish are ready for distribution, and offering to send
them by express. October 29, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

233. Circular-letter to fish applicants who responded to No. 231 or 232, announcing
shipment by express. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

234. Orders issued by railroad companies to employe's concerning the transporta-
tion of live fish in baggage-cars. April, 1881. lp. 10.5by 18.5cm. Eoan, vol. — ,pp. —

235. Circular-letter transmitting accounts upon vouchers, and instructions concern-
ing signatures. November, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 26cm.

236. Blank for voucher. Account of expenses of propagation of food-fishes, 1881-'82.
July 24, 1881. 1 p., and filing blank on reverse. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

237. Circular-letter announcing trip of carp messenger, and instructions for regulat-
ing ponds and food. 1 p. 20.5 by 27cm.

238. Circular-letter announcing shixunent to a central point, how to obtain the sup-
ply, transportation, care, and feeding. June, 1880. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

239. Blank for compiling application for fish or eggs. 14 columns per folio. 1 p.
25.5 by 35.5cm. Bound volume, pp. 200-J-.

240. Blank for account- current of the United States with H. A- Gill, disbursing agent
of the U. S. Fish Commission. 6 columns. 1 p. 19.5 by 35.5cm.

241. Blank for abstracts of disbursements by H. A. Gill, disbursing agent of the U,
S. Fish Commission. 4 columns. 1 p. 20 by 32.5cm.

242. Blank letter for transmitting drafts on the Assistant Treasurer of the United
States. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

138 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

243. Circular-letter explaining how to fill carp blanks and obtain the fish. 1 p. 20.5
by 25.5cm.

244. Circular-letter inviting to meeting of fish commissioners of the several States
of I he Tn ion. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

245. Blank for statement of expenditure and balance. 6 columns. 1 p. 21.5 by
25.5cm.

246. Blank for recording the shipment of fish. 14 colums per folio. 1 p. 25.5 by
36.5cm. Bound volume. 200 pp.

247. Circular-letter and request for information concerning the fresh and pickled
sword-fish sold in cities. Hektograph. November 29, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 by 31.5cm.

248. Circular letter and request for information concerning pickled sword-fish. 6
questions. Hektograph. December 2, 1881. 1 p. 20.5 Dy 31.5cm.

249. Circular-letter to County Treasurers requesting the addresses of persons inter-
ested in fish propagation. December 14, 1881. 1 p. 16 by 20.5cm.

250. Circular-letter requesting parties to fill and return applications. December,
1881. 1 p. 12.5 by 20.5cm.

251. Blank for compiling applications to be filled by messenger on same trip. 7
columns. 1 p. 20.5 by 27cm.

2.52. Circular-letter requesting persons to file receipt for carp. 1 p. 14 by 16.5om.

253. Postal-card acknowledgment of the receipt of carp application, and statement
that notice of shipment will be forwarded. 1 p. 7.5 by 13cm.

254. (Serial mark 178.) Blank for requisition of articles or labor. March 12, 1882.
1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

255. Blank for analysis of disbursements. 32 columns. 1 p. 38 by 42cm. 10 bound
volumes, 196 pp. each.

256. Blank for compiling car]) applications by Congressional districts. 8 columns.
1 p. 25.5 by 40.5cm.

257. Blank for library catalogue. 22 columns per folio. 1 p. 29 by 43.5cm. Bound
volume.

258. Blank for pay-roll of the Fish Commission. 8 columns. 1 p. 25.5 by 42cm.

259. Circular-letter requesting information concerning men interested in the prop-
agation of fish. April 3, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 16cm.

260. Orders issued by railroad companies to employe's concerning the transporta-
tion of live fish in baggage-cars. April, 1882. 1 p. 10.5 by 18.5cm. Roan, volume — .

261. Blank for a receipt for carp. 5 items. 1 p. 7.8 by 13cm.

262. Blank for a receipt for fish or eggs. 10 items. Explanations on reverse. 2
pp. 11 by 17.5cm.

263. Circular-letter of Chas. G. Atkins, to recipients of SclMxxlic salmon-eggs, asking
report on 21 items, success in hatching, &c. January, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

264. Blank In show the condition of salmon-eggs when received at hatcheries. To
accompany No. 21)3. January, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

265. Blank postal card, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with penalty
notice. April 2, 1882. 7.7 by 12.9cm.

266. Circular-letter announcing that carp will be sent in cans by express on a stated
day. November 20, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

•^67. Reprint of 266 revised. April 5, 1882. 1 p. 19.7 by 23cm.

268. Circular-letter to carp applicants in Michigan, directing them to apply to Frank
N. Clarke, Northville, Mich'. Hektograph. February, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

269. Postal card for messengers U. S. Fish Commission, to notify carp applicants
■wheiv ami when to meet them for fish. December, 1881. 1 p. 7.6 by 13cm.

27i). Shipping- tag by Adams Express Company, with notice to express agents and
messengers from Geo. W. Moss on reverse. 2 pp. 8 by 16cm.

271. Reprint of 270, with changes — instructions for care of the fish. 2]))). 8 by 16cm.

272. Blank for certificate of general passenger agents, that prices charged are low-
est rates. 1 p. 8 by 21cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 139

273. Blank for certificate that articles or services have been duly received or per-
formed. 1 p. 8 by 21cin.

274. Blank for certificate that bills are correct statements of expenses incurred in
service of the U. S. F. C, &c 1 p. 8 by 21cm.

275. Blank for receipt of check of Herbert A. Gill, on assistant treasurer U. S. 1
p. 7.5 by 19.5cm.

276. Reprint of No. 50. Blank for receipt for property of the U. S. F. C, and for
enumerating articles. April 10, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

277. Morning report of operations at the central batching and distributing station.
Blank for record of eggs bandied. 10 columns. April 12, 1882. 1 p. 20.5 by 34.5
cm. Bound vol., 350 pp.^.

278. 279, 280, 281. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

282. Eegister of drawings. Blank for date, subject, artist, cost, when published,
<fec. 17 columns. 1 folio. 53 by 40.5cm. Bound volume.

283. Label for shipping salmon-eggs from Bucksport, Me., with directions for their
care. 1 p. 18 by 22.5cm.

284. Postal to carp applicants iu Kentucky, stating that a supply has been sent to
Dr. Griffith for distribution. Eeverse of No. 265. Hektograph. April 12, 1882. 1 p.
7.5 by 13cm.

285. Postal to carp applicants, concerning fish lost in transit by express. Eeverse
of No. 265. Hektograph. April 18, 1882. 1 p. 7.5 by 13cm.

2i6. Circular-letter, acknowledging preliminary reply on menbaden, and asking
blank relating to menbaden, &c, be filled for current year. 1 p. 12.5 by 20.5cm.

287. Blank for receipt for carp received through Milton P. Peirce. On reverse blank
for description of pond. 15 items. 2 pp. 8.5 by 14.5cm.

288. Blank for order for work or supplies, with stub for 7 items. January 29, 1879.
1 p. 11 by 28cm.

289. Reprint of 288. July 23, 1881. 1 p. 11 by 28cm.

290. Blank for sub- voucher. To accompany No. 236. July 24, 1881. 1 p., and
filing-blank on reverse. 9 by 22cm.

291. 292, 293, 294, 295. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

296. Blank book for liabilities of the U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. 8
columns per folio. July, 1880. 1 p. 20 by 24.5cm. Bound vol., paper cover. 28 pp.

297. Circular-letter, inclosing copies of No. 260. Hektograph. April 19, 1882. 1 p.
20 by 25.5cm.

298. Circular-letter, giving instructions to spawn-takers. Hektograph. April 20,
1882. 2 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

299. Blank for summary of carp distribution for the year 1881. 8 columns. Hek-
tograph. April 25, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 32cm.

300. Postal card, stating tbat fish having died they will not be supplied until early
next fall. Hektograph. April 26, 1882. 1 p. 7.5 by 13cm.

301. Circular-letter, inclosing carp blank. April 26. 1882. 1 p. 13 by 20cm.

302. Shad tickets of the U. S. Fish Commission, good for one shad each. July 1879.

1 p. 4 by 7.5cm.

303. Letter-head, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

304. Envelope for U.'S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with penalty notice at-
tached. April, 1882. 1 p. 10 by 22.5cm.

305. Envelope'for U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with penalty notice at-
tached. April, 1882. 1 p. 8.5 by 15cm.

306. Analysis of disbursements of the U. S. Fish Commission. 23 columns per folio.

2 p. 39 by 42cm.

307. Register of letters received at the U. S. Fish Commission. 8 columns. 1882.
1 p. 25 by 29.5cm. Bound vol. 200 folios per vol.

308. Register of letters written at the U. S. Fish Commission. 8 columns. 1882.
1 p. 25 by 29.5cm. Bound vol. 200 folios per vol.

140 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. -

309. U. S, Fish Commission fish order-book; blank fox Dame, address, No. of order
and action taken, with stub for same. 1 p. 29 by 31cm. 9 bound volumes, 400 pp.
each.

310. Postal card. Detailed report of eggs taken and fish on hand. 5 items. 5 col-
umns. May 8, 1882. I p., with return address and penalty notice on reverse. 7.5
by 13cm.

311. Blank for compilation of names of applicants for shad, arranged by States.
4 columns. Hektograph. April 8, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 31.5cm.

312. Circular-letter to light-house keepers, giving instructions in regard to ocean-
temperature blanks, with receipt for blanks. Hektograph. March 12, 1882. 1 p. 20
by 31.5cm.

313. Blanks for compilation of names of applicants for California trout, arranged
by States. 7 columns. Hektograph. April 1, 1882. 1 p. 20.5 by 31.5cm.

314. Blanks for weekly time report. 4 columns. Reprint of 187. March 25, 1882.
1 p. 17.5 by 20cm.

315. Script letter-head, ''U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries." May 25, 1882.
1 p. 20 by 25cm.

316. Block heading, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, " Memoranda." May
25,1882. lp. 11 by 18cm.

317. Envelopes for U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with penalty notice at-
tached. May 31, 188:2. 1 p. 10.5 by 23.5cm.

318. Manilla envelope, U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with penalty no-
tice attached. June 3, 1882. 1 p. 10 by 22.5cm.

319. Return envelope, "Prof. Spencer F. Baird, U. S. Commissioner of Fisheries,"
with penalty notice attached. June 5, 1882. 1 p. 9.5 by 21cm.

320. Blank for compiling the names of carp applicants, by Congressional districts.
8 columns. June 8, 1882. Reprint of No. 256. 2 p. 20 by 25cm.

321. 322, 323. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

324. Blank for recording applications for iish. 15 columns per folio. June 13, 1882.
1 p. 25 by 35cm. Bound volume. 150 folios.

325. Blank for recording applications for iish. 12 columns per folio. 1882. 1 folio.
25.5 by 70.5cm.

326. Letterhead, Internationale fischerei aussteJlung in Berlin. June, 1880. 1 p. 25.5
by 28cm.

327. Blank for requisition of articles or labor. July 8, 1882. Revise of No. 254.
1 p. 20 by 24.5cm.

328. Signal code of bell-calls. 1882. 1 p. 15.5 by 24cm.

329. Script letter-head, U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries. July 12, 1882. 1 p.
20 by 25c in.

330. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

331. Pay-roll of the U. S. Fish Commission for 1883. 8 columns. Reprint of No.
258. July 24, 1882. 1 p. 25.5 by 42cm.

332. Blank for order for supplies for London Fishery Exhibition, with stub.
August 1, 1882. 1 p. 12.5 by 27cm.

333. Blank for voucher. Account of the appropriation for International Fishery
Exhibition at London, 1883. August 1, 1882. 1 p., and filing on reverse. 20 by 25cm.

334. Blank for application for carp. 11 items. Reprint of No. 201. October 3,
1882. 2 pp. 20 by 25.5cm.

:'.:;."). Postal acknowledging the receipt of application for carp, and announcing
that the application will be filled as soon as supply is available. October 4, 1882«
1 p., and penalty Dotice on reverse. 7.5 by i:5cm.

336. Envelope for "U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries," with penalty notice
attached. October 19, 1882. 1 p. 12.5 by 29.5cm.

337. Postal annonncing carp senl fco central point to be expressed to address named
in application. October 30, 1H82. 1 p. and penaltynotice on reverse. 7.5 by 13 cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 141

338. Postal messenger's announcement that carp have been sent by express ; pail
to be paid for; receipt to be returned. October 30, 1882. 1 p., and penalty notice on
reverse. 7.5 by 13cm.

339. Postal blank for receipt for carp. October 31, 1882. 1 p., and return address
and penalty notice on reverse. 7.5 by 13cm.

340. Blank for receipt of transportation request from Herbert A. Gill. October
31,1882. 1 p. 15.5 by 19.5cm. Bound volume. 100 pp. 2 receipts on each page.

841. Blank for receipt of cask on account from Herbert A. Gill. October 31, 1882.
1 p. 15.5 by 19.5cm. Bound volume. 100 pp. 2 receipts on each page.

342. Abstract of disbursements, by Herbert A. Gill, disbursing agent of the U. S.
Fish Commission. 4 columns. October 30, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 32.5cm.

343. Circular-letter, transmitting accounts upon vouchers, and instructions concern-
ing signatures. Reprint of No. 235. October 30, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

344. Postal announcing Fish Commission Report exhausted. October 31, 1882. 1 p.,
and penalty notice on reverse. 7.5 by 13cm.

345. Blank for compiling applications for messengers to fill. 7 columns. Reprint
of No. 251. 1 p. 20.5 by 27cm.

346. Blank shipping-tag containing carp receipt ; gives directions for taking care of
the fish. October 31, 1882. 2 pp. 8 by 13.5cm.

347. Blank receipt and invoice for carp shipment, with instructions to collect 20 cents
and charges from consignee. 10 columns. November 4, 1882. 2 pp. 21 by 35cm.

348. Postal announcing car]) sent by express. Cbarges includes pail, which is not
to be returned. November 6, 18S2. 1 p., and penalty notice on reverse. 7.5 by 13cm.

349. Register of property of the U. S. Fish Commission. 12 columns. November
11, 1882. 1 p. 27 by 44cm. Bound volume. 244 pp.

350. Circular-letter inclosing blank carp application, with instructions for indorse-
ment. Reprint of No. 301.' November 7, 1882. 1 p. 12.5 by 20.5cm.

351. Circufar-letter to railroads, asking permission to transport, live fish in baggage-
cars during the year 1883. November 15, 1882. 1 p. 11 by 18.5cm.

352. Postal messenger's announcement that carp have been sent by express; pail to
be paid for and receipt returned. Reprint of No. 338. November 15, 1882. 1 p., and
penalty notice on reverse. 7.5 by 13cm.

353. Register of requisitions of U. S. Fish Commission. 11 columns. November 16,
1882. 1 p. 27 by 44cm. Bound volume. 244 pp.

354. Signal code of bell-calls at Fish Commission Office. November 15, 1882. 1 p.
16 by 30.5cm.

355. Script letter-heading. U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries ; unruled. No-
vember 15, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

356. Circular letter of Southern Express Company, giving permit to transport fish
as desired on passenger trains. March 23, 1875. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

357. Circular-letter to State secretaries, asking questions regarding State Fish Com-
mission. 7 questions. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

358. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

359. Blank for voucher. Account, of expenses of Berlin Fishery Exhibition. March,
1880. 1 p., and filing on the reverse. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

360. Blank for sub-voucher. Account of Berlin Fishery Exhibition. March, 1880. 1
p., and filing on reverse. 9 by 21.5cm.

361. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

362. Envelopes, U. S. Fish Commission, to be used in the distribution of carp by ex-
press companies. October, 1881. 1 p. 10 by 24cm.

363. (Transferred to list of important publications. )

364. Label for shipping packages to Wood's Holl, Mass. New York and Boston
Dispatch Express Company. August, 1882. 1 p. 12.5 by 20.5cm.

365. Return envelope. " Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Wood's Holl, Mass." Smithsonian
frank. August, 1882. 1 p. 10.5 by 24.5cm.

142 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

3GG. Return envelope. " G. Brown Goode, Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
D. C." Fish Commission frank. August, 1882. 1 p. 10.5 hy 24.5cm.

367. Return envelope. " C. W. Smiley, 1443 Mass. ave., Washington, D. C." Fish
Commission frank. August, 1882. 1 p. 11.5 hy 26.5cm.

368. Bill of fare of mess at Wood's Holl. August, 1882. 1 p. 10 by 15cm.

301). Signal code of telephone-calls at Wood's Holl, Mass., 1882. August, 1882. 1
p. 12 by 16.5cm.

370. Label-card for shipping packages to Frof. S. F. Baird, 1445 Mass. ave., Wash-
ington, D. C. October, 1882. 1 p. 7.5 hy 13cm.

371. Directions in regard to Wood's Holl House linen as differently marked. Au-
gust, 1882. 1 p. 18 hy 24.5cm.

372. Postal messenger's announcement that carp have been sent hy express ; pail
to he paid for and receipt returned. Hektograph. November, 1882. 1 p. 7.5 by
13cm.

373. Circular-letter announcing carp sent to central point to he expressed to address
named in application. Hektograph. October, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

374. Postal blank receipt for carp. No frank. 1 p., and address on reverse. 7.5
by 13cm.

375. Library catalogue-cards of U. S. Fish Commission. November 24, 1882. 1 p.
12 by 17cm.

376. Circular-letter to railroads, acknowledging receipt of letter granting trans-
portation of live fish in baggage-cars. Hektograph. November 23, 1882. 1 p. 20
by 25cm.

377. Blank request for transportation, with blank certified receipt. Stub attached
for 10 entries. December 29, 1882. 16.5 by 39.5cm. 10 volumes, 100 pp. each.

378. Circular-letter giving the number of pages, plates, and signatures of Vol. I,
Fish Commission Bulletin. Blank slip, with 3 questions attached, to he answered
and returned. Hektograph. November 25, 1882. 1 p. 19.5 by 31cm.

379. Circular-letter of appointment in service of U. S. Commission of Fish and
Fisheries. December 7, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

380. Circular- letter to railroad companies, asking them to transport car and 5 mes-
sengers at special rate of 20 cents per mile. Hektograph. November 29, 1882. 2
pp. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

381. Circular-letter calling attention to plan of inventory of Fish Commission prop-
erty, to be taken January 1, 1883. 10 classes. Hektograph. December 4, 1882. 2 pp.
21.5 by 35.5cm.

382. Circular-letter to State Fish Commissioners, asking them to fill the inclosed
blank (No. 383) for Fish Commission Bulletin, and ottering volume II by signature.
as published. Hektograph. December 7, 1R82. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

383. Blank for State Fish Commissioners to fill. 7 questions. To accompany No.
382. Hektograph. December 7, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 31cm.

384. Notice to callers that Professor Baird will not see any one on business before
10.30 a. m. 1 p. 8 by 10cm.

385. Official envelope, "U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, steamer Fish Hawk,"
with penalty notice attached. December 20, 1882. 1 p. 8.5 by 15cm.

386. Official envelope, " U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, steamer Fish
Hawk," with penalty notice attached. December 20, 1882. 1 p. 10 by 22cm.

387. Letter-head, " U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, steamer Fish Hawk."
January 8, 1883. 1 p. 19.5 by 25cm.

388. Postal-card receipt for signatures 1-10 of Fish Commission Bulletin, 1882.
Hektograph. December 2, 1882. 1 p., and penalty notice on reverse. 7.5 by 13cm.

389. Blank for invoice of U. S. Fish Commission property, with certified receipt
attached. 5 columns. December 29, 1882. 1 p., and filing on reverse. 20.5by2ficm.

390. Blank for application for space at London Fishery Exhibition, 1883. To ac-
company No. 391. 7 items. December 23, 1882. 1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 143

391. Circular-letter inviting fish packers and dealers in the United States to exhibit
specimens at London Fishery Exhibition. December 20, 188*2. 1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

392. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

393. Circular-letter to State commissioners of fisheries, inclosing classification Lon-
don Fishery Exhibit, and asking for State commissioners' reports. December 22, 1882.
1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

394. Circular-letter acknowledging receipt of application, and advising them to
apply in person at the United States carp ponds at Washington for fish. • Hektograph.
November, 1881. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

395. Circular-letter to railroad auditors, asking them to render bill on transporta-
tion request issued. December 29, 1882. 1. p 20 by 25.5cm.

396. Blank for monthly liabilities against the U. S. Fish Commission. 5 columns.
December 29, 1882. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

397. Circular-letter to State Fish Commissioners and other fish culturists, asking for
their photographs for London Exhibition. January 13, 1883. 1 p. 8 by 13cm.

398. Official envelope, " U. S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries, steamer Fish
Hawk," with penalty notice attached. 1 p. 8.5 by 15cm.

399. Catalogue card for address of recipients of Report and Bulletin of U. S. Fish
Commission. October, 1882. 1 p. 10.5 by 17.5cm.

400. Blank for voucher. Account of expenses of propagation of food-fishes, 1883.
January 11, 1883. 1 p., and filing blank on reverse. 20 by 25cm.

401,402. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

403. Orders issued by railroad companies concerning transportation of live fish in
baggage-cars during 1883. January 12, 1883. 1 p. 11 by 18.5cm. Roan volume, 87
pp. each.

404,405. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

406. Blank for sub-voucher, Londcn Exhibition, 1883. To accompany No. 333. Au-
gust, 1882. 1 p., and filing on reverse. 9 by 22cm.

407. Circular-letter to Pennsylvania carp applicants, announcing fish direct by ex-
press from Washington. Hektograph. January 16, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

408. Check- list of numbers. 7 columns. January 23, 1883. 1 p. 21.5 by 35.5cm.

409. Circular-letter to creditors of the U. S. Fish Commission, calling in accounts.
Feburary 2, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

410. F. C. Library loan card, giving No. of book, time of taking, and return. Feb-
ruary 5, 1883. 1 p. 8 by 13cm.

411. Circular-letter giving general plan of London Exhibition and invitation to
participate. July 26, 1882. 2 pp. 21.5 by 35cm.

412. Return envelope Prof. Spencer F. Baird, for Disbursing Agent U. S. Fish Com-
mission, with penalty notice attached. Febrdary 12, 1883. 1 p. 9 by 21.5cm.

413. Circular-letter offering Fish Commission Bulletin by signatures, as published,
in place of bound volume. February 12, 1883. 1 p. 12 by 20cm.

414. Circular-letter requesting parties to send for missing parts of Fish Commission
Bulletin at once, blank slip attached, with 3 questions to be answered and returned.
Hektograph. February 10, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

415. Blank for receipt of check. Reprint of No. 275. February 12, 1883. 1 p. 7.5
by 19.5cm.

416. Postal-blank receipt for signatures of bulletin. February 12, 1883. 1 p., and
penalty notice on reverse. 8 by 13cm.

417. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

418. Blank for voucher account of the appropriation for International Fishery Ex-
hibition, at London, 1883, W. V. Cox, disbursing agent, Treasury Department. March
12, 1883. 1 p., with filing on the hack. 20 by 24.5cm.

419. (Transferred to list of important publications.)

420. Circular-letter calling in accounts against the International Fishery Exhibi-
tion. March 1, 1883. 1 p. 14 by 21cm.

144 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

421. Blank for extracts of letters for Fish Commission file. Hektograph. April 7
188:?. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm. ' '

422. Circular-letter asking parties to file receipt for carp. Reprint of No. 252.
April lit. 1 p. 14 bj L6.5cm.

42::. Circular-letter inclosing carp application. General distribution about the
1st of November. Revise of No. 301. April 15. 1 p. 13 by 20cm.

124. Blank for record of observations at hatching station, date, temperature, wind,
sky, and tide. . Revise of No. 61. May 1, 1883. 26 columns. 1 p. 39 by 53.5cm.

425. Circular-letter inviting suggestions on construction of a fish-way at Great Falls,
of the Potomac River. Hektograph. April 10, 1883. 2 p. 205 by 32cm.

426. Blank card for hatching record. 8 items: Number of eggs, whence received,
loss, temperature, &c. April 20, 1880. 1 p. 7 by 9cm.

427. Letter-head of " Schoodic Salmon-breeding Establishment." 1 p. 20 by
26.5cm.

428. Label addresses to parties receiving Fish Commission Bulletin signatures.
Hektograph. April 15, 1883. 27 separate labels, each 5 by 10cm.

429. Circular-letter transmitting baggage-car orders, relating to transportation of
fish. April 4, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25.5cm.

430. Fish-egg ticket, giving name of party, kind of fish, number of eggs received,
and number of eggs good. April 25, 1883. 1 p. 2 tickets each. 13 by 13cm.

431. Postal blank for receipt of U. S. Fish Commission Bulletin, with offer to send
by signatures instead of by bound volume. May 25, 1883. 1 p., with return address
and penalty clause on reverse. 8 by 13cm.

432. Return envelope, C. W. Smiley, 1443 Mass. ave., Washington, D. C. Fish Com-
mission frank. June 5, 1883. 1 p. 23 by 29cm.

433. Pay-roll of the United States Fish Commission for 1884. 8 columns. Reprint
of No. 331. June 8, 1883. 1 p. 255 by 42cm.

434. Blank for voucher. Account of expenses of propagation of food-fishes, 1884.
'June 8, 1883. 1 p., and filling blank on reverse. 20 by 25cm.

435. Blank-book for record of Fish Commission bills referred. 9 columns per folio.
June 22, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25 cm. Bound vol., paper cover. 44 pp.

436. Blank-book for statement of expenditures of U. S. Fish Commission. 12 col-
umns per folio. June 22, 1883. 1 p. 30 by 30cm. Bound vol. 300 pp.

437. Circular-letter asking Congressmen to file carp application of constituents.
July 9, 1883. 1 p. 13 by 20.5cm.

438. Blank for carp-culture returns. 16 questions. July 12, 1883. 1 p. 20.5 by
35.5cm.

439. Circular-letter to carp-culturists asking them to fill and return No. 438. July
12, 1883. 1 p. 13 by 20.5cm.

440. Circular-letter inclosing form of Quarterly Return of Property of U. S. Commis-
sion of Fish and Fisheries, with instructions. July 12, 1883. 1 p. 13 by 20.5cm.

441. Circular-letter to light-house keepers, giving instructions regarding ocean
temperature blanks, with receipt for blanks. Hektograph. July 14, 1883. 1. p. 20.5
by 32cm.

442. Circular-letter asking U. S. Fish Commission employ6s to till and return No.
44:5, July 14, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

443. Blank for return for Biennial Register. 7 items. July 14, 1883. 1 p. 20 by
25cm,

444. Blank for extracts from carp-culturo returns, No. 438. Hektograph. July
20, 1883. 1 p. 20 by 25cm.

455. Circular-letter to light-house keepers announcing Fish Commission Reports III.
IV, and V, and Vol. I of the Bulletin. Hektograph. July 23, 1883. 1 p. 20.5 by
25cm.

446. Circular-letter regarding the edible qualities of carp, with instructions how to
prevent a soft or muddy taste. Hektograph. July 28, 1883. 1 p. 20.5 by 25.5cm.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 145

Vol. Ill, fto. 10. TV ashing ton, II. C. Aug. 31, 1883.

INDEX TO THE FOREGOING LIST OF BLANKS, CIRCULARS, ETC.

[Note. — The references are to the numbers and not to pages.]

Abstract of disbursements, 241, 342.
Accounts called in, 409.
Account current, receipt for, 341.
Account current with H. A. Grill, 240.
Accounts London Exhibition called in, 420.
Accounts transmitted, 235, 343.
Acknowledgment of letters, 117, 1)8, 119.
Acknowledgment of mackerel returns, 33.
Acknowledgment of menhaden and cod replies, 34.
Adams Express tag, 270, 271.
Addresses of coast towns, 74, 75.
Alexander, P. H. & Co., references of, 122.
Analysis of disbursements, 255, 306.
Announcement of carp by express, 348.
Application for fish, 36, 103.'
Applicants for fish, record of, 324, 325.
Applicants for report, reply to, 95, 344.
Application for space at London Exhibition, 390.
Appointment letter, 379.

Auditors of railroads asked to render bill, 395.
Auditors of railroads letter, 146.
Baggage-car circular forwarded, 143, 205, 297.
Baggage-car, transportation of fish, 138, 140, 153,

177, 180, 234, 260, 351, 376, 403, 429.
Bell calls, signal code, 328, 354.
Berlin Exhibition, medalists, 123, 133, 212.
Berlin exhibitors, 124.
Berlin exhibits, 79.
Berlin Fishery label, 156.
Berlin medal, photo of, inclosed, 212.
Berlin shipping record, 78.
Biennial Register, returns for, 442, 443.
Bdl of fare, "Woods Holl, 368.
Bills referred, record of, 435.
Bounties of fishing vessels, 162.
Bulletin, request for missing signatures, 414.
Bulletin sent to light-house keepers, 445.
Bulletin siganture letter, 378.
Bulletin signatures offered, 413.
Bulletin signature receipt, 388, 416, 431.
California salmon distribution, 132.
California salmon hatching, 200, 224.
California trout applicants, compilation of, 313.
Callers notice, 384. •
Canned fish, specimens wanted, 206.
Car transportation, at special rate, 380.
Carp, announcement of shipment, 149, 151, 238, 269,
Carp, announcing messengers, 135, 136, 237.
Carp applicants, compilation of, 251, 256, 320, 346.
Carp applicants in Kentucky, 284.
Carp applicants in Michigan, 268.
Carp, application acknowledged, 253, 335, 394.
Carp, application blank, 139, 145, 201, 334.
Carp, application inclosed, 301, 350, 423.

Bull. IT. S. F. O., 83 10

Carp applications, request to file, 437.

Carp applications, request to fill, 250.

Carp, apply at carp ponds, 394.

Carp by express, 233, 266, 267, 338, 348, 352, 372, 407.

Carp-culture returns, 438, 439.

Carp culturists, letter to, 439,

Carp, dead ; supply next fall, 300.

Carp distribution announced, 337, 373.

Carp distribution later, 144, 152, 154, 155.

Carp distribution, summary of, 299.

Carp, edible qualities of, 446.

Carp, how to fill application blank, 243.

Carp, invoice of shipment, 347.

Carp, express envelopes, 362.

Carp lost in transit, 285.

Carp, oft'er to send by express, 231.

Carp-pond-construction, 150.

Carp ready for distribution, 232.

Carp receipt, 261, 287, 339, 374.

Carp receipt wanted, 183, 252, 422.

Carp, season's distribution finished, 148.

Carp, supply sent to central point, 149.

Carp, where to meet, 269.

Catalogue card of report and bulletin, 399.

Catalogue library card, 375.

Catalogue offish culturists, 199, 202,

Catalogue offish-dealers, 90, 142.

Catalogue of fishermen, 121.

Catalogue of fish-hatchers, 203.

Catalogue of library, 257.

Census vouchers, 76.

Central hatchery report, 277.

Certificate that bills are correct, 274.

Certificate of passenger agent, 272.

Certificate that services are performed, 273.

Check -list of numbers, 408.

Check receipts, 275, 415.

Checks, transmittal of, 242.

Clams, questions on, 85.

Coast-town addresses, 74, 75.

Coast-town index, 51.

Coast-town inquiry, 108, 127, 128.

Coast towns invited to co-operate, 40, 129.

Cod exports, 125, 126.

Cod fisheries, statistics of, 17, 160.

Cod-liver oil, quantity, 159.

Cod and mackerel vessels, tonnage, &c, 167.

Cod replies acknowledged, 34.

Cod and whale vessels, tonnage of, 168.

Collection of eggs, record of, 65.

Collectors of customs, fishing vessels, 106.

Collectors of customs, licenses issued, 91, 92.

Commerce and navigation, compilation blank, 93.

Compilation of carp applicants, 251, 256, 320, 345.

146 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Compilation of fish applicants, 239.
Compilation of fish and oyster report, 190.
Compilation of shad applicants, 311.

Condition of salmon eggs, 264.

Congressmen asked to file carp applications, 437.

Construction of ponds, 150, 155.

Consumption of fish, questions on, 71.

Co-operation letter, 40, 129.

Co-operation questions, 41, 72.

Crabs, information asked, 184.

Crabs, natural history of, 185.

Current account with II. A. Gill, 240.

Dealers in fresh fish, circular, 194.

Dealers in fresh fish, blank, 213.

Dealers in salt fish, address wanted, 214,223.

Dealers in salt fish asked to respond, 230.

Dealers in salt fish, circular, 197.

Dealers invited to exhibit at London, 391,

Delaware River fishermen, letter to, 102.

Directions about Wood's IIoll linen, 371.

Directions for ocean temperature, 137.

Disbursements, abstract of, 241,342.

Disbursing-agent envelope, 412.

Disbursements, analysis of, 255, 300.

Distribution of California salmon, 132.

Distribution of carp, later, 152, 154, 155.

Distribution of eggs, 120.

Distribution of fish and oysters, 217.

Distribution of fish by State commissioners, 63.

Distribution of fish, record of, 23, 24, 64.

Distribution of Schoodie salmon, 133.

Distribution of shad, 134.

Drafts, transmittal of, 242.

Drawings, register of, 282.

Dredging stations, record of, 39.

Dummies and labels of canned fish wanted, 206.

Edible qualities of carp, 440.

Envelopes for labels for transporting carp, 362.

Envelope, penalty, No. 9, 304.

Envelope, penalty, No. 6, 305.

Envelope penalty, No. 9|, 317.

Envelope, penalty, No. 12, 336.

Envelope, penalty, disbursing agent, 412.

Envelope, penalty, Fish Hawk, 385, 386, 398.

Envelopes, penalty, mauila, 318.

Envelopes, penalty, return, 319.

Envelopes, penalty, return C. W. Smiley, 367, 432.

Envelopes, penalty, return G. 15. Goode, 366.

Envelopes, penalty. Wood's Holl, return, 365.

Eggs, application for, 103.

Egg applicants, compilation of, 239.

Eggs, distribution of, 120.

Eggs, record of collection, 25.

Exhibitors at Berlin Exhibition, letter to, 124.

Expenditures and balances, statement of, 245.

Expenditures, statement of, 436.

Exports of cod, 125, 126.

Exports, compilation of, 174, 210.

Exports, summary of, 111, 113, 115, 165, 166, 209.

Express, ear], by, 233, 266, 338, 348, 352, 372, 407.

Extracts from letters, blank for, 421.

Eish-applicants, compilation of. 129.

Eish Commission Report, exhausted, 95, 344.

Fish compilation, blank, 190.

Fish-culture, questions on, 48.

Fish-culture, letter to persons interested, 47, 191.

Fish-culture, requesting response to circular, 229.

Fish-cultiirists' circular, 49.

Fish-cultnrists 1 catalogue, i!»!t, 202.

Fish-dealers' catalogue, 90,142.

Fish-egg ticket, 430.

Fisheries, cod, statistics of, 17.

Fisheries, mackerel, statistics, 16.

Fisheries, marine, statistics of, 12,45.

Fisheries, Merrimae River, 164.

Fisheries, mullet, statistics of, 118.

Fisheries, whale, statistics, 21.

Fish-guano, use of. 7::. 220.

Fish-hatchers' catalogue, 203.

Fish-order book, 309.

Fish-trade and consumption of fish, 193.

Fish-trade compilation, 189, 190.

Fish-trade letter, 42.

Fish-trade, questions on, 71,224.

Fish transportation to New York, 80.

Fishermen, catalogue of, 121.

Fishermen near coast, inquiry concerning, 108.

Fishermen, Taunton River, 163.

Fishery products other than cod, 161.

Fish products, questions on, 82.

Fishing-vessels, inquiry of customs officers, 106-

Fish-way, Great Falls, 425.

Food-fish, information asked on, 4.

Fresh-fish dealers' blank, 213.

Fresh-fish dealers' circular, 194.

Fresh -fish dealers, names of. wanted, 214.

Fresh-fish distribution, 215,217.

Fresh swordfish, questions, 221.

Frogs, questions on, 171,173.

Great Falls fish way. asks suggestions, 425.

Guano, fish, use of, 73, 226.

Hatching California salmon, 200, 224.

Hatching establishment, inquiry, 196.

Hatching operations of State Commission, 63.

Hatching operations, record of, 22, 62.

Hatching, persons engaged in, 798.

Hatching record card. 426.

Hatching stations, observations at, 61, 424.

Herring and sardines imports, 218. •

Imports, compilation of, 175, 176,511.

Imports, hcriing and sardines, 218.

Imports, summary of. 112, 208.

Index for coast towns, 51.

Inquiry concerning hatching establishments, 196.

Instructions on edible qualities of carp, 446.

Insurance of vessels. 130.

Inventory, plan of, 381.

Invitation to exhibit at London, 391, 411.

Invitation to State Commissioners 1 meeting, 244.

Invoice of carp shipment, 347.

Invoice of property, 389.

Kentucky carp applicants, 384 %

Label addresses, bulletin recipients, 428.

Label, Berlin Exhibition, 156.

I.abi-1 lor salmon eggs. 283.

Label for Wood's IIoll packages, 364,370.

Land locked salmon eggs shipped, 195.

Land locked salmon planting, 204.

Letter extracts, blank for, 421.

Letter heading, 303, 315, 316, 329, 555.

Letter heading, Berlin Exhibition, 326.

Letter heading, Fish Hawk, 387.

EULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 147

Letter heading, Schoodic Station, 427.

Letter registers, received. 307.

Letter registers, written, 308-

Liability blank, 396.

Liability book, 296.

Library catalogue, 257.

Library catalogue card, 375.

Library loan card, 410:

Licenses for fishing issued by collectors of cus-
tom, 91, 92, 158.

Light- house keepers supplies sent to, 109, 110, 112.

Light-house keepers letter, 94.

Linen, at Wood's Holl, 371.

Loan card of Library, 410.

Lobsters, questions on, 178, 179, 181.

London Exhibition, invitation to exhibit, 391, 411.

Mackerel, asks information about, 34.

Mackerel and cod vessels' tonnage, 167.

Mackerel fisheries, statistics of, 16.

Mackerel returns, acknowledged, 33.

Mackerel vessel, ocean temperature taken on, 69.

Maine menhaden, movements of, 88.

Maine river fisheries, 87.

Marine fishery statistics, 12, 45.

Markets, New England fish trade, statistics, 31.

Markets, New York fish-trade statistics, 20.

Maryland oyster industries, 70.

Measurement of fishes, 57, 60.

Meeting of State Commissioners, 244.

Memorandum blank, 316.

Menhaden firms, ocean temperature records, 169.

Menhaden firms, thermometers forwarded to, 98.

Menhaden on coast of Maine, 88.

Menhaden, questions on, 58.

Menhaden, replies acknowledged, 34.

Menhaden statistics, 286.

Menhaden vessels, list of, 77, 77 a, 77 6.

Menhaden vessel, ocean temperature, 69.

Merrimac River fishermen, 164.

Messenger carp, announcement, 151, 237.

Michigan Lake, tagged fish in, 1.

Morning report central hatchery, 277.

Mullet fisheries, statistics of, 18.

Naturalists asked to secure replies to consump-
tion circular, 170.

Navigation, compilation blank, 93,

Newspapers, request for, 114.

New England markets, fresh-fish trade, 31.

New York market, fish trade statistics, 20.

Observations at hatching stations, 61, 424.

Obstructions in rivers, 188, 207.

Ocean temperature by menhaden and mackerel
vessels, 69.

Ocean temperature, instructions concerning
blanks, 312, 441.

Ocean temperature observation, directions for,
137.

Ocean temperature record, 35.

Ocean temperature supplies sent, 109, 110, 313.

Ocean temperatures by menhaden firms, 169.

Order book, 289.

Order book for fish, 309.

Order for supplies, London Exhibition, 332.

Order for work, or supplies, 288.

Oyster boats and men, condition of, 84.

Oyster circular and questions, 66.

Oyster compilation blank, 190.

Oyster distribution, 215, 217.

Oyster linns, questions on,

Oyster industiies, 83.

Oyster industries of Maryland, 70.

Oyster industries of Virginia, 104, 105.

Oyster industries, statistics, 182.

Oyster transportation, 86.

Packers and dealers in fish invited to exibit at

London Exhibition, 391.
Passenger agent, certificate, 272.
Pay-roll, 258, 331, 433.
Planting of land-locked salmon, 204.
Pond construction, 150, 155.
Portraits wanted, 397.
Postal- card, 265.
Postmaster-General's letter, 54.
Products of fisheries, 160, 161.
Propagation of fish, persons interested, 249, 259.
Property invoice, 389.
Property, quarterly return of, 440.
Property receipts, 50, 276.
Property record blank, 56.
Property register, 349.
Quarterly return of property, 440.
Quartermaster's transportation order, 146,
Railroad auditors' letter, 146.
Railroad auditors to render bills, 395.
Receipt for accounts current, 341.
Receipt for bulletin signature, 388.
Receipt for carp, 287, 374.
Receipt for carp wanted, 422.
Receipt for check, 275, 415.
Receipt for fish, 262.
Receipt for property, 50, 276.
Receipt for transportation request, 340.
Record of Berlin shipments, 78.
Record of bills referred, 435.
Record of collection of eggs, 25, 65.
Record of distribution of fish, 23, 24, 64.
Record of dredging stations, 39.
Record of fish applicants, 324.
Record of hatching operations, 22.
Record of observations at station, 61, 424.
Record of ocean temperature, 35.
Record of shad from Susquehanna River, 89.
Record of shipment of fish, 246.
Record of work on 10th census, 216.
Register, Biennial, returns for, 442, 443.
Register of drawings, 282.
Register of letters, 307, 308.
Register of property, 549.
Register of requisitions, 353.
Repoit of Fish Commission exhausted, 95, 344.
Report of Fish Commission for light-houses, 445.
Report of central hatching, 277.
Report of eggs, &c, 310.
Report on trout eggs wanted, 228.
Report Schoodic salmon wanted, 263.
Report State Fish Commission wanted, 225, 393.
Replies asked to consumption circular, 170.
Reply to applicants for report, 95.
Request for newspapers, 114.
Request for transportation, 377.
Requisition blank, 254, 347.
Requisition register, 353.

148 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION.

Hi in. circular asked, 229.
Return of carp-cnltnre, 438, 439.
Rhode Island postmaster's Letter, 52.
River fisheries of Delaware River, 102.
River fisheries of Maim-. 87.
Ri\ er fisheries, questions on, 53.
River fisheries, record of, 07, 90.
River fisheries, request that records be kept, 68.
River-fishery compilation blank, 1.31.
River obstructions, 1.88,207.

: temperature, 110.
Salmon eggs, condition of, 2G4.
Salmon eggs, label, 283.
Salmonidse eggs, how many wanted, 147.
Salt-fish dealers asked to respond, 230.
Salt-fish dealers' circular, 197.
Salt-fish dealers' letter, 214.
Salt-fish distribution, 215, 217.
Salt-fish, letter to dealers in, 223.
Salt-manufacture on Pacific coast, 101.
Schoodic salmon distribution, 133.
Schoodic salmon eggs, 263.
Sea-coast post-oilices, 107.
Secretary of State, letter to, 99.
Secretary of State, questions, 100.
Shail applicants compilation, 311.
Shad ascent in rivers, 192.
Shad distribution, 134.
Shad record, Snsquehannah River, 89.
Shad ticket, 302.
Shell-fish, questions on, 85.
Shipment of carp announced, 149, 151,238, 269.
Shipment of fish, 97, 246.
Shipment of land-locked salmon, 195.
Shipping record to Berlin, 78.
Shipping tag, Adams Express, 270, 271.
Shipping tag, containing carp receipt, 346.
Shrimps, information wanted, 184.
Shrimps, natural history of, 186.
Signal code of bell-calls, 328, 354.
Signal code telephone, Wood's Holl, 369.
Signatures Bulletin missing, 414, 416, 431.
Signatures of Bulletin offered, 413.
Space at London Exhibition, application for, 390.
Spawn-takers' instructions, 298.
State Fish Commissioners meeting, 244.

late Fish Commission reports wanted, 225, 393.
Mate, Fish Commissions, questions on, 99, 100, 357,

382, 383.
Statement of expenditure and balances, 245.
Statement of expenditures, 436.
St a I ionery to light-house keepers, 110.
Stations, dredging record of, 39.
Statistics of "cod-lishories, 17.
Statistics of fishery marine, 12.
Statistics of fishing vessels, 11, 46, 157.
Statistics of mackerel-fishing, 16.

Statistics of marine fisheries, 45.

Statistics of mullet fisheries, 18.

Statistics of New England fresh fish trade, 31.

Statistics of New York market, 20.

Statistics of oyster industries, 182.

Statistics of whale fisheries, 21.

Statistics river fisheries, 96.

Stone imports and exports, value of, 219.

Subvouchers, Berlin Exhibition, 360.

Subvoucher blank, 290.

Summary of carp distribution, 299.

Susquehannah River shad record, 89.

Swordiisli. fresh, 221.

Swordfish, pickled, 220, 248.

Swordtish questions, 222, 247.

Tag, Adams Express Company, 270, 271.

Tag containing carp receipt. :;4G.

Tagged fish in Lake Michigan, 1.

Taunton River fishermen, 163.

Telephone calls, Wood's Holl, 369.

Temperature book, 116.

Temperature, ocean record of, 35.

Temperature on menhaden vessels, 88.

Thermometers for Menhaden fishing firms, 98.

Ticket for fish-eggs, 430.

Time report, 187, 314.

Tonnage of cod and mackerel vessels, 167.

Tonnage of cod and whale vessels, 168.

Transfer of checks from circular No. 43, 189.

Transmittal of accounts, 2IJ5, :J4^.

Transmittals of drafts, 242.

Transportation at special rate, 380.

Transportation of lish by railroads, 81.

Transportation of lish in baggage cars, 138, 140.

153, 177, 180, 205, 234, 260, 351, 376, 403, 429.
Transportation of fish on passenger trains, 356.
Transportation of fish to Xew York markets, 80.
Transportation of oyster, 86.
Transportation order, payment of, 146.
Transportation request, 377.
Transportation request, receipt for, 340.
Trout eggs, report on, wanted, 228.
Turtles, questions on, 171, 172.
Value of stone imports and exports, 219.
Vessels, fishery statistics, 11, 46, 157.
Vessels, fishing bounties, 162.
Vessels, fishing licenses, 158.
Vessels, insurance of, 130.
Vessels, of cod and mackerel tonnage, 167.
Vessels, of cod and whale tonnage, 168.
Virginia oyster industries, 104, 105.
Voucher, Berlin Exhibition, 359.
Voucher, London Exhibition, 333, 418.
Vouchers, propagation of fishes, 141, 236, 400, 434.
Vouchors, Tenth Census, 76.
Whale and cod vessels, tonnage, 168.
Whale fisheries, statistics of, 21.

BULLKTIX OF THE UNITED STATES PISH COMMISSION. 149

9.— I Ol IS I AltllN SHOWING III i: A1IOIM OF PUBLIC »IOM\ II'.
PBOPBIATED FOB ( Altltvix; OM I ill. UNITED STATES CO0UIIS-
SIOIV Ol FISH \M> FISHERIES AM) Tin: \ AltlOl m STATE COIL
mU80IO!VS FBOM L8S9 TO 1882, INCLUSIVE.

By C'HAS. W. SMILEY.

The tables which are presented herewith were originally designed in
1880, bt'in^ brought down to that date and exhibited at the Berlin Ex-
hibition. They have now been completed for the use of the. Loudon
Exhibition. The data have been derived from the records of tin- United
States Pish Commission and from correspondence held with the secre-
taries of state and the ftsh commissioners of the various states of the
Cuiou. The tables may consequently be regarded as very accurate.

Table I. — Appropriations for the United States Wish Commission work,

187 l-s:;.

i year.

1871-72 .

187:

1873-74

;-75

1875-70

-'77 .

"-'78 .

1878-79 .

1879-'80 .

1880-'81 .

Illustia- 1'ropaga-

tion. tion.

$5,000

5,000

5,000
5,000
5,000

5,000

1881-82

1882-83 !

Total ..

3,500
3.500

3,500

3,500

$500

1,000
1,000

1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

1,000

1,000

J 17,600 j

i *15, 000 J

s 115,

/ i".
17,
15,
17.

( 47.

i 17,

5 30,

< "

50,
>17,
( 20,

75,

i -

wS

47, 500 10, 500

15,
85,

95,

Kill)

000
500
000

000
U45

600
000

I

000

000
000

OOII

Steam
vessels.

5 50,iPM, j
1*17,600 i

< 75, i /

t 15,1'

115,000

12, L'OO 00
5, 000 00
5,

12,

5,
10,

30, 000 00

000 00

ooo no

000 00

001 15

V

Railroad

car.

C$45,000

i 12, E

' | 15, 000 I

1.-,, 000

115,700

I.
( 2E

| I",, 000 I

( ■"■

ooo

Rent.

•1,500

1,500

TotaL

$8, 500 00

30,i'

38, 500 00
L'.'S, .",00 00
71,000 00

30, 045 00

70,7(1

76, 000 00

OOO 00

1 J 1,500 00

1 10 45

228, p'OO 00

70,201 45 315,209

8,000

3,000 1,190,.

I ■• ficiencj appropi lation.
1879-'80. Appropriation for the international Piaherj Exhibition in Berlin, 120,000.
1882-'83. Appropriation for the Internationa] I Exhibition In London, $50,000.

The state appropriations are put down under the years in which they

were made, which usually are the years preceding the expenditure.
This explains why the following tables close with L882.

150 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

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152 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

As is shown, the total amount of money •appropriated by the United
States Government thus far for the service of the United States Com-
mission is $1,190,955.45, and the total amount appropriated for the
service of the various State Commissions is $1,110,096, making a total,
to the close of the year 1882, of $2,292,051.45. If this sum should seem
large to any one when examining- the actual fruits of fish-culture, it is
to be remembered that a large per cent, of it represents permanent
investments in the way of hatching-houses, apparatus, ponds, &c, and,
in the case of the United. States Commission, of three steamers — the
" Lookout," " Fish Hawk," and " Albatross" — all of which investments,
being of a permanent nature, will not need to be renewed, to any con-
siderable extent, during the next decade. However the money may
have been expended, one thing will be made very apparent by an exam-
ination of Table IV, viz, that an exceedingly small proportion of it has
been paid out in salaries, the United States Commissioner and nearly
all of the State Commissioners having served from the beginning with-
out remuneration.

Table IV. — Salaries of Commissioners and Superintendents of State Fish

Commissions.

State.

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Georgia

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Maine

Maryland

Massachusetts..

Michigan

Minnesota

Missouri

Nebraska

Nevada

Xtu Hampshire

New Jersey

NVu York

North Carolina..

Ohio

' in "jin

Pennaj Ivania ...

Rhode Island . . .

Smiili Carolina..

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia . .

Wisconsin

Wyoming

£ o =

2
3
3
3

1
3

1
1
3

1
1

1
10
3
2
3
3
3
3

3

1
3
3
4
1

3
1

6
3
1
3
1
1
o

1
1
3
6
1

Salary of Commissioners.

None

None

None

None

None

$3 per day when at work.

None . ..'.

None

None

None ,

Commissioner, $1,200; assist-
ant, $600 per year

$3 per day for 50 days

None.

Tw o, $500 each and expenses..

$1,500 each

One at $150 per month

None

None

None

None •

None.

$3 per diem when at work . .
None

None

$1,500 per annum ; assistant,

$720.
None

None

None

None

None

None

$1,500 per annum

None

None

None

None

None

None

None

Salary of Superintendents.

$150 per month,
per annum.

per year.

$1,200 per annum.
$2,000 per annum.
$75 per month; also a secre-
tary, at $500 per annum.

$000 per annum.

$3,000 per annum.

$1,200 and $800 per year.
$900 and $800 per annum.
$720 per annum.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 153

10 SOME OF THE EARLY RESULTS OF THE INTRODUCTION OF

COD GILL-NETS AT GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS, 1SSO-1881.

By S. J. MARTIN.

[Letters to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

A few remarks on the cod gill -nets used by 0aj)t. George H. Martin
on the schooner Northern Eagle. He set them one night on the Honey-
pinks, and got 1,000 pounds of cod ; but the bottom was rocky, and the
nets were somewhat injured. Afterwards, he set them in Spanish Bay r
and obtained 4,000 pounds in two nights. The fish were very large,
averaging 22 pounds apiece. The catch of the nets was greater than that
of the trawls. One boat fishing close to the nets with 10,000 hooks got
2,000 pounds. Captain Martin thinks the nets will work well. Those he
has are 50 fathoms long and 3 fathoms deep, with glass ball floats, like
those which we used ; but the twine is too small and breaks easily. He
has gone to Boston to get eight more, made of salmon twine, with a
length of 100 fathoms each and a 10-inch mesh. The fish are scarce. I
will keep you posted on the nets.

Gloucester, Mass., December 1, 1880.

The schooner Northern Eagle made a second trip down in the bay
and obtained 6,000 pounds of large cod, which were sold in Boston for
3£ cents per pound. She had no bait bill. The schooner Breeze went
out at the same time, and had a bait bill of $54. She used 10,000 hooks
on the same ground where the nets were set and took 7,000 pounds, half
of her fish being small.

They are going to have three nets, 50 fathoms long, to a dory, which
will make twenty-seven in all. I think that after they are equipped
they will get a good trip in two nights. The men no longer get their
fingers cold by cutting up frozen herring, and do not have the trouble
of baiting trawls. The decks are clear, and when the nets are hauled
the fish are put into a pen on deck and salted. The nets have, each,
twenty-two glass-ball floats, and twenty-two bricks for sinkers. The
herring catchers don't like to see them introduced.

Gloucester, Mass., December 10, 1880.

The Northern Eagle has made a third trip to the bay, with the cod
gill-nets. She was gone two days. The weather was bad, but they
set the nets five times and got 15,000 pounds of large cod, averaging 23
pounds apiece. Eight thousand pounds were taken at one haul. The
first nets they had are condemned; the twine of which they were
made was too small and they were torn all to pieces. They now have
twenty-four nets, 50 fathoms long, with a 10-inch mesh, all made of salmon

154 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

twine. Ipswich Bay is a hard place to fish in with nets. The fish are
;ill caught on a place ten miles long northeast and southwest, and two
miles wide southeast and northwest. If one gets outside of that range
lie will take nothing. There are fifty sail of vessels fishing on that
small piece of groufid. The vessels will average six dories each, and
each dory sets 1,000 hooks. The Northern Eagle set her nets one night
outside the trawls, and got only 300 pounds of fish. The nets were
then taken up and set on a bunch of rocks, and there they caught plenty.
One vessel set her trawls across the nets and hauled one up and cut it in
two. I think that in the spring, when the bait gets scarce, some of the
vessels will go to George's, and the Northern Eagie will do better, as
she can then set her nets in deeper water. She has done as well as the
trawlers, and has had no bait-bill to pay; the last morning the nets were
hauled one man got 68 large fish in one net. The water was 11 fathoms
deep where the fish were taken. They have to lie still all day, as no
fish are caught in the nets except at night.

Gloucester, Mass., December 28, 1880.

The schooner Northern Eagle has made a trip to Ipswich Bay and
lias done well. She sold 19,300 pounds in Portsmouth and 15,500 pounds
in Gloucester. They under-run their nets seven mornings. None of
the trawlers got half as many in the same time. They never took their
nets up till they got ready to come home. They had them down a week
and three days ; got 8,000 pounds one haul. The fish they landed in
Portsmouth averaged 24 pounds each. The trawlers say the fish are
scarce in Ipswich Bay. One vessel went out when my son, George H.
Martin, did, and arrived this morning with 4,000 pounds. They did not
get their nets torn much this time. The crew are as proud as a dog
-with two tails ; no bait-bill ; no trawls to fix. The trawlers have not
bothered them much this time; they lose too many hooks. There are
two vessels at Portsmouth which are going to have nets. I think some
of the boats here will have nets. Most of the shore boats will have
nets in the spring. When bait gets scarce the nets will do well. There
Avere 52 vessels fishing in Ipswich Bay last week — a large fleet for so
small a place. The fish are full of ripe spawn. I saw four and a half
barrels taken from 15,000 pounds of fish. The female fish are very
large. One-half of our vessels sell their fish in Portsmouth. George
told me to day that they got 10,000 pounds at one haul instead of 8,000
pounds. One dory got 84 fish. Schooner Phantom arrived to day with
8,000. It went down the same day that George did. So the nets catch
more fish than the trawls, thanks to Professor Baird. The crew made

i! to a share.

GLOUCESTER, Mass., January 12, 1881.

The schooner Northern Eagle, ('apt. (1. II. Martin, has returned from
her sixth trip in Ipswich Bay. She got 35,000 pounds in four nights,

which is three times as much as the trawlers obtained in the same time.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 155

On the morning of January 19 she got 18,000 pounds in one haul. The
schooner Christie Campbell had 10,000 hooks set abreast of the nets at
the same time, and caught 37 fish. Captain Martin sold his catch to-day
at $1.40 a hundred pounds. The following vessels, are having nets
made : Schooner Emma L. Osier, 18 nets 50 fathoms long ; schooner
Defiance, 15 nets ; schooner David A. Osier, 18 nets. Some of the men
that are going in small boats are knitting two nets each. John Pew
has a vessel which is going to carry nets to the Grand Banks. Captain
Wheeler, of the schooner Defiance, went to Boston yesterday and or-
dered 900 fathoms. I think that next month all the boats will have nets.
The net company ought to give Captain George a gang of nets. It
has more orders than it can fill in three weeks. The glass-blowers
told Captain Wheeler that they had 2,500 balls to blow. There were
five masters of vessels over to see Captain Martin to find out how the
nets are set and how they are rigged. Some think that if all have nets
they will not get so many fish. It is suggested that the bait on the
trawls toles the fish. The complaint is made that if all have nets of
10-inch mesh they will not get any small fish to cut up ; so much the
better; the large ones will fetch a higher price. Captain Martin thinks
the nets are good things, because they give the small fish a chance to
grow. He does not think they will hurt the fishing as much as the
trawls. In the nets they get all that 'vmesh," while on the trawl the
fish often break the gangings and go off with the hooks in their throats,
which soon kill them.

Captain Martin in six trips has landed 120,000 pounds of fish, which
were all sold round. He did not have a hundred pounds of small ones ;
while some of the trawlers got one-third small. The bait-bill of some of
the vessels that started when he did is $380. The men on the herring
vessels swear at the nets because they think none of the shore boats
will buy bait after this month.

Gloucester, Mass., January 22, 1881.

The vessels with cod gill-nets are doing well. The schooner Defiance,
with eighteen nets, got 45,000 pounds in seven nights. The schooner
Morrill Boy, with twelve nets, got 24,000 pounds in five nights. The
schooner Emma S. Osier, with eighteen nets, got 54,000 pounds in ten
nights. The ISorthern Eagle got 12,000 pounds in three nights. There
are several more which I have not heard from; they do not bring their
fish to Gloucester, as they can get a better price at Portsmouth, and
they do not have to come for bait. It bothers the fishermen why they
cannot get big fish on the trawls. The average weight of the trawl
fish last week was 10 pounds ; of those. caught in nets, 22 J pounds.

There are are now 10 vessels altogether which have nets. The
weather during the past week has been cold and foggy. There are in
Gloucester 200 nets. When they all are in use we shall hear of good
work. I am watching to get some spawn. I think some of the boats

156 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

will be up Sunday. One vessel from Portsmouth and three from Swamp-
scott have net s. The schooner Barbara Frietchie has gone to the West-
ern Bank, carrying three nets ; and schooner Commodore Foote is going
there with the same number. Some of the vessels tried floats made of
cork boiled iu pitch, which filled with water in two nights. One had
hers of sheet-iron, but they flattened together. Now, all have provided
themselves with glass ones. On Monday they got 2h cents per pound
for fish in Portsmouth. The wind is blowing fresh from the northeast
to day, and the nets cannot be hauled.
Gloucester, Mass., March 2, 1881.

The vessels with cod gill-nets have failed to get fish during the past
week, as the weather has been too rough. Some of them hauled their
nets this morning, getting from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds, which sold at 5
cents per pound. Schooner George Clark, jr., has returned from the
Western Bank. One of her 3 nets was out two days in 00 fathoms of
water and caught only 19 fish. The weather was rough, and I do not
think the net was set right. The sinkers were too small; it takes 4
pounds to sink one ball, and some of the sinkers she had weighed only
2 pounds. Schooner Commodore Foote set 2 nets in 50 fathoms of
water on Western Bank, and got 50 large fish to a net. Next month
when the fish get into shoaler water the nets will do well. I think
they would be successful in GO fathoms if they were set right. George
|Capt. George H. Martin] is going to the Western Bank next month and
will give the nets a fair trial. He will take 32 of them with him.

Finback whales are plenty on the coast. Three were shot at Province-
town; there are many in Ipswich Bay, and the fishermen say there are
plenty of them on George's. There is a great school of herring on
George's, which are of very large size. The weather is very cold. For
two mornings the thermometer has been at 19° at six o'clock. There
are two Gloucester vessels at Grand Manan. I think they will each get
a load of frozen herring. A small vessel arrived this evening with
50,000.

We shall hear more about the nets next week when other Western
Bankers get home, and then I will write again.

Gloucester, Mass., March 6, 1881.

The spawn I sent you this morning was the best I could get. There
were 7,000 pounds of codfish here this morning, but there was only a
bucket of spawn from the whole. They were nearly all large, ripe, male
fish. Captain Gill says that on Wednesday he carried 6,000 pounds of
cod to Portsmouth, which were half females. 1 never saw all the fish
males before at this time of the year. I opened 22 that came out of a net
yesterday, and everyone was a male. 1 think the female fish will come
back as soon as the sea goes down. Schooner Martha .Jane had 0,000
pounds of codfish. Her captain gutted his fish and sent them to Bos-
ton, lie says they were all males. The fishermen think it strange that

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 157

the female fish have gone iii so short a time. All the vessels that carry
nets are at home mending them, as they were badly torn during the last
storm. Almost all the nets went adrift, but were all recovered. Their
drifting was caused by the strong tide resulting from the freshet in the
rivers. The men like the uets first rate. Herring are selling to-day for
$1.25 per hundred. It comes hard on the trawlers, but it does not
affect the netters. I think that this week, when the latter all get to work,
we shall hear of good fishing with the nets. There will be 180 nets down
this week in Ipswich Bay.
Gloucester, Mass., March 15, 1881.

There were 9 vessels fishing with cod gill-nets in Ipswich Bay last
week. They carried 21 nets each, and averaged 20,000 pounds of nice
cod to a vessel. The trawlers had to leave the bay, as they could not
get bait. Some of them bought razor-clams and tried them on the
trawls. Several got 7,000 pounds as the result of the week's fishing.
Their fish were of small size, but those taken in the nets were large. The
stormy weather has hurt the nets. Two mornings in last week the water
was too rough for them to be hauled, and, lying on the bottom with fish
in them, they were badly torn. A new school of cod entered the bay last
week. A quarter of them were females, and large. If the weather is
good this week the netters will do well. All the large trawlers have
quit; but so much the better for the netters. They are getting nets all
along the eastern shore.

Gloucester, Mass., March 23, 1881.

The vessels with cod gill-nets did not do much the last week. The
weather was too windy. They under-ran their nets twice, and found good
fishing.. The fish were large, and half of them were females. The
weather has been cool the last two days, and the wind has been blowing
hard from the northwest. Poor chance for the netters.

I suppose you have heard all the news about the mackerel that Sol.
Jacobs carried in to New York. He caught them 40 miles southeast
from Chincoteague. The mackerel are only 9 inches long, but they are
plenty and extend from the southeast part of La Have Bank to as far
south as Chincoteague. On the day when Sol. Jacobs got his mack-
erel there were a great many schools seen, and if it had been fine
weather he could have gotten the vessel full. A telegraphic dispatch has
just come telling of the loss of the schooner Lizzie K. Clark. She was
bound south after mackerel, and was upset in a squall. All the mem-
bers of the crew were saved.

Gloucester, Mass., March 24, 1881.

The net fishing in Ipswich Bay is almost over. They have not caught
any fish there this week. The Northern Eagle got 500 pounds on Sat-
urday night and 800 pounds on Sunday night. George' [Capt. George H.
Martin] is going to the Western Bank. The vessels that carried nets

158 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

there did not give them a fair trial. When George gets back we shall
find out what can be done with them on that ground. A large school
has been on the Western Bank. Some of the fishermen think that as
soon as the boats left off trawling the fish went away, for they suppose
that the bait which comes off the trawls attracts them. Most of the
netters are going to the offshore grounds. No cod have yet been caught
in Boston Bay this spring. The haddock vessels have done well this
winter. If George gets a good trip on Western Bank a good many
others will go there with nets. They all want some one to go first.
Hope he will do well.

Gloucester, Mass., April 18, 1881.

Ten sail of vessels have put their cod gill-nets ashore. There are
fish in Ipswich Bay, but they cannot be caught with nets. Two boats
caught, with trawls, 25,000 pounds of fish in five nights and days. The
highest catch in nets was 3,000 pounds in the same -length of time.
Nets were set at the same place where the trawls were, but took no
fish. On Tuesday night the schooner Anna Bell took 5,000 pounds of
fish on trawls. The schooner Bising Star, with 24 nets, got 26 fish.
The netters had to give it up. It works the same way off Gloucester.
Some of the small boats had 2 nets set and got no fish. Trawls set
in the same place took 300 and 100 pounds. Schooner Annie Fey set
G nets on Western Bank one night and caught 1 fish. Perhaps the
nets were not set right. I am sorry it has worked so. The men have
been to a good deal of expense. They spent a week tanning and tar-
ring their nets for summer fishing. The vessels have all taken their
trawds. The men say: "D — n the nets! All they are good for is three
months in winter, when the fish are spawning." When the Northern
Eagle returns from the Western Bank we may hear a better report.
If you can throw any light on the subject, please write and let me
know. They ask me about the matter, and I do not know what to say.
The cod which they are getting in Ipswich Bay are large, but different
from the ones they get in winter. What few are taken in the nets are
dissimilar to those hooked on the trawls, and look like the winter fish.
The fish here now do not travel by nights ; if they did, they would go
into the nets. I do not think the nets will be used again until next
winter, unless George does well on Western Bank.

Gloucester, Mass., April 22, 1881.

Note. — For a continuation of Captain Martin's reports on the cod
gill-net fishing, see pages 343-345 in Volume I of this Bulletin for 1881.
A full description of the nets and of their use, together with the history
of their introduction by the United States Fish Commission, written by
Captain Collins, may be found in the same volume, pages 1-17, with
12 illusrative plates. — C. W. S.

\

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 159

11.— NOTES OIV THE COD GILL-NET FISHERIES AT GLOUCESTER,

MASSACHUSETTS.— 1882-1883.

By S. J. MARTIN.

[From letters to Prof. S. F. Baircl.]

In 1878, 1879, and 18S0 the vessels did well with cod-nets. Last year
they did hut very little with nets. The reason is that there were no
fish inshore. The result was the fishermen thought nets would never
be used again, and some sold their nets for drink and some let them rot.
Some who had nets in the last part of the winter took care of them.
This winter the tide has turned. Six weeks ago the haddock catchers
caught from 15,000 to 18,000 pounds of large codfish on the western
part of Cashe's in GO fathoms of water, and these fish came inshore to
spawn. When the spirling were here the boats went out on the rocky
spots of the fishing ground and caught some large codfish, say 200
pounds a day; but the spirling failed, and when the boats went out with
clams they caught no fish. Captain Gill three weeks ago went out and
set 8 old cod nets and caught 1,500 pounds of cod, but some of the
nets were so rotten that the fish went through them. Then he bought
12 nets from the Banks fishermen, and since that time he has landed
35,000 pounds of large cod. This is doing well when there is little or
no bait. At that time there was one boat from Gloucester and one
from Kockport ; to-day there are ten sail from Gloucester and two from
Eochport. All the nets that were in Gloucester have been bought up
and some new ones brought from Boston. The schooner Bising Star,
after fishing 10 days, has stocked $1,100. A boat with 3 men went out,
set 7 nets 4 miles from the shore, and came in this morning with 5,000
pounds large cod for one night's fishing. All the boats are doing well,
and much work will be done this winter with cod gill-nets. Cod sold
to-day at 3 cents a pound. The boat Morrill Boy has made $100 a man.

Gloucester, Mass., December 6, 1882.

The cod gill-net fishing has been a great success so far this winter.
There have been landed at Gloucester 180,000 pounds of large cod which
had been caught in nets. It is five weeks since they began to use nets.
There are 20 boats, large and small, fishing with nets, and 195 nets are
in use at present. A year ago all the'fish caught in nets were obtained
in Ipswich Bay, but this winter the greater part of the fish have been
caught off here on the rocky bottom. The fish are large, averaging
21 pounds. Seven-eights of those caught are males. There are two
vessels that have made $220 to a share. These cod bring a good price,
being sold at 3 cents a pound.

Gloucester, Mass., December 20, 1882.

The net fishermen have succeeded well in Boston Bay this winter.
Six hundred thousand pounds of fish caught in this bay have been landed

160 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

at Gloucester. The most successful vessel has made $380 since Novem-
ber 17; this was with 5 men and 16 nets. The fish all left the*bay in
one night. The net fishermen are getting ready to fish in Ipswich Bay.
Two boats which are now there are doing well. The fish sometimes re-
main there until April 1. The total value of the fish landed at Glouces-
ter by the aetters, thus far, i.s $15,000; 70 men and 140 nets have been
engaged. The outlook for a prosperous winters' work is good.
Gloucester, Mass., January 11, 1883.

There are 10 vessels in Ipswich Bay using cod gill-nets. They are
using 15 nets to a boat and are doing well. During the last 20 daysthey
have landed at Rockport and Portsmouth 230,000 pounds of large cod.
Some of the boats have made $110 to a share, with 8 men to a boat.
The fish are in one small spot, and 150 nets are set on a spot of ground
half a mile long and quarter of a mile wide. The nets are often set
across each other, so that one man was obliged to haul 7 nets in order
to get his own. Those on top get the most fish.

Gloucester, Mass., February 6, 1883.

Net fishing is about ended for this winter; not more than two boats
are now fishing with nets. The reason why the boats took up their
nets so soon is because the nets were worn out, and they do not want
to get new ones. Fish have been scarce during the past week, and the
time for net fishing is short. The fish in Ipswich Bay are large. The
schooner Blue Jay was in Eockport yesterday with 135 fish which
weighed 4,134 pounds; these fish sold for 5h cents a pound. I think
the boats that have nets will do well; 5,000 pounds now is as good as
15,000 pounds in 1881.

Gloucester, Mass., February 24, 1883.

The fishing with cod gill-nets in Ipswich Bay has been good during
the last ten days. Some of the boats landed as many as 15,000 pounds
last week after two nights' fishing. All the boats which took their nets
up have gone with them to Ipswich Bay. The fish are very large and
fall of spawn. The crew of the boat Martha Jane shared $92 apiece
after fishing 10 days. This was with 8 men and 4 dories.

The net fishing for cod is done for this year. The amount ot fish
landed here which were caught in nets this winter is 2,335,000 pounds.
These fish were weighed as they came from the water. During the
months of November and December, when fish were plentiful, there
were not many boats with nets, but in the latter part of the winter there
were 21 boats fishing with cod gill-nets. If the whole fleet had used
nets in the first part of the winter the catch would have been much
larger. The number of vessels fishing with nets is 21. Six dories with
cod-nets fishing out of Hamilton, with 3 nets and 2 men to a dory.
Number of nets used this winter, 420; men engaged, 180. The nets are
50 fathoms long. The weather this winter has been rough for net fish-
ing, the nets not being hauled more than two-thirds of the time. Three

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 161

Vol. Ill, IVo. 11. Washington, D. C. Aug. 31, 1883.

boats have nets down, but they have not been hauled this week. The
nets are all used up. If the fish remain in the nets over twenty -four
hours they are scaled; the sand fleas take the scales off* and suck the
blood out of the fish. Then they have to be sold for half price.
Gloucester, Mass., March 25, 1883.

12 THE AMERICAN PURSE-SEINE SUCCESSFUL IIV THE HERRING

FISHERIES OF SWEDEN.

By S. J. MARTIN.

[Letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

You will probably be interested to know that a purse-seine has been
successfully used in the herring fisheries of Sweden, near Gottenborg.
My son, Capt. George H. Martin, informs me that Andrew Swinton,
who formerly fished from Gloucester in schooner Northern Eagle, re-
turned home to Gottenborg in 1879, and writes to William Swinton, his
brother, now living in Gloucester, to the following effect: " In the spring
of this year (1882) I bought some twine and had a purse-seine made here
in the same style as the Gloucester seines, and went off in a small craft
to try it on the herring in this vicinity. I am doing first rate, and think
the purse-seine can be used to great advantage in these waters. This
is the first purse-seine that I know of ever being used on this coast." I
can get more facts when William Swinton returns from a fishing trip.

Gloucester, Mass., October 17, 1882.

I have seen Mr. Swinton and learned what I could concerning the
use of the purse-seine in Sweden. This Andrew Swinton is a brother
of the William Swinton who lives in Gloucester. He went mackerel
fishing from this port for five years with seines ; but went back to
Sweden three years ago and settled there. In Sweden it seems that
they catch most of their herring with drag-seines ; but for the three
years last past the herring have kept so far off" shore that the fishermen
could not reach them well with a drag-seine. Last winter Mr. Swinton
had a purse-seine made, which was 840 feet long and 90 feet deep. This
seine excited much interest among the fishermen. The first time it was
set 50 barrels of large herring were caught. Mr. Swinton does not state
how many herring he has caught during this summer, but says that he
did well, and has made three times as much as any other fisherman in
Gottenborg. He states also that next year there will be three more
purse-semes used.

Gloucester, Mass., November 10, 1882.

Bull. U. S. F. 0., 83 11

162 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

13.— NOTES ©.\ THE. FISHERIES OF GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS.

By S. J. MARTIN.

[Letters to Prof. S. P. Baird.]

The receipts of fish at Gloucester during the mouth of July were as
follows: 200 fares salt mackerel, 62,734 barrels; 5 fares fresh mackerel,
675 barrels; 78 fares from George's Bank and vicinity, with 1,051,000
pounds cod and 114,000 pounds halibut; 40 fares from Western Bank
and Banquereau, with 2,105,000 pounds cod and 40,200 pounds halibut;
8 fares from Grand Banks, 870,000 pounds cod; 12 fares from Grand
Banks, 625,000 pounds halibut ; 55 fares shore fish from Bay of Fundy,
etc., with 1,020,000 pounds of mixed fish, one-eighth cod, and the rest
haddock, hake, and cusk ; 1 fare (500 quintals) freighted from Maine ;
and 4 fares (2,150 quintals)' of cod, etc., imported from Nova Scotia. The
schooner Henry 1ST. Woods, 16 men, which had been gone 18 days,
brought in the largest fare of salt mackerel — 560 barrels.

Gloucester, Mass., August 1, 1882.

The receipts of fish at Gloucester during the month of August were as
follows: One hundred and seventy arrivals salt mackerel, 43,328 sea-
packed barrels; shore mackerel catch, 75 barrels salt, and 370 barrels
fresh; eighty-three arrivals from George's and Le Have Banks, with
1,057,000 pounds salt cod, and 50,000 pounds fresh halibut; thirty-six
arrivals from Western Bank and Banquereau, with 1,939,000 pounds
salt cod, and 9,000 pounds salt halibut; nineteen arrivals from Grand
Banks, with 2,540,000 pounds salt cod, and 9,000 pounds Hitched halibut;
one arrival from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, with 30,000 pounds salt cod ;
five arrivals from the cape shore, with 265,000 pounds salt cod ; nineteen
arrivals from Grand Banks, with 875,000 pounds fresh halibut; thirty-
five arrivals after shore trips — vessels, 879,000 pounds (mostly hake),
shore boats, 352,000 pounds (mostly hake). Also there were freighted
from Maine 210,000 pounds and 1,550 quintals (mostly hake and cod),
and imported from the Provinces 282,000 pounds and 200 quintals of
dry fish, and 100 barrels of mackerel.

Gloucester, Mass., September 4, 1882.

The mackerel fleet did poorly during the last week. The mackerel
which were caught were taken anions the rocks. Two vessels on Friday
and Saturday last caught 200 barrels close to Matinicus Rock. One of
the Portland vessels caught 275 barrels on the southeast part of George's.
Bank. Twenty-one sail were in Gloucester from mackerel fishing last
Monday. The average catch was 150 barrels, and some of the vessels had
been gone 5 weeks. Horse-mackerel are very abundant all along the
eastern shore. The schooner Dreadnaught set a seine around what they

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 163

supposed to be a school of pollock, but it proved to be a school of horse-
mackerel ; 50 of these tore the seiue all to pieces. The fish weighed 35
pounds apiece, aud were what the fishermen call bonitoes. 1 think the
school of mackerel that was on Brown's Bank has gone over to George's
Bank. Some mackerel have been caught on the shore of Nova Scotia.
The cod fishermen report mackerel on the southeast part of George's.
Large herring are abundant on the eastern shore. I think the mackerel
caught on the eastern shore came from the Bay of Fundy. Mackerel
sold to-day at $2 a barrel, with the barrel. No codfish are on the shore
grounds. The small vessels are doing well catching hake all along the
eastern shore ; 85,000 pounds were landed to-day from 4 vessels which
had been gone 10 days. Hake sell out of the vessel for $2.30 per
hundred pounds. The sounds and livers make them $3 25 per hundred
pounds. George's cod sold to-day for $5 a hundred, green out of the
vessel; dried George's cod sold for $7 a quintal; dried Grand Banks
cod sold for $G.25 a quintal. All kinds of dried fish are high.
Gloucester, Mass., September G, 1882.

The weather for the past four days has been too windy for catching
mackerel ; but yesterday afternoon, after the wind died away, the mack-
erel were seen schooling close to the sho^e from Thatcher's Island to
Eastern Point. There were mackerel, alewives, and herring, so mixed
together that to get 20 barrels of mackerel one must also catch 20 bar-
rels of alewives and 20 barrels of herring. The alewives and herring
are found in unusual numbers near the shore from Gloucester to Booth
Bay. The fishermen do not know what keeps the mackerel so near the
shore. Mackerel are selling at higher prices to day — $10 a barrel, with
the barrel. The vessels with large seines do not get raucb chance to get
mackerel, while the market boats with shoal seines do very well. The
shoal seines are 7 fathoms deep, the large ones 25 fathoms deep, and so
the 7-fathom seine has all the advantage in shoal water. Swordfish are
numerous on Jeffrie's Bank. They are higher to-day than ever I knew
them to be before, selling at $10 a barrel, salted. The vessels at George's
Bank, Western Bank, and the Grand Banks are doing well. The schooner
Hattie L. Newman arrived from Greenland with 150,000 pounds Hitched
halibut and with 100,000 pounds salt cod caught on Flemish Cap before
going to Greenland. The Greenland vessels will make big stocks of salt
halibut, which will bring about 7f cents a pound.

Gloucester, Mass., September 18, 1882.

There has been but little mackerel fishing during the past week ; the
wind has been northeast and the sea was too rough for seining. On the
20th instant five barrels of large herring, full of spawn, were caught.
The spawn was ripe and running out of the fish. This is the earliest
that spawning herring have been caught in the harbor for fifteen years;
but fifteen years ago some were caught here on September 15. For the
past three years they have come from October 5 to 15, and in these three

164 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

years the temperature of the water when they came was 35° F., while
to-day it is 50° F. I find a great difference in the spawning times of
schools of herring-. At Magdalen Islands they spawn in April, at Grand
Manan about September 1.

The herring are not so large at Magdalen or Grand Manan as those
which come here to spawn. When the fishermen catch a large herring
with a white-tipped nose they know that the spawning herring are com-
ing and put down their nets, for the large spawning herring have white
tips on their noses.

The shad went down the coast with the alewives and mackerel, and
it seems thej r are coming back with them. The schooner Finance re-
centlj- caught 50 barrels of alewives and 2 barrels of mackerel, and
among them were 3 barrels of large shad.

I will also refer to the sun jelly [a kind of sea-nettle]. I have not
seen one of these in the harbor this summer. Last summer there were
thousands of them here, but now I cannot find a fisherman who has
seen any either in or out of the harbor. It seems that they have left
the coast this season.

Mackerel are selling at a highprice to-day — $11 a barrel, including the
barrel. Pollock have made their appearance ; one vessel caught 25,000
pounds in three days on Jeffrie's Bank. These sold, fresh, at 4 cents a
pound. Pollock are a fortnight early this year, and there is no other
fish in the market. The harbor now is full of vessels, there being 350
sail, mostly fishing vessels in for shelter.

Gloucester, Mass., September 28, 1832.

The receipts of fish at this port for the month of September were
as follows: mackerel, 131 fares, 21,859 sea-packed barrels; George's
Bank, 55 fares, 85,200 pounds salt fish, 23,100 pounds fresh halibut ;
Western Banks, 50 fares, 2,447,000 pounds salt fish, 57,400 pounds fresh
halibut; Grand Banks, 12 fares, 575,000 pounds fresh halibut; Grand
Banks 13 fares, 2,055,000 pounds salt fish, 10,200 pounds fresh halibut;
Greenland, 4 fares, 540,000 pounds salt halibut; Flemish Cap, 2 fares.
L'10,000 pounds salt fish ; Le Have Bank, 5 lares, 225,000 pounds salt
lish; Bay of Fundy, 21 fares, 475,000 pounds salt hake; Maine coast,
8 fares, 50,000 pounds fresh pollock, 95,000 pounds salt hake; off Cape
Ann, 112,000 pounds salt hake; freight from Maine, 4,650 quintals
mixed salt fish ; imported from the British Provinces, 1,070,000 pounds
sait fish, 3,500 pounds salt halibut.

Gloucester, Mass., October 2, 1882.

The amount offish landed in Gloucester during October is as follows :
mackerel, 17,G92 barrels ; herring, 3,700 barrels ; George's cod, 001,000
pounds; George's halibut, 125,500 pounds ; Western Hank cod, 713,000
pounds; Grand Banks cod, 700,000 pounds; Grand Banks halibut,
591,000 pounds ; Greenland salt halibut, 80,000 pounds ; Greenland cod,
00,000 pounds; pollock 1,207,000 pounds; Cape shore cod, 53,000 pounds;

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 165

Bay of Fundy cod, 30,000 pounds ; shore cod, 20,000 pounds ; Le Have
Bank cod, 112,000 pounds ; Caske's cod, 30,000 pounds; cod caught on
Seal Island grounds, 15,000 pounds; Western Bank halibut, 7,000
pounds; hake, 670,780 pounds; haddock, 31,000 pounds; cusk, 113,630
pounds; mixed fish, 10,840 pounds; bay mackerel, 47 barrels; salt
water herring, 500 barrels ; fish oil, 10 barrels ; sounds, 11 barrels.
Gloucester, Mass., November 3, 1882.

I send you the amount of fish landed at Gloucester in the month of
November: mackerel, 6,185 barrels; herring, 211 barrels; George's
cod, 398,000 pounds; George's halibut, 19,500 pounds; Western Bank cod,
353,000 pounds ; Western Bank halibut, 14,300 pounds; Grand Banks
halibut, 164,000 pounds; Grand Banks hake, 400,000 pounds; haddock
caught on the cape shore and brought from Boston, 516,000 pounds;
dried fish by freight from Maine, 500 quintals cod, 200 quintals haddock,
2,900 quintals hake, 1,535,000 pounds pollock; mixed fish caught on the
shore grounds, 463,000 pounds, being cod, hake, and cusk in equal parts;
cod caught with hand lines on the rocks 4 miles from shore, 17,000
pounds. Fish caught in cod gill-nets, 34,300 pounds.

Gloucester, Mass., November 4, 1882.

The mackerel vessels are all home — the last one came yesterday — and
they are all hauled up for this season. The mackerel fishing has been
a great success this year. The largest stock that ever was made out of
Gloucester on any kind of fish has been made by the schooner Nellie
N. Bowe. (See the figures below.) Pollock have been very plenty this
fall ; they have not been so abundant since 1862. To-day there are
200,000 pounds of pollock in port; this is one day's fishing with 30
boats, averaging 9 men to a vessel ; and to-night at dark probably there
will be 400,000 pounds, and the vessels are not half in. As many pol-
lock have been carried to Maine as have been landed here. There have
been 800,000 pounds landed at Bockport. The fishermen sell them for
$1 a hundred pounds, round. Three boats have set cod gill-nets. Last
week the schooner Quickstep, of Bockport, caught 22,000 pounds of
large cod with twelve 50-fathom nets. The boats are doing well on the
rocks catching codfish. The winter school is coming on. The amount
of hake landed here this year is very great. The first snow of the sea-
son came to-day. I now give two extracts from the newspapers :

" Two Bousing Mackerel Stocks. — Two of the largest mackerel
stocks ever landed at this port or in New England have been made by
the schooners Nellie N. Bowe, Capt, Eben 'Lewis, and the Edward E.
Webster, Capt. Solomon Jacobs, the past season, comprising eight
months of time actually employed. The net stock of the Bowe was
$35,537, and of the Webster, $34,229. The average share of the Webster's
crew was $959.75, and the steward, Mr. Warren Fowles, with his extra
pay of $160, made his season's work $1,129.75."

16G BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

"A Large Pollock Fleet, including many Maine vessels, and
one from Nova Scotia, have been busily employed off this port for the
past six weeks, meeting with unprecedented success. The amount of
pollock landed at this port this season has been 2,094,100 pounds
(against 481,000 pounds to this date last year), and nearly, if not quite,
as large an amount has been taken to the eastward by the fleet from
that section."

Gloucester, Mass., November, 17, 1882.

The fishing business has been prosperous in all its branches this sea-
son at Gloucester. Some of the largest stocks that were ever made were
made this year. There have been 50 new vessels added to the fleet
since the 1st of March ; the vessels that have been built will average
85 tons, and cost, when ready for sea, $9,000 apiece. The firms are
selling off their old vessels and having new ones built. There is nothing
doing on the rocks, for the fishermen cannot get bait to fish with hand
lines. There are four boats fishing with cod gill-nets, and they are
doing well. The Sperling is all gone. Haddock catchers have to go to
< '.rand Manan after bait. There will 12 sail go to Newfoundland after
frozen herring, and 20 sail to Grand Manan after frozen herring. The
pollock fishing has been very successful this fall, but it is now ended.
As near as I can find out, there have been 4,000,000 pounds of pollock
caught, weighing the fish as they came out of the water. I add a news-
paper article on —

"The Mackerel Fishery. — The mackerel fishery for the present
season has closed, and as a whole it has proved one of the best, and
perhaps the very best, season for this branch of the fisheries that Glou-
cester has ever known. Although a few of the vessels have not made
satisfactory stocks, yet the majority have more than fulfilled the expec-
tations of those interested in them, and several of the fleet have stocked
amounts which have never before been reached in the history of the
mackerel fishing business. To do this required hard and constant work
on the part of the fishermen, and many of them have shown an energy
and perseverance worthy of the highest commendation. The present
manner of fishing with seines makes the possibilities of large stocks
more dependent on the ability and energy of the captains than the old
method of hand-line fishing. It requires experienced and vigilant men
on the lookout both by day and by night, watching for schools, and
upon this constant watchfulness, in a great measure, their success de-
pends. The use, of the recently patented pocket is a great help in sav-
ing the lisli when big hauls are made, keeping them in good condition
until they can be properly taken care of by the crew, and thus helping
to increase the catch of the vessel. Capt. Solomon Jacobs, schooner
Edward F. Webster, claims to be 'high line,' he having made a net
stock of over $34,000 this season.

"Captain Jacobs has stocked upwards of $75,000 during the past

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 167

three years' mackerel- fishing, the time actually engaged being eight
months each year, as follows: 1880, $16,700; 1881, $24,600; 1882,
$31,229 ;, total $75,539. Capt. Eben Lewis, in schooner Nellie N. Eowe,
is probably second, but as no reliable statement of his stock has been
made and it is estimated by the fishermen at figures ranging from
$27,000 to $31,000, it is difficult to tell what his stock really is. The
following vessels have stocked upwards of $15,000 in the mackerel fish-
ery this season from this port :

" Schooner Edward E.Webster, Capt. Solomon Jacobs; net stock,
$31,229 ; crew shared $969.75.

''Schooner Nellie 5T. Rowe, Capt. Eben Lewis; no definite figures
given.

" Schooner Col. J. H. French, Capt. John Chisholm ; net stock,
$20,000; crew shared $615.

"Schooner Leona, Capt. Willard Pool; net stock, $19,715.72; crew
shared $582.

" Schooner Carl Schurz, Capt. Jed. Warren; net stock, $15,609 ; crew
shared $468.08. Previous to the 6th of June the Schurz was engaged
in fresh fishing, and her total stock since the first of the year is $23,222,
the crew sharing $733.86.

"Schooner John D. Long, Capt. Charles Hardy; net stock, $18,500 ;
crew shared $571.

" Schooner Helen M. Crosby, Capt. Joseph Swim ; net stock, $18,020 ;
crew shared $596.17.

"Schooner Ivanhoe, Capt. James Crawley; net stock, $16,942; crew
shared $525.

"Schooner Golden Hind, Capt. Solomon Eeed; net stock, $16,323;
crew shared $501.31.

" Schooner John S. McQuin, Capt. Henry Coas; net stock, $16,035.57 ;
crew shared, $517.11.

"The stock of mackerel in first hands is much lighter than last year,
and prices, which have been high and well sustained through the sea-
son, will continue to increase, especially when the trade opens after the
holiday season."

Gloucester, Mass., November 26, 1882.

The first cargo of frozen herring arrived last night. There were
200,000 of them, and they sold for $3,000.
Gloucester, Mass., December 20, 1882.

The amount of fish landed here during December is as follows : Shore
fish caught with hand lines from small boats, 20,000 pounds; George's
cod, 202,000 pounds; George's halibut, 16,500 pounds; Western Bank
cod, 130,000 pounds; Western Bank halibut, 9,200 pounds; fresh hali-
but from Grand Banks, 177,000 pounds; fresh haddock, 111,000 pounds;
cod caught in nets, 565,000 pounds; 200,000 frozen herring.

Gloucester, Mass., January 5, 1883.

168 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The following is a report of the fish received here during January,
1883: George's cod, 811,000 pounds; George's halibut, 111,200 pounds;
cod from Le Have Bank, 35,000 pounds; halibut from Le Have Bank,
13,000 pounds; halibut from Grand Banks, 109,500 pounds; shore bod
'caught in gill-nets. 121,000 pounds; herring from Grand Manan, 1,198,000
in number; herring from Newfoundland, 2,180,000 in number: haddock
from George's Bank, 085,000 pounds ; hake imported from British Prov-
inces, 950 quintals.

Gloucester, Mass., February 2, 1883.

The George's vessels are doing well, as a school of large cod came on
the bank early in the winter. In past years the middle of February
was about the time when the winter school came on George's Bank;
but this winter they came in January, and with them came a large
school of haddock. There is a good school of halibut for this season.
There were nine sail in from George's on Monday, averaging 15,000
pounds salt cod and 1,000 pounds halibut; this is a good showing work
for hand-line fishing. These fish are caught on the eastern part of
George's, in from 10 to 60 fathoms of water, on hard bottom. The cod
fishermen on George's Bank complain that the haddock fishermen in-
jure the cod fishing. When the cod fishermen are at anchor and suc-
ceeding, if the haddock fishers set their trawls near by this frightens
away the cod. Besides, the haddock gear is of small size, and if a large
cod gets on a trawl the fishes break the snood gear and leave the hook
in the fish; and so the fish dies and lies on the bottom. And then the
haddock catchers dress their fish on the bank and throw the gurry over-
board, and this drives the cod away.

Gloucester, Mass., February 0, 1883.

The vessels fishing on George's are doing well. There have been 10
arrivals from George's during the last week, with an average of 20,000
pounds cod and 3,000 pounds halibut to a vessel. The cod are split and
salted on board the vessel and sell here at !£ cents a pound: halibut
have sold all the week for 12 cents a pound. The halibut catchers have
done poorly; 2 arrived this week with 20,000 pounds each, after having
been gone from home six weeks. The haddock vessels have been for-
tunate during the past week. Some of the vessels had 75,000 pounds,
after two days' fishing on George's; one vessel stocked $2,100 in two
days' fishing. Five vessels arrived with herring; four from Grand
Manan, one from Newfoundland. 1.295,000 herring were brought in
this week. There is no lack of bait.

Gloucester, Mass, February 24, 1883.

The report of fish landed at Gloucester during the month of February
is as follows : George's cod, 1,124,000 pounds; George's, halibut, 181,900
pounds; Western Bank cod, 110,000 pounds; Western Bank halibut,
37,000 pounds; shore fish caught in nets, 18,000 pounds; Grand Banks

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 169

halibut, 112,000 pounds; haddock, 49,000 pounds; Newfoundland frozen
herring, 4,400,000 ; Grand Manan frozen herring, 4,035,000. There have
been imported from Canso, 1ST. S., 28,000 pounds cod, G30 barrels mackerel,
450 barrels pickled herring. The arrivals last month were as follows:
Eleven sail from Newfoundland, with frozen herring; 20 sail from Grand
Manan, with frozen herring; 59 sail arived from George's, with codj
5 sail from Western Bank, with salt cod ; 6 sail from the Grand Banks,
with fresh halibut; 1 from Canso, with mackerel, herring, and cod.
There were 2 arrivals with haddock ; and 5 sail came in from Ipswich
Bay.

Gloucester, Mass., March 2, 1883.

There have been 37 arrivals from George's Bank during the last week,
averaging 25,000 pounds cod and 2,000 pounds halibut to a vessel. The
fish caught on George's are caught in shoal water of 18 to 25 fathoms ; the
fish are large and full of spawn. The first fish were caught on the eastern
part of the bank in the month of January, in about 60 fathoms of water.
These fish contained no spawn. Those now caught are full of spawn,
and are taken on the western part in 20 fathoms. There have been four
arrivals from the Western Bank in the last week, with good fares — 40,000
X)ounds salt cod, and 4,000 pounds halibut to a vessel. Six cargoes of
frozen herring have arrived during tlie last week, average 250,000 to a
vessel. The halibut vessels have not done much — nothing in the last
week. The haddock are plentiful on George's Bank. I have known
vessels to catch 70,000 pounds in two days, and make the round trip in
a week. Some vessels went out Tuesday and were back Sunday with
60,000 pounds. They caught these on the western part of George's, in
20 fathoms of water. The oldest haddock are full of spawn. The oldest
haddock catchers say that they never saw them so numerous. There is
a large fleet of vessels in the harbor, and they will not go out until Mon-
day, being afraid of Wiggins's storm.

Gloucester, Mass., March 6, 1883.

The George's vessels are doing well. There were 12 arrivals last week,
averaging 30,000 pounds of split fish, and 500 pounds of halibut to a
vessel. Two vessels arrived from Western Bank with 65,000 pounds of
cod to a vessel. Four came in from Grand Bank with fresh halibut,
25,000 pounds to a vessel. Five sail arrived from Grand Manan with
838,000 frozen herring. Twenty-three vessels sailed southward after
mackerel, and 40 more will sail in the course of ten days. Fifteen sail
have gone south from Portland and 5 from South port for mackerel.
There will he 140 sail after mackerel.

Gloucester, Mass., March 25, 1883.

The following is a report of the amount of fish landed here in the
month of March : George's cod, 1,547,000 pounds ; George's halibut,
77 500 pounds; Western Bank cod, 435,000 pounds; Western Bank

170 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

halibut, 21,150 pounds; Grand Banks halibut, 3G3,000 pounds ; had-
dock, 225.000 pounds ; cod caught in gill-nets, 12,000 pounds; frozen
herring brought from Grand Manan, 4,730,000 pounds.
Gloucester, Mass., April 3, 1883.

Since the 1st of April, 45 sail of vessels have arrived from George's,
landing 1,350,000 pounds salt codfish, 22,500 pounds fresh halibut.
During the same time there have arrived 4 sail from Western Bank with
235,000 pounds salt codfish aud 0,000 pounds of halibut. Ten sail from
George's Bank, with haddock, landed 436,000 pounds. Three sail from
Grand Manan arrived with 320,000 frozen herring. One vessel from
Grand Bank brought 30,000 pounds fresh halibut. Twenty thousand
pounds shore fish have been landed.

Gloucester now has 74 vessels south for mackerel ; 56 vessels on
George's for codfish ; 42 vessels on the Western Bank after codfish ;
23 vessels after fresh halibut ; 15 vessels after haddock ; 30 sail of shore
fishermen, and 22 small boats and dories carrying one man each.

Gloucester, Mass., April 10, 1883.

During the past week there have been 55 arrivals from the fishing
grounds, 31 from George's Bank, and 23 from Western Bank. The
George's vessels last week averaged 25,000 pounds salt cod to a ves-
sel and 500 pounds halibut to a vessel. The Western Bank vessels
averaged 50,000 pounds salt codfish and 4,000 pounds halibut to a
vessel. One vessel from the Grand Banks had 20,000 pounds fresh hal-
ibut. Halibut are reported scarce. The shore boats have not caught
any fish. Xo bait inshore. The bait has gone to eastward. There have
been herring caught on Jeffrie's Bank. There are alewives in Vineyard
Sound. Most of the vessels go there after bait. Two boats got ale-
Avives at Xorth Truro yesterday. Halibut are plenty on the Western
Bank in some places. Halibut sold yesterday at eight cents per pound
at wholesale. Schooner M. A. Barton caught 20,000 pounds on cod-
trawl. Some of the mackerel catchers have done well. There have been
700 barrels more landed this year than last year at this time. The
first that came on the coast were small ; the last ones caught were
large.

Gloucester, Mass, April 22, 1883.

The record of fish landed here during the month of April is as fol-
lows: George's cod. 2, 162, 000 pounds; George's halibut, 65,700 pounds;
Western Bank cod, 3,317,000 pounds; Western Bank halibut, 156,400
pounds; Grand Banks halibut, 173,000 pounds; George's haddock,
227,000 pounds; shore fish, 12,000 pounds ; frozen herring (by count),
300,000. There were 100 arrivals from George's Bank, 70 from Western
Bank, 6 from Grand Bank with fresh halibut; while there were' 11 arri-
vals with haddock, 3 with shore fish, and .*'> with herring.

Gloucester, Mass., May 1, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 171

During the past two weeks there have been 31 arrivals from George's
Bank, with an average of 20,000 pounds to a vessel ; 16 from Western
Baiik, averaging 40,000 pounds each ; 19 with fresh halibut from Grand
Baiiks, averaging 30,000 pounds each; and 9 with haddock, averaging
30,000 pounds to a vessel. Yesterday 3 vessels came in with pollock,
with a total of 105,000 pounds. These pollock were caught with seines
3 miles off Chatham. Mackerel are very slow in coming northwest this
year. Last year at this time they were taken off Sandy Hook; but the
farthest north where they have been taken this year is about 35 miles
east- southeast of Delaware Breakwater; this was on last Wednesday
(May 9). Fifty-four vessels have been in New York this week, with 125 bar-
rels to a vessel. A few scattering mackerel have been caught in the traps
at Cape Cod. Herring are very scarce inshore this spring. Last year
at this time they were abundant in Boston Bay, and 4 vessels were busy
seining them. This year there have been none to catch, either on our
coast or on the coast of Nova Scotia. Last week 9 barrels of shad were
caught in the traps at Cape Cod. All kinds of small fish are a fortnight
late this spring. A school of herring went by to the eastward offshore.
They have been seen on Jeffrie's Bank and on Cashe's. Last year at
this season there had been 3,000 barrels of salt mackerel landed at New
York, while this year only 500 barrels have been landed so far, and
only 300 barrels have been landed in Philadelphia.

Gloucester, Mass., May 13, 1883.

During the last week 31 vessels have come in from George's Bank
with an average of 18,000 pounds of cod to a vessel ; 6 have come in
with cod from Western Bank, averaging 40,000 pounds each ; and 3
from Grand Banks with an average of 5,000 pounds of halibut. There
have also arrived 8 vessels from the shore grounds, with a total of
120,000 pounds of haddock. The halibut catchers are not doing much;
during the week 3 vessels arrived with 15,000 pounds each, after trying
the banks where halibut used to resort and finding them scarce. They
went to Burge's, Newfoundland, but found almost nothing, while last
year halibut were plenty at Burge's. Small halibut have been plenty
on the Western Bank; 2 small vessels got 25,000 pounds each there.
These halibut weigh only from 35 to 50 pounds apiece. Herring are
scarce; this will cause long trips. Some of the vessels which left Glou-
cester a month ago — some bound to Grand Banks, some to Cape North —
have got no bait even yet. The fishermen's torment, the dog-fish, made
its appearance last Monday (May 14). The schooner Blue Jay reports
schools of mackerel 25 miles to the eastward of the highlands on Cape
Cod. Four vessels have arrived from Chatham with 45,000 pounds of
pollock apiece, having caught them with seines. This makes 4 fares
(300,000 pounds) of pollock landed at Gloucester this spring ; all were
caught with seines. Sixty-five thousand large mackerel were caught

172 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

in the weirs at Sand Point, Cape Cod. Small cod, from 8 to 20 inches
long, are plenty in the harbors.
Gloucester, Mass., May 20, 1883.

There have been 62 arrivals here from the fishing-grounds during the
past week. Twenty-seventh came from George's Bank, averaging 25,000
pounds salt fish to a vessel; 5 from Grand Banks with fresh halibut,
averaging 30,000 to a vessel ; 8 with pollock, with an average of 40,000
pounds each ; and 14 from the shore grounds, with 20,000 pounds mixed
fish to a vessel. The pollock were all caught with seines about 5 miles
off Chatham. Last Friday (May 25) pollock were seen in schools on Mid-
dle Bank. I never before knew so many small pollock to be about as
there are this year; the harbors are full of them. Mackerel are work-
ing eastward fast; they have been off Chatham for the past ten days,
and are now in shoal water, which is something unusual. There were
100 sail of mackerel catchers off Chatham yesterday. Off Sandy Hook
the mackerel arc small ; here they are large. Ten vessels were in here
yesterday with torn seines. The traps at Harwich are full of pogies.
There appears to be something that keeps the bait out of Boston Bay.
Herring have been caught at Cape Cod during the past 3 weeks ; and
mackerel had been caught at Sand Point for the same length of time,
and a few have been caught here ; and some large ones were taken at
Kettle Island last night. The fishermen say that there is plenty of feed,
called "all-eyes," at Cape Cod, but none in Boston Bay. Mackerel have
been caught as far east as Cape Sable, N. S. Herring are abundant at
Magdalen Islands. Vessels which went to Cape North after cod are
doing well; and the George's fleet is having good success on the west-
ern part of George's Bank. There are many traps set this year; 14 are
at Kettle Island and Gloucester, and more are being prepared.

Gloucester, Mass., May 27, 1883.

The amount of fish landed here during the month of May was as fol-
lows : 105 arrivals from George's Bank, with 2,098,000 pounds of salt cod
and 08,550 pounds fresh halibut; 41 arrivals from Western Bank, with
1,840,000 pounds salt cod and 194,000 pounds fresh halibut; 20 arrivals
from Grand Banks, with 750,000 halibut; 18 arrivals with 357,000
pounds haddock ; 33 arrivals with shore fish. Of these last there were
252,000 pounds cod, 120,000 pounds hake, 118,000 pounds haddock, and
98,000 pounds cusk. There were 12 arrivals with salt pollock, a total
of 484,000 pounds. These were caught with seines off Chatham. Ten
vessels arrived with .'558 barrels of salt mackerel; these were taken in
weirs in the vicinity of Gloucester. Fifty barrels of fresh mackerel were
sold also.

Gloucester, Mass., June 4, 1883.

The mackerel fleet has returned from its southern cruise with poor
results. Three vessels which left here April 1st did not catch a mack-
erel. They were hard to catch. One vessel set a seine 74 times, and

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 173

yet caught no fish. The difficulty in catching- them is charged to the
unusual transparency of the water. Captain Cohart says that he low-
ered a towel to the depth of 20 fathoms, aud then could see it plainly.
Captain Coas says he could see the purse-weight on the seine when it
was 20 fathoms down. They all say it was impossible to seine fish in
such water. The large mackerel have gone east, and many are being
taken in the weirs at Barrington, N. S. There are small mackerel from
Cape Cod to Mount Desert. They are large enough for No. 2's, but are
of a different school from the mackerel caught last year.

Pogies are abundant in Boston Bay. Five barrels have been taken in
the traps at Kettle Island, and a vessel caught 40 barrels with seine
this morning. They are of small size. Last year there was one pogy
caught. Yesterday they were schooling close in to the shore of Nor-
man's Woe. Capt. Robert Douglass was in this business twenty years,
and he says that he saw as large schools yesterday as he did twenty
years ago. It has been so long since pogies were here that people are
not prepared to catch them; but some of the small vessels are getting
their seines ready. A telegram was received here this morning stating
that the weirs at Hyannis, on Cape Cod, were full of pogies.

A large fleet has been at Cape North after cod. They are coming
home with full fares. One vessel, which had been gone seven weeks,
arrived this morning with 140,000 pounds of cod.

Gloucester, Mass., June 6, 1883.

Mackerel are scarce. Vessels have been from Cape Cod to Cape Sable
and the Bay of Fundy, and yet found no mackerel. All the large mack-
erel have passed down the Nova Scotian coast. They have been caught
in traps at Cape Sable for the past three weeks. The schooner Polar
Wave arrived this morning from the Grand Banks, and reports sailing
through mackerel in large schools to the eastward of Sable Island, and
that they seemed to be going northward. Those ou the New England
coast are small. Six barrels of them were sold to-day for $8 a barrel.
Last year at this time they would have sold at $4.

Pogies are plentiful. Salem Harbor is full of them, and 150 barrels
were seined off the mouth of the harbor. Three large salmon have been
taken in the traps at Kettle Island, weighing 22£, 20, and 18£ pounds,
respectively.

Six vessels have left here for Greenland after halibut. On George's
Bank fish are scarce at present. The Cape North fleet has returned
with good fares, and vessels are doing well on the shore fishing-grounds,
catching cod, hake, and cusk. Thirty sail have gone to the Grand
Banks after cod, and 3 have started for the Bay of Saint Lawrence
after mackerel. A large fleet will go there after July 4 if there are then
no mackerel on this coast. Half a barrel of squid was caught in a trap
in the harbor here last night.

I inclose the following newspaper item on the steam menhaden fish-
eries :

174 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

" New Bedford, June 5. — The greatest week's work at this time in
the season was made by Messrs. J. Church & Co.'s steam fishing fleet
last week. The Joseph Church, Jemima Boomer, A.M. Hathaway, and
George W. Humphrey nearly every day were loaded almost to the
water's edge. The George W. Humphrey brought in 2,200 barrels ou
Saturday, and the A. M. Hathaway the same number. The catch was
made in the Seconet River. The first of last week this gang were fish-
ing back of Long Island Sound, but as the fish worked this way the
fleet followed them to Seconet River. Tbe catch last week amounted
to about 19,000 barrels, and the Narragansett oil works at Portsmouth
are consequently running day and night. While the George W. Hum-
phrey was coming up from below Long Island on Wednesday night,
loaded hold and deck, she encountered a heavy sea which swept her
deck load of 800 barrels of menhaden into the water, which probably
was the means of saving the steamer."

Gloucester, Mass., June 14, 1883.

Since my last letter mackerel have come on the coast in considerable
numbers. During the past week there have been thirty-five arrivals
with 4,840 barrels of salt mackerel. On last Thursday and Friday
(June 14 and 15) there were thirty-one arrivals in Boston with 4.000
barrels of fresh mackerel. The mackerel are small — smaller than those
of last year. Most of them have been caught from 20 to 40 miles easfc-
southeast of Thatcher's Island. Two vessels came in last night from
t lie southeast part of Cashe's with 4G0 barrels — most of them larger
mackerel. Mackerel have got through spawning; among 100 barrels
of them landed at the canning factory I saw no spawn. The weather
has been unfavorable for fishing during the last four days — mostly thick
fog; with fair weather there would have been a good catch. Mackerel
sold to-day for $0.25 a barrel — with the barrel out of pickle, and no
inspection.

Pogies are abundant along shore. The small boats catch enough in
their nets for bait, which is what they have not done before for five
years. The weirs at Portsmouth were full of pogies last Monday ; and
they have been caught as far east as Portland.

Gloucester, Mass., June 21, 1883.

The amount of fish landed at Gloucester during the month of June
was as follows: George's Bank cod, 1,570,000 pounds; George's halibut.
44,550 pounds; Western Bank cod, 3,525,000 pounds; Western Bank
halibut, 95,000 pounds; Cape North cod, 2,200,000 pounds ; shore lis] i.
consisting equally of cod, cusk, and hake, 1,355,000 pounds; fresh hal-
ibut caught on Grand Banks, 924,000 pounds; mackerel landed, 12,755
pounds. Two hundred and ninety-five barrels of pogies were caught in
seines at the mouth of Gloucester Harbor, and 88 barrels of them were
taken in weirs in the harbor; 78 barrels of mackerel were caught in

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 175

weirs in the harbor, and 220 barrels of herring were caught among the
mackerel in seines.
Gloucester, Mass., July 1, 1883.

I will give a few notes on mackerel: On June 24 large mackerel were
plentiful on Cashe's Bank. They lasted for two days there, then they
disappeared and have not been seen there since. The vessels which
were on Cashe's did well, some of them catching as much as 200 barrels
in the two days. Small mackerel came along the coast, from Cape Cod
to the Bay of Fundy, about June 30. They are numerous but very small,
averaging about 6 inches long. On July 2 a school of large ones ap-
peared in Boston Bay. The traps at Kettle Island and Gloucester
caught 200 barrels of them, but after one night they disappeared. Ten
vessels have gone to the Bay of Saint Lawrence after mackerel, though
no mackerel of any account have been caught there yet. One vessel
was there a fortnight and caught none. I think mackerel will be caught
soon on our coast. The harbor here was full of small mackerel which
were schooling.

Gloucester, Mass., July 8, 1883.

On July 5 and 6 a school of small mackerel was in the harbor. The
weirs, eight in number, caught 500 barrels, 1,200 fish to a barrel. On
the 13th and 14th a school of still smaller mackerel came into the har-
bor. It takes 2,000 of these fish for a barrel. The weirs in the harbor
to-day have an average catch of 50 barrels. There are 4 barrels of large
mackerel to 50 barrels of the remainder.

James Tarr & Bros, bought all the mackerel in the weirs at $1 a bar-
rel. They intend to salt them round, as they do herring, for an experi-
ment, and try to find a market for them.

Large mackerel are scarce, and the vessels are doing poorly. Fifteen
sail have gone to the Bay of Saint Lawrence after mackerel, but the
news from the bay is not favorable. Small mackerel are plentiful from
Cape Cod to the Bay of Fundy, inshore as well as offshore. It seems
too bad to kill them. The vessels set their seines around a school of
mackerel and catch perhaps 100 barrels. They then pick out 10 barrels
of them and throw the rest overboard. Some vessels which had been
gone four weeks returned with but 40 barrels.

The mackerel fleet is spread along the eastern shore from Cape Cod
to Cape Sable, and they report nothiug but small mackerel. At Kettle
Island, Manchester, and Gloucester, within a distance of 10 miles, there
are 17 Aveirs set. This morning they averaged 50 barrels of small mack-
erel apiece, and some of the weirs were very full.

Gloucester, Mass., July 15, 1883.

The vessels which went to George's Bank for cod have done well. A
large school of cod has been on the western part of this bank. The
fishermen call this the " squid " school, because the fish are full of squid

176 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

when caught. Vessels have been supplied with squid from the weirs
at Sandwich and Barnstable Bay. The squid caught this year are of
the same kind as those caught at Newfoundland, having no bones in
them. They are the first of that kind caught on this coast for 10 years.
Vessels catch some with a squid-gig on the Bank. Some of the vessels
took as much as 50,000 pounds of large cod in six days, using squid for
bait.
Gloucester, M ass., July 15, 1883.

Large mackerel are scarce, but small ones are plentiful all along the
coast. Some vessels arrive with only 30 or 40 barrels after being
absent for three weeks. A large fleet has gone to the Bay of Saint
Lawrence after mackerel, and two vessels went there to fish for mack-
erel with hooks. Two vessels have left mackerel-catching and gone
after cod, while two other mackerel vessels belonging to Boston have
hauled up. The schooner J. J. Clark arrived home with 230 barrels of
mackerel caught 120 miles to the eastward (east by south) of Thatcher's
Island. They were all caught in 10 days, after which the school dis-
appeared. Large mackerel have been caught on the coast, and it is
hard to tell where they have gone. Some think they are at the bottom.
The schooner Maud F. Leighton, fishiug for cod on the northwest part
of George's Bank, caught a large No. 1 mackerel on a cod-hook iu 45
fathoms. The captain states that some of the large cod had two or
three large mackerel in them when caught. My opinion is that as we
have had heavy rains for the last three weeks, this has sunk the seed
which the mackerel eat into deep water, and so they leave the surface
to feed on it. Four years ago things looked as badly for the mackerel
fishermen as they do now, but the vessels did well after August 1.
Mackerel bring a high price. They sold yesterday for $16 a barrel for
a small lot of mackerel, large rimmed.

Gloucester, Mass., July 22, 1883.

Yesterday there were eight vessels in from Grand Banks, with 822,000
pounds salt cod; ten vessels from George's, averaging 35,000 pounds;
four from Western Bank, with 110,000 salt cod ; four from the shore
grounds, with 80,000 pounds of mixed salt fish ; and one from Grand
Banks, with 20,000 pounds halibut.

A large school of big cod is on the western part of George's Bank, in
from 85 to 75 fathoms. It is the first time for twelve years that cod
have been caught on George's Bank in 40 fathoms. Generally they have
1 teen caught in deep water during June, July, and August. Strange to say,
there are no dogfish on the western part of the Bank. The George's
fishermen make the trip in twelve or fourteen days; one vessel came in
this morning with 40,000 pounds of salt cod, after having been gone but
eleven days. The Grand Banks vessels are usually gone about seven
weeks for a trip.

A few large mackerel are being caught in the weirs in the harbor
here.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 177

Vol. Ill, TCo. 12. Washington, ©. C. Aug. 31, 1883.

I inclose a couple of newspaper slips relating to the fisheries :

"Wednesday morning, July 18, the menhaden steamer Annie L. Wil-
cox, of the Wilcox Company, Mystic, made an immense haul of edible
fish. The seine was set off Amagansett, about 15 miles to westward of
Montauk light, and the haul resulted in the capture of about 30 tons of
weakfish, that would average three pounds apieoe. It took about an
hour and a half to get the fish on board the steamer, and the haul was
without any difficulty. It was the largest cargo of fish ever taken to
New London."

"The report of W. Z. King, surveyor of customs at Greenport, L. I.,
shows that for the quarter ending June 30, 44,000,000 menhaden were
rendered at the fish factories, 1,375 barrels of oil made, 4,400 tons of
fish-scrap made, and 230 tons of edible fish marketed. The number of
menhaden rendered does not include several millions taken in pounds
and shore seines and not taken to the factories. The yield of oil is the
smallest ever known for the quantity of fish rendered, averaging but
1.12 gallons per 1,000."

Gloucester, Mass., July 24, 1883.

During the month of July 123 vessels arrived in Gloucester with salt
mackerel, amounting to 14,566 barrels, 1,853 barrels of small mackerel,
and 124 barrels of large mackerel were caught in traps. The mackerel
catchers also landed 300 barrels of small mackerel. One hundred and
forty barrels of large herring, caught with seines on the Seal Island
grounds, were landed at Gloucester. One hundred and thirteen ves-
sels from George's brought 2,1-18,000 pounds of cod and 35,710 pounds of
halibut. Twenty-six vessels from the Western Banks brought 1,321,000
pounds of cod, 13,850 pounds of salt halibut, and 1,000 pounds of iresh
halibut. Twenty-five vessels from the Grand Banks landed 2,762,000
pounds of salt cod and 37,000 pounds of salt halibut ; 21 vessels from
Grand Banks landed 487,000 pounds of fresh halibut; 32 ghore fishing
vessels landed 180,000 pounds of salt cod, 99,000 pounds of salt cusk,
50,000 pounds of salt hake, and 800 pounds of salt pollock. Five hun-
dred quintals of dried fish (mixed) were brought from Maine by freight.
The papers report that very large catches of menhaden were made by
the Long Island fish steamers last week. " The fish were along the
coast covering hundreds of acres. The factories at the east end of the
island were choked with fish and have been running day and night.
The bay fishermen have also done better than any previous time this
season. At the Newport factory 2,000,000 fish were received and ren-
dered in three days. The menhaden were never before known to be so
plentiful."

Gloucester, Mass., August 2, 1883.

Bull. U. S. F. C., 83 12

178 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Mackerel come in very slowly. What are received have been caught
180 miles east by south from Thatcher's Island. Most of them are
mixed with small ones. The schooner Charles E. Warren arrived yes-
terday with 100 barrels of large mackerel. The captain told me that
he caught 800 barrels from which he selected these, throwing overboard
the other 700 barrels. The rest of the fleet is doing much the same
way. Three hundred sail of mackerel catchers will destroy a great
many fish. Last year, to the 4th of August, 9G,000 barrels of mackerel
had been landed; this year, only 20,000 barrels. The small mackerel
are very plenty on George's Bank. There are a few large mackerel in
our harbor which are caught close to the bottom, are very fat and very
large. It takes only one hundred of them to fill a barrel. Mackerel
sold yesterday at $14 a barrel, including the barrel; last year at this
time they brought $7 a barrel, including the barrel.

The cod fishermen on George's Bank are doing well whenever they
can get squid for bait. The captain of the schooner Lettie Hawes says
he never saw squid so abundant as this year. They were in large
schools all of last week. The captain says that pollock have never
before staid so late as this year. The squid keep them here.

Porgies are plenty in the weirs at Hyannis, Chatham, and Portsmouth.
A salmon was caught in a trap in the harbor which weighed 9i pounds.
One bluefish was caught in a mackerel-net last week in the harbor.

Gloucester, Mass., August 5, 1883.

During the past week mackerel fishing has been better This morn-
ing I found that 15 mackerel vessels had arrived in the harbor, three of
them from the Bay of Saint Lawrence with 320 barrels of fish each The
other 12 had been fishing on the coast and had obtained 200 barrels
each. The prospect for mackerel in the Bay of Saint Lawrence is good.
Those caught along the shore are mostly from the eastern part of Cashe's
Bank, where they seem to be plenty though they do not come to the
surface. Those caught were seen from two to five fathoms below the
surface of the water. Captain King told me to-day that he has never
seen so many birds before in the Bay of Fundy, such as sea-geese, gan-
net, and hagdowns. Sharks and swordfish are also plenty.

One schooner from the Grand Banks arrived yesterday with 290,000
pounds of salt cod having been absent three months. The schooner
Amelia S. Cole arrived yesterday with 280,000 pounds of salt cod taken
with hand lines on Banquereau, having been absent 11 weeks. The
schooner Otis P. Lord brought in 50,000 pounds of cod from George's
Bank, having been absent fifteen days. Little, if anything, has been
caught in traps during the past week. Mr. Bates caught a sturgeon in
his trap last Thursday which weighed 1G5 pounds. Of course mackerel
have been very plenty and one was shot in the Squam Biver.

Gloucester, Mass., August 12, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 179

14 AN ACCOUNT OF THE WHAKE FISHERY OF NANTUCKET, MASS.,

ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO,*

By J. HECTOR ST. JOHN.

The vessels most proper for whale fishing are brigs of about 150 tons
burthen, particularly when they are intended for distant latitudes; they
always man them with thirteen hands, in order that they may row two
whale-boats, the crews of which must necessarily consist of six — four at
the oars, one standing on the bows with the harpoon, and the other at
the helm.

It is also necessary that there should be two of these boats, that if
one should be destroyed in attacking the whale the other, which is never
engaged at the same time, may be ready to save the hands. Five of
the thirteen are always Indians; the last of the complement remains on
board to steer the vessel during the action. They have no wages; each
draws a certain established share in partnership with the proprietor of
the vessel, by which economy they are all proportionally concerned in
the success of the enterprise, and all equally alert and vigilant. None
of these whalemen ever exceed the age of forty; they look on those who
are past that period not to be possessed of all that vigor and agility
which so adventurous a business requires. Indeed, if you attentively
consider the immense disproportion between the object assailed and the
assailants; if you think on the diminutive size and weakness of their
frail vehicle; if you recollect the treachery of the element on which this
scene is transacted, the sudden and unforeseen accidents of winds, &c,
you will readily acknowledge that it must require the most consummate
exertion of all the strength, agility, and judgment of which the bodies
and the minds of men are capable, to undertake these adventurous
encounters.

As soon as they arrive in those latitudes where they expect to meet
with whales, a man is sent up to the mast-head; if he sees one he imme-
diately cries out, "Aivaite Pawana' 1 '' ("Here is a whale"). They all re-
main still and silent until he repeats Patvana (a whale), when in less
than six minutes the two boats are launched, filled with every imple-
ment necessary for the attack. They row toward the whale with aston-
ishing velocity; and as the Indians early became their fellow-laborers
in this new warfare, you can easily conceive how the Nattiek expres-
sions became familiar on board the whale-boats. Formerly it often hap-
pened that whale vessels were manned with none but Indians and the
master; recollect, also, that the Nantucket people understand the Nat-
tick, and that there are always five of these people on board.

There are various ways of approachiug the whale, according to their

* From "Letters of an American Farmer," &c. London. 8°. 1782. \yp. 162-171.

180 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

peculiar species; and this previous knowledge is of the utmost conse-
quence. Wheo these boats are arrived at a reasonable distance, one of
them rests on its oars and stands off as a witness of the approaching
engagement : near the bows of the other the harpooner stands up, and
on him principally depends the success of the enterprise. He wears n
jacket closely buttoned, and round his head a handkerchief tightly
bound ; in his hands he holds the dreadful weapon, made of the best
steel, marked sometimes with the name of their town, and sometimes
with that of their vessel, to the shaft of which the end of a cord of due
strength, coiled up with the utmost care in the middle of the boat, is
firmly tied ; the other end is fastened to the bottom of the boat. Thus
prepared they row in profound silence, leaving the whole conduct of tin-
enterprise to the harpooner and to the steersman, attentively following
their directions. When the former judges himself to be near enough to
the whale, that is, at the distance of about fifteen feet, he bids them
stop ; perhaps she has a calf, whose safety attracts all the attention of
the dam, which is a favorable circumstance ; perhaps she is of a danger-
ous species, and it is safest to retire, though their ardour will seldom
permit them ; perhaps she is asleep — in that case he balances high the
harpoon, trying in this important moment to collect all the energy of
which he is capable. He launches it forth — she is struck ; from her
first movement they judge of her temper, as well as of their future suc-
cess. Sometimes in the immediate impulse of rage she will attack the
boat and demolish it with one stroke of her tail ; in an instant the frail
vehicle disappears and the assailants are immersed in the dreadful
element. Were the whale armed with the jaws of the shark, and as
voracious, they never would return home to amuse their listening wives
with the interesting tale of the adventure. At other times she will dive
and disappear from human sight, and everything must then give way
to her velocity, or else all is lost. Sometimes she will swim away as
if untouched, and draw the cord with such swiftness that it will set the
edge of the boat on fire by the friction. If she rises before she has run
out the whole length, she is looked upon as a sure prey. The blood she
lias lost in her flight weakens her so much, that if she sinks again it is but
for a short time ; the boat follows her course with an almost equal speed.
She soon reappears; tired at last with convulsing the element, which
she tinges with her blood, she dies, and floats on the surface. At other
times it may happen that she is not dangerously wounded, though she
carries the harpoon fast in her body, when she will alternately dive and
rise, and swim on with unabated vigor. She then soon reaches beyond
the length of the cord and carries the boat along with amazing velocity;
this sudden impediment sometimes will retard her speed, at other times
it only serves to rouse her anger and to accelerate her progress. The
harpooner, with the ax in his hands, stands ready. When he observes
that the bows of the boat are greatly pulled down by the diving whale,
and that it begins to sink deep and to take much water, he brings the

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 181

ax almost in contact with the cord; he pauses, still flattering himself
that she will relax, but the moment grows critical, unavoidable danger
approaches. Sometimes men more intent on gain than on the preserva-
tion of their lives will run great risks, and it is wonderful how far these
people have carried their daring courage at this awful moment ! But
it is vain to hope ; their lives must be saved, the cord is cut, the boat
rises again. If after thus getting loose she reappears, they will attack
and wound her a second time. She soon dies, and when dead she is
towed alongside of their vessel, where she is fastened.

The next operation is to cut with axes and spades every part of her
body which yields oil ; the kettles are set a boiling; they fill their barrels
as fast as it is made ; but this operation is much slower than that of
cutting up; they fill the hold of their ship with those fragments, lest a
storm should arise and oblige them to abandon their prize.

It is astonishing what a quantity of oil some of these fish will yield,
and what profit it affords to those who are fortunate enough to overtake
them. The river Saint Lawrence whale, which is the only one I am
well acquainted with, is 75 feet long, 1G deep, 12 in the length of its
'Done — which commonly weighs 3,000 pounds — 20 in the breadth of the
tails, and produces 180 barrels of oil. I once saw 16 barrels boiled out
of the tongue only.

Af f er having once vanquished this leviathan, there are two enemies
to be dreaded besides the wind, the first of which is the shark. That
fierce, voracious fish, to which nature has given such dreadful offensive
weapons, often comes alongside, and in spite of the people's endeavors
will share with them in their prey, at night particularly. They are very
mischievous, but the second enemy is much more terrible and irresistible ;
it is the killer, sometimes called the thrasher, a species of whales about
30 feet long. They are possessed of such a degree of agility and fierce-
ness as often to attack the largest spermaceti whales, and not seldom
to rob the fishermen of their prey ; nor is there any means of defense
against so potent an adversary.

When all their barrels are full, for everything is done at sea, or when
their limited time is expired and their stores almost expended, they re-
turn home freighted with their valuable cargo, unless they have put it
on board a vessel for the European market. Such are, as briefly as I
can relate them, the different branches of the ceconomy practiced by
these bold navigators, and the method with which they go such a dis-
tance from their island to catch this huge game.

The following are the names and principal characteristics of the vari-
ous species of whales known to these people:

The river Saint Lawrence whale, just described; the disko, or Green-
land, ditto; the right whale, or seven-feet bone, common on the coasts
of this country, about GO feet long; the spermaceti whale, found all over
the world, and of all sizes — the largest are 60 feet and yield about 100
barrels of oil; the hump-backs, on the coast of Newfoundland, from 40

182 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

to 70 feet in length; the fin-hack, an American whale — never killed, as
being too swift; the sulphur-bottom, river Saint Lawrence, 90 feet long —
they are but seldom killed, as being extremely swift; the grampus, 30
feet long — never killed, on the same account; the killer or thrasher,
about 30 feet — they often kill the other whales, with which they are at
perpetual war; the black-fish whale, 20 feet — yields from 8 to 10 bar-
rels; the porpoise, weighing about 1G0 pounds.

In 1760 they fitted out 125 whalemen ; the first 50 that returned
brought with them 11,000 barrels of oil. In 1770 they fitted out 135 ves-
sels for the fisheries, at thirteen hands each ; 4 West Indiamen, twelve
hands ; 25 wood vessels, four hands ; IS coasters, five bauds ; 15 Lon-
don traders, eleven hands. All these amount to 2,158 hands, employed
in 197 vessels. Trace their progressive steps between the possession of
a few whale-boats and that of such a fleet.

The moral conduct, prejudices, and customs of a people who live two-
thirds of their time at sea must naturally be very different from those
of their neighbors, who live by cultivating the earth. That long ab-
stemiousness to which the former are exposed, the breathing of saline
air, the frequent repetitions of danger, the boldness acquired in sur-
mounting them, the very impulse of the winds, to which they are ex-
posed; all these, one would imagine, must lead them, when ashore, to
no small desire of inebriation, and a more eager pursuit of those pleas-
ures of which they have been so long deprived, and which they must
soon forego. There are many appetites that may be gratified on shore,
even by the poorest man, but which must remain unsatisfied at sea. Yet,
notwithstanding the powerful effects of all these causes, I observed
here, at the return of their fleets, no material irregularities ; no tumult-
uous drinking assemblies ; whereas in our continental towns the thought-
less seaman indulges himself in the coarsest pleasures ; and, vainly
thinking that a week of debauchery can compensate for months of absti-
nence, foolishly lavishes in a few days of intoxication the fruits of half
a year's labor. On the contrary, all was peace here, and a general de-
cency prevailed throughout; the reason, I believe, is that most every-
body here is married, for they get wives very young ; and the pleasure
of returning to their families absorbs every other desire. The motives
that lead them to the sea are very different from those of most other
sea-faring men ; it is neither idleness nor profligacy that sends them to
that element; it is a settled plan of life, a well-founded hope of earning
a livelihood; it is because their soil is bad that they are early initiated
to this profession, and were they to stay at home, what could they do?
The sea, therefore, becomes' to them a kind of patrimony ; they go to
whaling with as much pleasure and tranquil indifference, with as strong
an expectation of success, as a landman undertakes to clear a piece of
swamp.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 183

15.— HISTORY OF THE EXPERIMENTS LEADING TO THE DEVELOP-
MEIVT OF THE AUTOMATIC! FISH-HATCHINC} JAR.

By MARSHALL McDONALD.

The work of practical pisciculture was, until a comparatively recent
period, confined for the most part to the hatching of the different spe-
cies of the salmonidse. The incubation of the eggs was at first effected
in troughs having the bottoms covered with a layer of gravel, upon
which the eggs were placed and over which a current of fresh water was
allowed to flow.

In succession followed the "grill system" of M. Coste and the differ-
ent devices of movable trays now in common use for handling this class
of eggs. In all these various methods the separation of the dead eggs
from the live ones was effected by means of hand-picking. The neces-
sity for the separation, although not so urgent in the case of the eggs of
the salmonidse as in that of those eggs which develop in warmer waters
and in much shorter periods of time, still entails a vast amount of labor
in connection with the hatching operations.

Although the ingenuity of our fish-culturists has greatly improved the
forms of hatching apparatus for these heavy eggs, yet up to a compara-
tively recent period no other effectual means of separation than that
above indicated has been found practicable. The United States Fish
Commission, in the development of its work, had presented to it the
necessity of dealing with the eggz of the whitefish and the shad upon
a scale Unprecedented in the history of fish-culture. Millions of eggs
were to be hatched where fish-culturists formerly handled only thou-
sands, and the old methods of hand-picking were soon found to be im-
practicable.

In all of the forms of apparatus for bulk hatching no adequate means
is employed for the separation of the dead eggs from the living. All,
as they come from the fish, the uninipregnated as well as impregnated,
are placed in the apparatus and remain together.

In the case of the whitefish, and more especially in the case of the
shad eggs (which run through their period of incubation in a much
shorter time), fungus rapidly develops among the dead eggs, communi-
cates itself to the living, and large numbers of them, which would
otherwise reach the period of hatching, are destroyed. The percentage
of loss produced in this way is always considerable, and in many cases
none of the eggs undergoing incubation are saved. The attention of
fish-culturists was early directed to the serious losses thus arising, and
various experiments have been made with a view of effecting the sepa-
ration of the dead from the living eggs.

In 1878 Mr. F. 2S". Clark, the superintendent of the United States
Hatchery at North ville, Mich., attempted to effect the separation by

184 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

•

introducing" a gate into one side of the cone, through which the shells
and fish and dead eggs might go out into appropriate receptacles. This
device, so far as it served for the collection of the young fish, was quite
successful; but it was not found capable of doing the work for which it
was first planned by Mr. Clark, and was abandoned. Similar experi-
ments, looking to the same result, were made by him with the Chase
jar — the form of apparatus employed for the whitefish work at the
Northville station. The result of these experiments, however, led Mr.
Clark to the conclusion that an automatic or self-picking arrangement
for effecting the complete separation of the dead from the live eggs was
not practicable, and a paper to that effect was written and published
by him in Vol. I, Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission (1881,
p. (>2). The present method employed by him for the separation of the
dead whitefish eggs is to siphon off the dead eggs and such live eggs as
are necessarily drawn over witli them, and to transfer them to what he
terms "hospital jars," the live eggs thus drawn over being left to take
their chances with the dead ones.

This mode of treatment undoubtedly has served to diminish materi-
ally the percentage of loss in the eggs, thus treates by him, as in this
way, by the sacrifice of a small proportion of the eggs, he secured the
complete separation of all elements of contamination and disease from
the great bulk of the eggs.

In 1881, while I was in charge of a shad-hatching station on the
Potomac River, and in position to observe closely the performance of
the hatching apparatus in use, the question of the separation of the
dead from the living eggs was taken up systematically, with the view of
devising a form of apparatus which would accomplish the purpose and
which would be of such shape as to be of easy and convenient use in
practice. Knowing that there was an apparent difference in the specific
gravity of the living and the dead eggs I determined to see if I could
not avail myself of this difference to effect the separation. The first
form of apparatus employed is represented in Fig. 1.*

*This consists essentially of an oblong trough with wooden ends and sloping glass
sides, glass being used in order to be able to observe the movement of the eggs under
the influence of the currents. This trough rests upon a rectangular box made of
boards, which serves at once as a firm base for the support of the trough, and as a
chamber for the equable distribution of the water pressure. The water, which
enters the rectangular box forming the base of the apparatus through the supply
pipe I, passes to the trough proper through a slot extending the whole length. The
influx of the water to the trough is regulated by the valve V V, which, by means of
the set rods S S, can be pushed down so as to cut off the flow of water entirely. By
setting so as to have the opening between the valves and the glass sides about one
thirty-Second of an inch, the water enters the hatching trough in thin sheets which are-
directed up the glass sides of the trough. The effect of this is to give the eggs a con-
tinuous movement in the direction shown by the arrows. Tlie water Hows over the
edges of the central trough, and escapes from the apparatus at O. The dead eggs in
their circuit float higher than the li vine,, and the force of the entering current may bo
bo regulated that the former will be swept out by the escaping water.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 185

In the use of this apparatus I found that a fair separation could be
effected, but to accomplish this required perfect stabili fcy of the vessel

Fig. 1. — Original form of apparatus employed in the experiments. Used May, 1881, on the Potomac
barges.

aud careful manipulation. When the barges were lying quietly on the
water, and there was no tide swell in the river, the separation went on
perfectly, the dead eggs being continually thrown off from the mass of
living eggs and swept by the current over into the exit trough and car-

Fig. 2.— An alternate form, used in the spring of 1881.

ried off from the apparatus. The slightest oscillation, however, of the
barge, produced by waves, would derange the orderly movements of the

186 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

eggs, and required continual watchfulness on the part of the attendant
to prevent considerable losses of live eggs. A second form of appa-
ratus, looking to the accomplishment of the same result, is shown in

Fig. 2.

The results with these forms of apparatus were not satisfactory in

developing a method which could be conveniently applied in practice,
yet they pointed the way to it. Later in the spring, near the close of
the hatching season, at the suggestion of Professor Baird, and in con-
junction with Professor Ryder, we instituted, in the basement of the
Smithsonian Institution, a series of experiments in order to determine
the limit of healthy retardation of development that could be effected
by lowering the temperature of the water employed. In order to sub-
ject the eggs conveniently to the action of the current of cold water

oo°o

°2° ° o %o
ogo»o «o o

0° 0° °o°

°ooo <- oc o
£0000° „ °

o o O o °o
'°°„ o »°» o
SSUo.o.^ T

jOO oof

So'oOo OOgS

oo oo

0500 -.0 00

Fig. 3.— Original form of apparatus in which the method for automatic separation of dead from liv-
ing eggs was demonstrated.

they were placed in small two-ounce laboratory flasks, closely corked.
Through the center of the cork was passed a glass tube which descended
to within a short distance of the bottom of the flask, and through which
the current of water was admitted to the apparatus. This is shown in
Fig. 3.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 187

An exit tube, the lower extremity of which extends a short distance
below the neck of the bottle, provided for the escape of the water.
Whilst this form of apparatus had been devised by me in connection
with the experiments on retardation above referred to, I had no sooner
fixed upon the apparatus than I felt at once I had arrived at the solu-
tion of the question of automatic separation of the dead from the living-
eggs. An eight-ounce wide-mouthed glass jar, such as is used in the
National Museum for holding alcoholic specimens, was fitted up as in-
dicated (Fig. 3).

Six thousand shad eggs were placed in this apparatus and a current
of water turned on and regulated. The movement of the current estab-
lished a regular rolling, boiling motion on the eggs, which brought all
in succession to the surface. The dead eggs remained there, forming
as they were freed from the mass a lawyer upon the upper surface of the
others. By pushing down the exit tube a suitable distance, I found
that the dead eggs were taken up by the escaping current, were by de-
grees drifted under the lower end of the tube, lifted through it by the
current, and swept out, leaving an absolutely clean mass of live eggs iu
the jar.

This lot of eggs was successfully hatched, and at the time of hatching
not a dead egg was found in the bottle, nor do I think a live egg was
lost in the whole course of the experiment.

The first experiments had been framed solely with reference to the
assumed slight difference in the specific gravity of the living and the
dead eggs. Attentive study of the movement of the eggs in the jar
showed a still more potent influence for separation than the difference
in the specific gravity. It is true there is a slight difference in this re-
spect, but it is hardly appreciate. The more important difference, and
that upon which the success of the apparatus depends, is the close ad-
hesion which exists between the living eggs, the effect being that the
live eggs rolling in mass are always in contact, even when they reach
the surface, and are by this adhesion carried around in regular sequence.
On the other hand, the dead eggs having once reached the surface,
their adhesion to the underlying layer of eggs is not sufficient to draw
them along with it in its regular movement; consequently when they
once reach the surface of the mass they remain there until they are
carried off by the exit tube. Several experiments made with different
lots of eggs gave uniformly the same satisfactory results.

In May, 1881, the apparatus in actual operation was exhibited before
a meeting of the Biological Society held in the basement of the Smith-
sonian Institution. These experiments were so decisive that I did not
hesitate to recommend and urge the adoption of the new method in the
work of the United States Fish Commission.

In the spring of 1882 it was determined to convert the old Armory
building into what is now known as the Central Hatchery and Dis-
tributing Station. Prof. S. F. Baird was pleased to manifest his confi-

188 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

deuce in the success of the new form of hatching apparatus by author-
izing me to equip the station with them. The working form of appa-
ratus not having been then even designed on paper, it was not possible

'II!' 1

Fig. 4 Detail to illustrate hatching and transfer of shad fry to collectors.

to prepare the drawings and to have the jar complete in all details ready
in time for the shad-hatching season. An improved form was devised
in which cork stoppers were substituted for the screw cap and metal
tops employed in the form now fixed upon. Ten tables suitably planned
to receive the waste water from the jars and carry it off from the build-
ing were constructed, the pipes for the distribution of water supply to

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 189

the tables were introduced, and the station was equipped with 300 of
the jars. Each jar having a capacity of 00,000 to 70,000 shad eggs gave
a total hatching capacity to the station of 21,000,000 eggs at one time,
or 900,000,000 for the entire shad-hatching season. This was, of course,
in excess of any expected production; but in the organization of a shad
station it is necessary to provide for the contingency of the great bulk
of the eggs coming within an interval of a few days of each other. The
form of hatching apparatus used during this season is shown in Fig. 4.
The general arrangement of a hatching table for the collection of the
young fish as they hatch in appropriate receivers or aquaria is also
shown in Fig. 4. The present form of apparatus and the form contem-
plated in the first design, but only completed recently, is indicated in
Fig. 5.

Fig. 5.— Arrangement of jars for hatching and collecting, as in use at present.

In this figure we have shown a pair of jars fitted up, one for the
hatching of the eggs, the other for the collection of the young fish.

The jar consists essentially of a cylindrical glass vessel with hemi-
spherical bottom. These are not blown, but pressed, in order to secure
perfect regularity of the interior surface, upon which depends to some

190 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

extent the perfect working of the jar. The glass foot which is shown
in the improvised form has been omitted in the form now in use, the
jar being supported upon a tripod of three glass lugs; this form of at-
tachment being adopted to prevent the distortion of tbe bottom of the
jar, which would necessarily result from the attachment of a single foot
to it.

The top of the jar is made with threads to receive a screw cap, and
both the bottom and the top surfaces are ground so that the plane of
each shall be perpendicular to the axis of the jar and so that when the
jar is resting upon its feet its axis shall be perfectly vertical.

These are all-important considerations to secure the proper working.
The top of the jar is closed by a metallic disk perforated with two |-ineh
holes — one perfectly central, which admits the tube that introduces the
water into the jar; the other equally distant from the central hole and
from the edge of the plate. A groove in the inner surface of this metal-
lic plate carries a rubber collar, and when the plate is in place the tight-
ening of the metallic screw cap shown in the figure seals the opening
hermetically. Both the inlet and outlet tubes pass through stuffing-
boxes, by which means the tubes can be slid up and down easily and
tightened firmly in any desired position. The construction of the jar
is such that when the metallic disk is in place the central tube takes
the central position necessarily; by loosening the screw cap of the stuff-
ing box the central tube can be slid up or down so as to produce just
such movement of the eggs as is desired. If the quantity of water
entering be small, or the head of water slight, without changing the
feed of water we may vary at will che force and velocity with which it
enters the jar. By pushing the tube down so as to be almost in con-
tact with the bottom of the jar we make a relatively small quantity of
water do the work of a larger quantity in producing motion. More-
over, as in the season of shad hatching, a full supply of water is needed
and not a great deal of motion, this is arranged for by increasing the
feed and raising the lower end of the central or supply tube, so that the
delivery of the water from it will be under less pressure. This central
tube is connected by a rubber pipe with the pet cock which furnishes
a supply of water under a constant head.

The exit tube serves a double purpose — first, as an outlet for the water;
and secondly, at our i>leasure to remove the layer of dead eggs from the
surface. This is accomplished at stated intervals, say once in twenty-
four hours, by loosening the screw of the stuffing box so that the tube
will slide readily, pushing it down until the dead eggs nearest to the
lower end are seen to begin to pass off. By allowing it to remain in
this position a few minutes the layer of dead eggs is swept off entirely.
They may be either allowed to pass off in the waste, or better, collected
by screens and fed to the fish in the aquaria, thus serving the double
purpose of preventing the fouling of the water and furnishing a very
appropriate food for many varieties of fish. When the period of hatch-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 191

ing approaches, instead of allowing the water from the hatching jars to
pass directly into the sinks, it is necessary to conduct it through the
collecting jar. This is precisely similar in construction to the hatching'
jar. Indeed it is the hatching jar with some special arrangements to
adapt it to its new purpose. The water passes from the hatching jar
through the rubber tube into the eccentric opening of the receiving jar.
The tube and opening then serve for the inlet instead of the outlet of
the water. On the lower end of the central tube is placed a wire frame,
over which is drawn a bag made of cheap cotton, the texture of which
is such as to permit the water to strain through, but the meshes of which
are so fine that the suction of the water will not hold the young fry
against it as would be the case if a wire screen were used.

The surface of this strainer should be as large as is convenient. It
is adjusted to the lower end of the central tube in such position that
the end of the tube is in the center of the wire cage, or as nearly so as pos-
sible, the object of this being to make the draw of the water equal in
all directions. The water is allowed to pass out of this second receiv-
ing jar out into the waste. The young fish, if they be whitefish or shad,
as soon as they burst their shells begin to swim around vigorously in
the hatching jar, drifting with the current. They pass into the exit
tube and are carried over into the receiver, in which they may be col-
lected to any number desired, being retained there without injury until
it is convenient to make a shipment.

In extensive work in hatching I have found it more convenient to
make use of large glass aquaria for receivers, four or five hatching jars
being disposed around one, which serves as a common collector for the
young fish from all. A siphon, arranged as shown in Fig. 4, with a
wire cage and strainer on the shorter end, serves to give free discharge
to the water while the strainer prevents any fish from passing out.
I have found the hatching jars tojbe a very compact form of apparatus
for handling the eggs of the salmonidse. In this case it is not desired
to nor do we give any motion to the eggs. The jar is filled with them
from one-half to two- thirds full. The current of water being introduced
at the bottom filters up through them, enveloping each egg in a stratum
of fresh water, and placing each under the best possible conditions of
development. From fifteen to eighteen thousand eggs may be readily
placed in each jar. Of course, in the case of these eggs we must have
recourse to hand-picking. This is readily accomplished by opening the
jars, placing the hand over the mouth to prevent the escape of water,
inverting and placing the mouth under water over a broad shallow tray.
The eggs by gravity flow out and spread over the bottom of this, and
when picked over are returned to the jar, the precaution being observed
to have the jar full of water, and to use a broad flat funnel to return
the eggs. They may be poured from the tray into the jar in bulk with-
out any injury.

From the experience had during the winter of 1882 in hatching this

192 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

class of eggs at Central Station I am convinced that large numbers of
eggs up to the very period of hatching can be handled in this jar.

The necessity of arriving at methods of hatching the light or floating
eggs of many of our salt-water fishes has for several years impressed
itself upon the United States Fish Commission. No form of apparatus
heretofore devised has been satisfactorily operated to the accomplish-
ment of this purpose. The experiments made daring the summer of
1882 in the Chesapeake Bay with the eggs of the Spanish mackerel led
to the hope that the hatching jar, fitted up as a receiver, may be with
equal advantage employed in hatching this class of eggs. The number
of eggs obtainable was not enough to give 1 results sufficiently decisive
to establish this assertion. But these eggs, being subjected under the
conditions presented in the receiving jar to a current of salt water, be-
ing confined so as to prevent escape, and this confinement effected with-
out the use of appliances that would injure the delicate membrane of
the shell, there seems to be no reason why we may not use the jar as
successfully with this class of eggs as with those of the whitefish and
the shad.

United' States Fish Commission,

Washington, B. C, April 6, 1883.

16.-THE SUCCESSFUL STOCKING OF STREAMS WITH TROUT.

By WAKEMAN HOLBERTON.

[From a letter to Prof. S. P. Baird.]

Near Cleveland, Ohio, is a stream, very much of the nature of Cal-
edonia Creek, only finer and larger, which gushes from the earth in
such volume as to turn a mill not far from its source. This stream
never contained trout until 1872, when it was leased by a club and
stocked with trout which, I think, were obtained from Lake Superior.
Since then the trout have increased finely and the fishing is superb. It
is not unusual for trout to be taken there of three or even four pounds
weight. The members of the club are restricted to fifteen pounds a day,
and only allowed to fish three days in a week. The fish are well fed
and very lively.

The trout which were put into some streams near here two years ago
are doing well. 1 noticed a marked increase in fishing last spring. The
California trout that we put in in 1881 were doing finely last year, and
had already grown to the size of four inches. I caught several of them
but returned them to the water.

New York, March 9, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 193

To!. Ill, No, 13. Washington, D. C. Sept. 3, 1883.

17. -ON THE THREAD-BEARIIVG EGGS OF THE SILVERSIDES

(MEIVIOIA).

By JOHN A. KYDEK.

Three years have elapsed since the writer was enabled to study the
remarkable ova of the genus Menidia, on the night of July 3, 1880, in
Mobjack Bay, Matthews County, Virginia, near New Point Comfort light-
house, and he has delayed any further and fuller account of what was
then observed, in the hope that additional material might be obtained
in order that the embryological history of the genus might also be
investigated. This delay has not yet enabled the author to get the
desired material, and he therefore proposes to describe only what he
has observed respecting the mature unimpregnated ova.

In earlier papers, published in this Bulletin, I have incidentally
alluded to the eggs of Menidia under the name of Chirostoma, as then
current, and in order to avoid misapprehension it will therefore be
necessary to first consider the form in respect to its systematic place
and synonymy. According to Jordan and Gilbert (Synopsis of the
Fishes of North America), Menidia is the proper designation of a rather
common type of Atherinoid fishes, of small size, the species of which
have collectively received the name of " silversides," probably from the
presence of a broad silvery band on the sides of the translucent green-
ish body. They resemble markedly the Mugilidce or mullets in general
appearance, and are allied to them. The species now included under
Menidia have been placed in a number of genera by different authori-
ties, such as Chirostoma, Atherinicthys, Argyrea, Basilichthys,&c, but the
form in question which furnished the eggs for our study corresponded
most nearly with that of Chirostoma notata of later writers, so that
Menidia notata, Mitch. (J. & G.) is the now recognized name of the
form here considered.

It may also be of interest to give some account of the circumstances
under which the eggs were obtained. The steamer Lookout was lying
at anchor after dark in about two or three fathoms of water ; some of
the crew while fishing for crabs noticed that a great many small fishes,
four or five inches long, were being attracted by the lights which they
held over the side of the vessel. Some of these were soon captured by
Mr. William Hamlin and Mr. W. P. Sauerhoff, who upon pressing the
specimens found that some of them were gravid females with ripe eggs
in their roes. No mature males were obtainable at the time, and inas-
much as I was engaged during the rest of my stay upon the study of
the development of two other species of valuable food-fishes, I had no

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 13

194 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

further opportunity to carry my researches any farther. The materia]
which was obtained was however of such an interesting- character that
I immediately made a number of camera lucida sketches and a few
notes, which I now reproduce.

The eggs being taken at night, renders it possible that the species is
a nocturnal spawner, while the singular threads or filaments may
be the means by which the parent fish is enabled to suspend its ova to
some fixed support in the water as they are emitted from the oviduct.
This might be accomplished by the female while the eggs were expelled
by simply passing her body over the stems or leaves of marine plants
in her vicinity. This affords an explanation of the remarkable threads
which are attached to and at first encircle the eggs. We cannot escape
the conclusion, at any rate, that these threads are of the nature of a
protective contrivance either to suspend the eggs to foreign objects or
else to entangle them together in masses ; such as we find to be the case
with the eggs of the silver-gar, where the filaments are, however, scat-
tered over the whole surface of the egg. Tbe eggs of the silver-gar are,
moreover, actually found suspended in masses in the meshes of the
pound-nets in which the adult females have been entrapped, but whether
the fish themselves have been the means of suspending them there is
uncertain. Possibly currents of water may waft them into the meshes
of the nets, but this is to some extent improbable from the fact that
the ova of the gar are much heavier than sea-water and immediately
sink to the bottom. The eggs of Menidia notata are also heavier than
water, and it is therefore very possible, as previously suggested, that this
form, too, may, when spawning, avail itself of the threads on its ova to
suspend them by, so as to keep them out of the mud and prevent them
from being smothered and killed. The filaments of adjacent eggs in
the gar have a tendency to twist spontaneously around each other, so
that great masses are often formed in this manner and held together
entirely by the tough fibers or filaments which are attached to the egg
membrane. The same is true of the eggs of Menidia, but in this genus
the eggs are not deposited in such numbers, because the ovary of a full-
grown female would probably not yield more than 300 eggs during a
single spawning season, while that of the female silver-gar would yield
as many as 800 to 1,000 ova.

The mature eggs of Menidia notata measure about aline in diameter,
and as shown in Fig. 1, in the accompanying cut, are covered with a
thick, strong egg-membrane, z. When first taken from the parent fish,
the germinal matter of the ovum is spread mainly over the surface of
the vitellus, and in the latter a number of highly refringent oil globules
of various sizes are embedded, as shown in Figs. 1, 3, and 4. In the
space of ten hours the batch of ova studied by the writer had developed
the germinal disk y independently of impregnation.

Probably the most striking peculiarity about the ova of Menidia is the
garniture of threads which are attached to one pole of the egg, covering

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 195

a very small area of insertion on the outer surface of the egg-membrane.
There are four of these filaments/, as indicated in Figs. 1, 3, and 4, and
when the eggs are first emitted they are coiled around the egg-mem-
brane externally in a spiral manner, as shown in Fig. 1. Very soon

after oviposition they commence to uncoil from around the egg, and
when a number are stirred or shaken about in a small dish they soon
become entangled together so as to hang together in bunches or strings.
These threads are about eight times the length of the diameter of the
ovum, and are apparently composed of the same tough material as that
which enters into the formation of the egg-membrane itself. In the im-
mature condition, and when the ovarian egg is still far from full-grown,
I find the threads present on the outside of the zona or membrane, but
closely adherent to the latter, as may be seen in Fig. 2, representing
a young and immature ovarian egg. In this condition the membrane is
relatively thicker than in more mature eggs, and the nucleus n is quite
conspicuous at the ceuter of the immature vitellus.

The filaments/, Fig. 4, at the point of attachment to the egg-mem-
brane are somewhat enlarged, but have no bulbous base as in the case
of those found on the ova of the silver-gar. The egg is heavier than
sea- water, the oil-drops o embedded in the yelk y seeming to have no
tendency to buoy them up.

196 BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

It appears that the number of ova produced l>y various species of
Teleostean fishes are in some way proportioned to the chances they
may have of surviving. Viviparous forms like the Oyprinodonts have
comparatively tew ova, and the number may be as few as 15 or 20 in
such a form as Gambusia. The sticklebacks, we find, may in some in-
stances liave quite as few. Anadromous and marine species, <»n the
•other hand, often exhibit the most surprising fecundity. The female
shad, for instance, may have 250,000 ova in process of maturation ;it
one time in her roes; the rock-fish or striped bass upwards of 3,000,000;
the cod from 2,000,000 to 9,000,000; the pollock 4,000,000; the had-
dock not far from 2, 000,000. These, are significant figures, and doubt-
less indicate that there is some principle or law regnant in nature which
determines these wide differences in the number of ova matured bv
one female in a .ingle season. It may be a fact that the eggs of the
cod and many other species have been gradually adapted to float, be
cause, if they did not, the pressure of the water at great depths would
prevent their development. In spite, however, of this admirable pro-
vision, it is doubtless a fact that one egg of a nest-building species,
like the stickleback, has a thousand chances favorable to its survival
as against one in favor of a single egg of the cod, left as it is floating
in the open sea at the mercy of wind and waves. The species with
thread-bearing eggs seem to a certain extent intermediate as regards
the number of ova produced, and this is perhaps as strong an argu-
ment as can be produced, tending to show that the filaments are devel-
oped as protective contrivances, which suspend such ova in safe posi-
tions to fixed objects above the sea-bottom during their development.

Washington, D. C, June 11, 1883.

IS— DO SNAKES CATCH AND EAT FISH?

By WILLARD NYE, Jr.

[From Jitter to Frof. S. F. Baird.]

While up on Lost Creek, yesterday, 1 saw a snake coming out of the
water with a fish in his mouth, that lie had caught all by himself. The
snake was one of these common kind seen around pounds, and about
30 inches in length, while the fish was about 4 inches long (but thick
and bulky), being what they call out here a " bull-pout" (looks just
like a toad-grunter from the salt water, and live under stones the same
as they do). I killed the snake, and the fish being alive, put him back
in the water, when he went off seemingly much pleased at the change.

A friend who was with me also found a snake which had swallowed
one of the same kind of fish ; that is, he had got him down as tar as
(he gills, and the fish was still alive. The idea of a snake going in for
a morning's fishing struck me as rather funny, so thought I would send
you an account of it.

Park City, Jmie 25, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 197

19 DIRECTIONS FOR €Off>EECTIIYG AND PRESERVING FISH.

By TABLETOK H. BEAN.

1. Wash the fish thoroughly in water to remove the slime and dirt
that are almost invariably present upon them, not omitting the inside
of the mouth and the gills. In cleansing fish that have a tough, scale-
less skin, or such as have the scales firmly fixed, use a stiff paint brush
or a scrubbing brush; for thin-skinned fish and such as have deciduous
scales a softer brush must be taken. Some fish are covered plentifully
with tenacious mucus that is with great difficulty removed by water
alone ; in such cases a solution of two tablespoonfuls of alum in a pint
of lukewarm water will be found efficacious.

2. It is often necessary to preserve fish that are stale, or partially
digested, and offensive to the smell. Such examples may be thoroughly
disinfected by the use of the disinfecting solution of chloride of soda.
Use a tablespoonful of the solution in one pint of water. With this
wash the gills and pour it into the mouth and stomach, allowing it to
return by the mouth.

3. Inject alcohol in the mouth and the vent to preserve the viscera.
Make small incisions in the belly and in thick parts of the body to allow
the alcohol to penetrate the tissues. It is often necessary to remove
the liver, stomach, and intestines from large fish and to preserve these
separately, numbering them so as to correspond with the fish from which
they are taken.

4. It is a good plan to keep freshly collected fishes in weak alcohol
for a day or two ; a mixture of two parts of 95 per cent, alcohol to one
of water will answer for this temporary immersion. Some species are
exceedingly soft and flabby, falling to the bottom of a glass jar or other
receptacle, becoming partly imbedded in their own mucus, and rapidly
disintegrating in consequence. Such specimens should either be sus-
pended in the alcohol by a thread or string from the neck of the jar or
the hook sometimes found on the inside of the stopple, or a bed of excel-
sior or muslin should raise them from the bottom ; these are necessary
precautions which will prevent many losses. Alter the fish have been
kept for not more than two days in the weak alcohol, transfer them to
a mixture of three parts of 95 per cent, alcohol to one of water. Ordi-
narily this latter will preserve specimens that are not crowded too much
at least three months; some, of course, will remain in good condition
still longer; but, generally, three months will reduce the preservative
power of the liquid so far as to make a renewal of alcohol necessary.
The tendency with many collectors is to overcrowd specimens, and, as
a result, museums frequently receive a lot of half-rotten material which
is too valuable to be thrown away and is yet always a source of trouble
and disappointment. Ajar, tank, or case of any kind should never be

198 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

expected to accommodate more than half its own bulk of fish, and even
this proportion will require watchfulness to avoid loss. If a collection
freshly caught is to be shipped to a distant museum or private collec-
tion, observe the directions about cleansing the fish and preserving the
viscera separately if needful, and then use nothing weaker than a mixt-
ure containing three parts of 95 percent, alcohol and one part of water.
A good mixture which will carry fish in very nice condition is the
following: 95 per cent, (or absolute) alcohol, 3 quarts; water, 1 quart;
glycerine, 1 pint; borax, 1 ounce. There is nothing better, however,
than the mixture of three parts of alcohol and one of water.

5. The extensive collections of the United States Fish Commission
are usually packed in copper tanks, which are tin-lined within. The
lid of the tank is made to screw in the top, and its diameter is always
as great as the dimensions of the top will allow. The tanks (called
Agassiz tanks) are made to contain 4, 8, or 1C gallons. Strong chests,
of a size large enough to accommodate a 16-gallon tank, are used for
shipping; the hinges and hasps of these chests are riveted on ; handles
are screwed on at the sides, and each chest is furnished with a strong
lock. The chest may contain one lG-gallon tank, or two of 8 gallons, or
four of 4 gallons, or one of 8 gallons and twd of 4 gallons, as may best
suit the convenience of the collector. When several tanks make up the
complement it is usual to separate them by thin wooden partitions.

Cases made of ordinary tinned sheet-iron are much more generally
used than the expensive copper cans, and they will answer well enougb
if the joints are perfectly tight and the top is securely soldered on.

Oak kegs, holding about 10 gallons each and provided with iron hoops,
arc capital containers for large fishes, and they will stand the wear and
tear of railway travel better than most other receptacles.

Glass preserving-jars may be shipped long distances with comparative
safety, but they must be tested, by inverting them, to insure tightness;
the top of the jar and the rubber band should be wiped dry ; wrap the
jars in strong paper and pack them in some material that will prevent
breakage.

AY hen corked bottles are used, tie a piece of bladder securely over the
cork. Where seals and sea-lions occur, the throat, as prepared by the
Aleuts for example, will be found an excellent covering. It is necessary
to wet the membrane to make it pliable. Whenever jars, bottles, or
any other small containers are filled with fish which are not provided
with tin tags, write plainly with a lead-pencil on heavy manila or writ-
ing paper the name of the place where the fish were taken, the date of
capture, and the name of the collector. Put a label of this kind inside
of each bottle ; it will remain legible for years.

(i. Each specimen should be provided with a numbered tin tag, which
is to be fastened, whenever possible, by means of a string passed through
the right gill-opening and out at the mouth. When the string must be
tied around the body or tail of the fish it should be fixed securely and

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 199

yet without injuring any of the fins. A catalogue is to be kept by the
collector, in which the numbers corresponding with those ou the tags
must be entered, with notes as to place, time, and mode of capture, and
other particulars which will be more fully mentioned further on. Wrap
each fish separately in common coarse muslin (the coarser the better),
and tie the ends securely. Do not tie the string so tightly around the
body of the fish as to make furrows and wrinkles in the skin. If tin
tags are not at hand, a label written firmly on stout paper with a lead-
pencil should be wrapped inside of the covering of the fish. It is nec-
essary always to fill the receptacle in which specimens are packed — a
bottle or jar may be either filled with alcohol or the specimens may be
wrapped in muslin. It is not a good plan to put tow, excelsior, or cot-
ton-wool on top of fish, as it presses them close together and prevents
the free circulation of alcohol between them. For long journeys it is
desirable to secure better protection than the muslin wrapping alone
affords. This may be gained by placing beds of excelsior or thin wood
shavings between the layers of fish and at the bottom and top of the
case.

A plainly- written card placed at the top of the box, so as to be seen
when the lid is removed, telling its contents and by whom it was sent,
will save much trouble when the collection is to be unpacked.

7. ^otes of color, taken from the fresh specimens, should be sent with
them if the fish are to be described in the museum. The collector should
also preserve in his own books a record of life-colors under the catalogue
numbers corresponding with the tin tags fastened on his fish. He can
then obtain the identification of his species by their numbers and pub-
lish his studies upon them at his own pleasure.

8. Local names of fish should always accompany the specimens when
obtainable.

9. It is desirable to know whether or not the species is abundant ;
whether different sizes of the same fish are found ; whether they asso-
ciate iu schools or not ; whether they are permanent residents or migra-
tory ; if migratory, by what routes they come and go ; whether they
form an important article of food ; what they feed upon and what species
prey upon them ; the depth and character of the bottom on which they
occur ; the mode of capturing them ; the uses made of them and the
various products which they go to form, in short, everything bearing
upon the life history or the economic applications of the species should
be noted in detail.

10. Before washing the fish look them over for external parasites ;
examine the gills and the inside of the month carefully, as these are fa-
vorite situations. These parasites often furnish a clew to the migrations
of the fish ; remove them if they can be taken off entire, if not, let them
remain, and call attention to their presence in your shipping notes.
Preserve the parasites in vials or bottles, and provide them with labels
stating from what fish they came and in what situation they were found.

200 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

To preserve fish indefinitely in glass jars, observe the following- direc-
tions : first, select a jar of the proper size to accommodate the specimen
amply, without bending or distorting it in any way; put in the fish with
the tail down in nearly all cases; the tail may often rest upon the bottom
of the jar, or the fish may be suspended from the hook which is now
found in the stopple of the modern museum jars; cover the fish com-
pletely with the alcoholic mixture referred to in the closing sentence of
paragraph 4 ; discoloration of the alcohol is a sign that its preservative
power is weakened and calls for a renewal ; fishes in alcohol will never
make a good show unless the liquid is kept clear and clean. A label
giving the name of the fish, place of its capture, and name of its captor,
should be tied on the neck of the jar by means of a piece of narrow tape
passed through holes punched in the ends of the paper. The jars must
have accurately ground glass stopples. It is best to use no kind of
sealing wax to coat the joint of the stopple; simply wipe the glass per-
fectly dry, close the jar properly, and there will be little danger of
evaporation. Do not let the direct sunlight strike your jars, and keep
them well removed from stoves, registers, and the like.

National Museum, Washington, D. C, December, 1881.

20.— l»l,AXTIIVG AIVD €AT€II OF SIIAI> IX COOSA RIVER, ALABA.1IA.

By C1IAS. W. SJIILEY.

A report of the number of shad taken at Wetumpka, on the Coosa
River, has been received from Mr. Cabot Lull, which is as follows: In
1ST!), 1,000; in 1880, GOO; in 1881, 55; in 1882, 35; in 1883, 22. These
tish were caught in eight traps at that place.

Concerning this report, which was forwarded by Mr. T. S. Doron, of
Montgomery, Ala., the latter remarks: "I think it is as accurate as can
be obtained. Mr. Lull seems to think that the shad had disappeared.
I know that the rise in the water has prevented the catch of shad dur-
ing the past three years. Those caught last year were large fish, some
weighing four pounds each. 1 '

In connection with the above it is interesting to know what deposits
of young have been made in this vicinity by the United States Fish
Commission. The deposits in 1870, 1S77, 1878, and 1870 were as fol-
lows :

July 11, 187G, in Alabama River at Montgomery 90,000

May 29, 1*77, in Tallapoosa River at Montgomery 75,000

June !), L878, in Tallapoosa River at Salisbury 50,000

June 13, 1879, in Coosa River at Lebanon 45,000

In L880 and 1881 there were no deposits made.
United States Fish Commission, May 14, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 201

21.— REPORT OF INVESTIGATION'S AT NEAH RAY, WASH., RESPECT-
ING THE HABITS OF FIB SEALS OF THAT VICINITY, AND TO
ARRANGE FOR PROCURING SPECIMENS OF SKELETONS OF
CETACEA.

By JAMES G. SWAN.

I left Port Townseud, Wash., on the 26th of March, 1883, for Neah
Bay, at the entrance of the Strait of Fnca ; and arrived there the next
morning, the distance being about one hundred miles. My object was
to make arrangements for procuring skeletons of marine mammals, such
as whales, orca or killer, porpoises, etc., and to study as far as practica-
ble the habits of the fur seals of Cape Flattery, in order to ascertain in
what respect, if any, they differ from the fur seals of the Pribloff Islands,
Alaska.

I had been informed that the Indians had towed the carcass of a large
sulphur-bottom whale, Sibhaldius sidfureus Cope, into the mouth of a
small stream, a few miles east of N'eah Bay, where it had grounded at
high water, and at the lowest run of tides was entirely exposed.

The Indians had removed the blubber and flesh and had left the
bones, but had cut the lower jaw in pieces to extract the oil, and had
injured the skull so that the skeleton is not perfect. The weather be-
ing boisterous, and the tides not running low in the daytime, I did not
have opportunity to examine the bones, but was assured by the Indians
that the salt water and marine animals had cleaned them so that they
are perfectly white — a statement of which I took advantage by pointing
out to the Indians how easily they can clean the skeleton of an orca, by
towing the body into some rocky cove, where it would not be buried in
sand, and leaving it for a few months in the salt water. As the Makah
Indians kill the orca during the summer months, particularly in the
vicinity of Flattery Bocks, I think 1 may be able to secure a good
specimen this summer.

The sealing schooners being all in port I took the opportunity to ask
questious of both white men and Indians, and have reduced their an-
swers to writing, as nearly as practicable in the language used by each
person.

March 28. Went to the trading store of William Gallick to make in-
quiry about the habits of fur^eals. Mr. E. Gallick, trader, says: •'!
have been engaged in trading here for fur seal skins for about six years.
It is the general impression and belief among the sealers, both white
men and Indians, that the fur seals do have pups in the ocean. Some
persons say they go north to the Pribloff Islands, but others think these
seals come from the south and do not go into the Bering Sea at all. I
have shipped fur seal skins to London where they brought a better price
than those from the Pribloff Islands ; the fur is longer on the Cape Flat-
tery seals and of better color. I have no means of information where

202 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

these seals have pups, but I do know that every season, towards the
close, some years in Juue and in other years July and August, there
are plenty of young - pup seals taken with their mothers. The Indians
invariably kill the pups when they can, as their bleating cries alarm the
older seals, who will keep out of the way of the hunters. Young seals
taken alive from their mothers are a matter of every day occurrence in
June and July. These young seals are strong and lively, and will swim
as soon as taken from out of their mothers. I had one brought to me
last summer by one of our sealing schooners. I fed it with milk from a
nurse bottle, and it grew finely. I kept it in the yard, and it would
swim round in a tub of water, and I used to take it to have a swim in
the bay. It was very tame, but one day it bit me severely and I told
an Indian to kill it."

March 29. I went to the house of Captain John, an old chief, now
blind, and met there Quistoh, or Kicistoh, a chief of the Nittinat In-
dians on west coast of Vancouver Island, B. C, and Cedakanim, a chief
of the Clyoquot Indians, northwest of Barclay Sound, B. C.

Captain John says : " The fur seals have their young ones in the salt-
water, but I don't know were. The hair seals (Karschoive) have their
young ones in the caves about Cape Flattery, but the fur seal (Kaith-
ladoos) somewhere on the ocean. The Indians think they have them
on the kelp beds, like the sea otter."

Kwistoh says : " Many years ago, my father and some other Mttinats
were blown off to sea in their canoes; they went a great way off, a great
way toward the setting sun. It was warm weather, about your 4th of
July, I think ; they saw many fur seals ; the sea was full of them, and
they bad their little pups with them, and the little ones made so much
noise that the Indians could not kill any of the big ones. We all think
the fur seal (Kaithladoos) has its young ones born in the water."

Cedakanim says: "We think the fur seal has its young ones in the
ocean, but I don't know where. I know the old seals b} T the color of
their whiskers, and I know the last year's pups, and I know the little
pups, which come with their mothers, which are too small to be good
fur. Where do these little seals come from ? I don't know, but I believe,
as all the Indians do, that they are born in the water or among the
kelp."

Peter, chief of Makah Indian police, says : " The fur seals all come
from the south. In the spring they are plenty, but when the hot
weather comes they go off west; but they do not all go, because fur seal
can be seen all the time along the coast, but they are shy, and we don't
hunt them. I don't know where they have their young ones, but there
are plenty of little seals here every summer."

March 30. Youaithl, or old doctor Makah, residing at Neah Bay, says :
" We all think the Kaithladoos (fur seal) has young ones in the water. I
have killed many fur seals with young ones in them, just ready to be
born, but they were no good, and I generally knocked them on the head,

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 203

but I have thrown plenty overboard, and they always swim as soon
as taken from their mothers, when they are ready to be born, say about
June or 4th of July. The hair seals (Karschowe) have their young ones
in the caves about Cape Flattery. The Indians go in the caves with
torches and clubs, and kill the seals. We eat the meat and use the
skins for buoys (Do-Jco-kuptl), and make oil out of the fat. The fur seal
(Kaithladoos) don't go in the caves, they have their young ones in the
water or on the kelp, like the sea otters ( Tejuck). We think the fur seals
come here from California."

March 30. Ko-16-whad, or Billy Buster, says : " I have been to Alaska,
on schooners, hunting sea otter. I have been to Saint Paul's Island and
seen the fur seals on the land. They are different from the seals here,
for they have their young ones on the land, and the fur seals of the
coast have their young ones in the water. I have seen them in August
off in the ocean, I think one hundred miles southwest of Cape Flattery,
lots of them with their little ones playing around them, but they are
very shy then, and the young ones make such a noise that canoes can't
get near them. It is about the time the seals have their young that the
seal fishery at the cape is stopped. I am quite sure that these fur seals
act different from those on Saint Paul's. I think they come from Cali-
fornia, and I don't believe they go to Saint Paul's Island. The Indians
all say that the fur seals have young ones in the water like sea otter do."

This last Indian I have known personally many years. He speaks
good English, has been several voyages on vessels for sea otters, has
been to the Pribloff Islands, Bering Sea, Okhotsk, and the coast of
Japan, and is a good otter hunter, as well as seal hunter, is intelligent
and well informed about the habits of marine animals.

April 2. Capt. James Dalgardno, of sealing schooner -Mary Taylor,
says : " Little seals are very plenty towards the close of the season, which
varies. Some years the seals leave about the 20th of June, other sea-
sons not till the last of July. But the fur seal is plenty about 100 miles
off the cape in August. I have seen hundreds of pups cut out of their
mothers apparently just ready to be born ; they would scramble around
on deck and make a cry like new-born lambs. I have thrown lots of
them overboard, and they invariably swim as soon as they get into the
water; it is all bosh about pup-seals sinking like a stone. If the seal
pups at Saint Paul's Island can't swim as soon as they are born they
must have different habits from the seals here, because I have seen so
many of them swimming after they had been taken alive from their
mothers' wombs. Every sealer, both white men and Indians, know
about seal pups as well as I do, and they know that my statement is
correct."

April 11. After my return to Port Townsend, one of the sailing
schooners, the Chainpiom, Capt. E. H. McAlmond, came up from Cape
Flattery, and, in an interview in my office this day, Captain McAlmond
says : "In the latter part of June, 1882, while cruising 10 or 50 miles

204 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

oft' Cape Flattery, about southwest, I saw a thick bed of kelp about
which fur seals wen* playing. I noticed one in particular, a female, on
This bed of kelp. Her actions indicated that she was about to give
birth to a pup, as she paid no attention to us, but kept moving about
as if she was making a bed. After watching her a while I sent a canoe.
and the Indian killed the seal and brought it on board. On opening it
the young pup was taken out alive audit traveled about the deck, rais-
ing itself on its fore nippers and making a bleating cry. It was per-
fectly formed and there was every evidence from the appearance of
both the mother and the maturity of the pup that it would have been
born on that bed of kelp in a very short time if we had not disturbed
the mother. The Indians carried the pup ashore, where I saw it alive
several days after. I tried to buy it, but they refused to sell. I have
no doubt that if this pup had been properly fed and feared for that it
would have lived to have grown up to maturity. I have had many years'
experience in the sealing business at Cape Flattery, and every season at
its close the young pups are plenty. 1 think, as the Indians do. that these
pups are born in the water or on kelp beds. My opinion is that the fur seal
of the cape come from Lower California, and that they do not go to the
Pribloff Islands. I think their habits are different from the fur seals of
Saint Paul's."

The following extracts are -from letters to me from Alexander C.
Anderson, esq., inspector of fisheries, British Columbia:

" I note what you say about fur seals. It is very desirable that the
discrepancy between the statement of Mr. Elliott, and the accounts of
local observers should be reconciled. Mr. Elliott is very dogmatic in his
statements, and certainlv treats Your remarks with scaur courtesy. I
hope you will renew the subject and discuss it at large from our local
point of view. The true solution will, probably, be as you suggest —
that our seals are of the southern variety and quite different in habits
from the northern species. Mr. Elliott, however, argues under the as-
sumption that our seals are only a detachment from the northern herds,
and dovetailing all his observations to correspond.

"Victoria, British Columbia, June 24, L882."

"I have not yet procured the information I desired about the fur seals,
but will attend to it as soon as opportunity serves, and Mill let you
know the result. I think everything will appear to sustain your opin-
ion.

"Victoria, B. C, August 24, 1882/'

"I have spoken with Captain Warren and Captain Spring, both
largely engaged in the seal trade, concerning the pupping of seals. The
former of the two appeared to be reticent, and 1 do not think has been
a close observer, so far as the natural history of the seal is concerned.
lie could tell little or nothing to settle the pup question. Captain

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 205

Spring, a very intelligent man, assures me that lie lias seen the young
taken from the womb frequently in a very advanced state, and that on
one occasion lie witnessed the taking of a live young one from the womb
of a mother seal killed, evidently, witbin a few hours of parturition.
This pup survived about 24 hours, being kept on board in a tub of water
wherein it appeared to swim quite naturally. He is convinced that
under natural process this pup would have been born within 24 hours
of the time when the mother was killed, and is quite incredulous as to
tbe assertion that if born at seti it must sink, as has been asserted.
"Victoria, B. 0., September 15, 1882."

Port Town send, April, 22, 1S83. Capt, Charles Willoughby, an old
sealer and fisherman, and receutly United States Indian agent at !N~eah
Bay, says: "The fur-seal pups are very common at iSTeah Bay every sea-
son. Last summer, July, 1882, l Young Sial,' a Makah Indian, killed a
female seal and brought it ashore in his canoe. He opened it in the
canoe and took out a live pup which, I think, from its appearance, would
have been born in a very few hours. It was very lively, and ' Sial ' tied
a string to one of its flippers and threw it overboard, where it swam
round in a playful manner. Sial took the end of the string ashore,
where his boy Luke, one of the school-boys, held it. I saw Luke with
four of these fur seal pups with strings tied to them, playing just out-
side the surf. The assertion that they will sink is all nonsense; every
Indian and every white man who has lived at Cape Flattery knows that
fur-seal imps will swim as soon as they are born. I have seen fur seals
hauled out on the Farallones where they had pups. I put one of those
pups into the surf, but it did not live; the water was all foam and it did
not have a good chance. I think the fur seals about Cape Flattery come
from Lower California; their habits are different from the seals of the
Pribloff Islands, and they have better fur. I was Indian agent at Xeah
Bay over four years, and I have had ample opportunity of observation,
and it is a common sight every season to see boys have fur-seal pups,
with strings tied to them, swimming in the bay just outside the breakers
or in the brook at the agency."

This statement of Captain Willoughby about Indian boys tying strings
to fur-seal pups and letting them swim in the brook and bay I can cor-
roborate, having, during a period of sixteen years, observed the same
thing myself frequently every sealing season.

April 22. Mr. Henry Landes, formerly trader at IS T eah Bay and dealer
in furs in connection with the Alaska Commercial Company, and now
president of the First National Bank in Port Townsend says: "I have
traded in furs many years, particularly seal and sea otter skins. I
know the fur-seal skins of the Pribloff Islands, and the fur-seal skins
from Cape Flattery ; the Cape Flattery seal has the handsomest and
longest fur, and used to bring the highest price in the London market,
but the Indians of late (1883) have pulled and stretched the skins and

206 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

allowed so many to get what we call pinky that their value has decreased.
The seal from Saint Paul's and Saint George's Islands being- selected
young males, are more uniform in color and match better when made
into robes, but the fur is not as good as the Cape Flattery seal. I have
never been interested to learn where the fur seals of the cape have their
pups; but I do know that they are very common and plenty every
season, but are of little or no commercial value. I think the fur seals
of the cape come from Lower California, and I think they do not go to
the Priblotf Islands. There is certainly a difference in the habits of the
seals at each place which I should like to have explained."

Port Townseud, April 25, 1883. Mr. Marsilliot, the second engineer
of the United States revenue steamer Wolcott, in an interview in my
office this evening, says: "In 1881 the fur seals were very plenty in
Puget Sound, and were taken as far inland as Hood's Canal. Some-
time during the summer, I think about the middle of June, while the
cutter was at anchor in Port Townsend Bay, one of the quartermasters,
Mr. Quinn who is now master of the sealing schooner Teazer, saw a
little fur-seal pup swimming alongside the vessel. He caught it and
brought' it on board where we kept it several weeks. It was about the
size of a full-grown kitten when Quinn caught it. We fed it with milk,
both fresh and canned, and it became a great pet with the men, who
used to let it go overboard every day to swim, and it came back regu-
larly to the gang-way ladder to be taken on board. On one occasion
the cutter was absent a day, and when we returned to our anchorage
the little pup came back and was taken on board again. It was very
tame. At last, one day, when the seal was having a swim, the cutter
was ordered off, and we were absent a week, on our return the seal was
gone and we saw no more of it. The mother had probably been killed
at the time the pup came alongside the vessel at first, as there were
several fur seals shot in the bay and from the wharves. I have been
to the Pribloff Islands and have had some observation of the habits of
the fur seals there. I think the fur seals here and at the cape have
different habits from the northern seals. I think these seals belong to
the herds seen about the Gulf of Tehuautepec and along the Mexican
coast. The fact of the pups swimming as soon as born — and even those
that have been taken alive from their mothers before they were born,
swimming readily — is too well substantiated to admit of doubt. The
fact, which Mr. Elliott states so positively, that the pups of the fur seals
of the Pribloff Islands will sink like a stone, is an evidence to my mind
that these seals differ from those in Bering Sea."

The foregoing statements show the prevailing opinion of both white
ami Indian sealers, and white persons who have lived at Xeah Bay
and have had opportunity of frequent observation, that the fur seal of
Cape Flattery come from Southern California, and have pups on the
ocean and on the kelp beds, a statement which is supported by the
testimony of white men and Indians, that they have seen the young fur-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 207

seal pups taken from the womb of the mother, and swimming as soon
as put in the water.

I could get plenty of other reliable persons to testify to the fact of
the seal pups being plenty in June and July at Cape Flattery, and that
they can swim as soon as born. Enough, however, has been given to
substantiate that fact, but what remains to be shown is where these fur-
seal pups are born. The very short time I was at Neah Bay was not
sufficient to ascertain from personal knowledge or observation. I should
have remained there through the season, or till the first of July, and
have made frequent excursions on the sealing schooners in order to
enable me to examine fully the question.

The supposition of Mr. Elliott, that all the fur seals of the North
Pacific go to the Pribloff Islands, is of the same kind of popular assump-
tion that all wild geese go north to breed in the Polar seas ; and yet
Colonel Goss, the great ornithologist of Kansas, found the nests and
eggs of the wild geese in Wyoming Territory, and Mr. Elliott may ascer-
tain, if he will, that all the fur seals in the Pacific Ocean north of the
Equator do not visit the Pribloff Islands.

I do not consider this report other than as a preliminary brief, to be
followed up and further investigated as occasion may offer. The only
point I consider definitely settled is that the pups of the fur seal at
Cape Flattery swim as soon as born, or even when taken alive from the
womb of the mother seal; and in that respect they essentially differ in
their habits from the fur seals of Alaska. This question regarding the
natural history of the fur seals of Southern California is one of interest,
and I hope it may be fully and thoroughly discussed.

Port Townsend, Wash., April 29, 1883.

S2.-REPRODUCTI01V OF CALIFORNIA SALMON IIV THE AQUARIUM

OF TROCADERO.

By Messrs. BAVERET-WATTEL and BARTET.

On the 25th of October, 1878, the aquarium of Trocadero received
from the National Society of Acclimation 1,000 eggs of the California
salmon (Oncorhynchus quinnat), being a portion of a consignment made
by Prof. Spencer F. Baird, Commissioner of Fisheries of the United
States. These eggs, which were already at an advanced stage of de-
velopment, hatched very soon. The fry were very vigorous, and their
growth was quite rapid, at least from the period (January 1, 1879) at
which the aquarium was transferred to the municipal administration
and intrusted to the care of a superintendent of roads and plantations

* Sur la reproduction du saumon de Calif ornie, a Vaquarlum du Trocadero; par MM.
Raveret-Wattel el Bartet. In Comptes rendus hebdomadaires des Seances de VAcade'mie des
Sciences. Tome XCVI, No. 12 (19 Mars, 1883). Paris, 1883, pp. 796-797.— Translated
by Marshall McDonald.

208 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

in the city of Paris, by whom attention was regularly given to the differ-
ent fishes which occupied the aquarium.

Being liberally fed with the flesh offish minced fine, the young sal-
mon attained in the space of a year a mean weight of 250 grams. At
this period almost all had lost the markings of their early age, and had
taken on the beautiful silvery appearance of smolts ; but they did not
manifest that anxiety which is generally observed in our common sal-
mon of the same age when kept in captivity. They bore their confine-
ment perfectly well, and the losses were comparatively small.

Two years later these salmon had become very fine fish. Some
weighed as much as 2 kilograms. In October, 1SS1, several of them
gave evident signs of maturity. Artificial impregnation was attempted ;
but the eggs obtained appeared badly developed and did not give any
result. Moreover, all, or almost all, both males and females, which had
appeared disposed to spawn, died.

The following year, 1882, also in the month of October, the desire of
spawningmanifested itself anew in these fish, and on the 24th of October
several females yielded about 1,500 eggs, which we attempted to fecun-
date with the milt of the trout, because there were no ripe male salmon
at this time. The experiment did not succeed ; but a few days after-
ward, individuals of both sexes being in full spawning condition, there
were collected and fecundated in the space of five weeks about 30,000
eggs.*

Unfortunately, the want of sufficient apparatus for hatching necessi-
tated the crowding of the eggs for several days in a very restricted
space. Moreover, the work of repairs in the water conduits which
supplied the aquarium permitted the use for some time of only unfil-
tered water. To these two causes is to be attributed the bad success
with a large number of the eggs, which from their fine appearance it is
thought should have almost all reached the period of hatching.

About 1,500 very vigorous fry were, however, obtained, and are now
in perfect condition. This suffices to demonstrate the possibility of
rearing and of effecting the reproduction of the California salmon under
conditions of captivity entirely exceptional. This fact is the more in-
teresting as it relates to a foreign species essentially migratory, which
has been at the same time transported to a new climate and subjected
to a complete change in its habits. It seems, therefore, that we may
readily effect the acclimation of this species, and this is particularly
desirable with reference to the stocking of the water-courses tributary
to the Mediterranean, in which the ordinary salmon is unknown and
would not probably succeed. The California salmon extends in America
to the thirty-fifth degree of latitude, that is to say, much more to the
south than the Salmo salar, and could be undoubtedly acclimated in
the lihone, the Aude, the Ilerault, &c.

"The individuals which spawned died at once.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 209

Vol. Ill, Mo. 14. Washington, ©. C. Sept. 3, 1883.

23.— A NEW FISH-HAT€HHVG APPARATUS.*

By von LA VALETTE ST. GEORGE.

The progress which has been made in the culture and care of fish in
our waters has caused the invention and application of many different
kinds of apparatus for the further development of artificially impreg-
nated eggs.t Much as they differ from each other in form, the most
important variation in their construction is this, that, in some, the water
which moistens the eggs (which are spread on a sieve-like frame) is
introduced from the top, and, in others, from the bottom.

During an experience of more than twenty years I have tried all the
different apparatus which I could obtain, both old and new, and with
all of them — Jacobi's hatching-box, Coste's hatching-apparatus, Kuffer's
hatching-pot (which cannot be too highly recommended), and troughs
made of wood, sandstone, cement and granite — I have attained my ob-
ject, if the principal condition for successful hatching, a sufficient quan-
tity of clear water of the right temperature, was fulfilled ; although the
California principle of introducing the water from below, on which Von
dem Borne's and Eckardt's ingenious apparatus are based, may deserve
the preference.

Aiming at the removal of some noticeable defects, caused by too
complicated a construction or unsuitable material, I constructed, two
years ago, after numerous experiments, a new hatching-apparatus, which
I have practically tested during the last two winters. The object which
I had in view was to obtain an apparatus as comprehensive, simple, and
handy as possible as to its form, and made of a material which would
not be affected by the hatching- water, and would not favor the injuri-
ous development of fungi. The form is, in its main features, that of the
" hatching-bucket," described in the circulars of the German Fishery
Association for 1879, p. 107, and the material used is faience.

I shall give a brief description of this apparatus, which, in its con-
struction, offers no technical difficulties whatever, and which I hope will
not only prove useful to the practical pisciculturist but also prove a
valuable aid in the prosecution of embryological studies.

* " Ein neuer Fisclibrutapparat," von v. la Valette St. George. Bonn, 1882. Trans-
lated from the German by Herman Jacobson.

t Commencing with its number for October 15, 1881, the "Bayerisclie Fisclierei Zei-
tung" contains a long and highly valuable historical and critical article on " Hatch-
ing-apparatus for Salmonidie," &c, from the pen of one of our foremost pisciculturists,
Mr. F. Zenk, president of the Lower Francouia Fishery Association, in "Wurzburg.

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 14

210 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

It consists of two vessels, one fitting in the other. The outer one is
of cylindrical shape, 20 centimeters deep, and measuring 30 centimeters
across. The upper edge protrudes 1 centimeter.

Fig. 1.

On the outside a tube is fastened, which widens into a funnel at the
top and serves for admitting the water ; its diameter is centimeters,
and just above the bottom of the vessel it communicates with the in-
terior by means of an opening 5 centimeters wide. Opposite the inflow-
opening the edge of the vessel is cut out 5 centimeters and has an outlet

Fig. 2.

8 centimeters broad and centimeters long, which is slightly inclined.
Immediately above the opening of the tube described above, and 5
centimeters above the bottom of the vessel, a projecting edge, 1 cen-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 211

timeter thick and 1.5 centimenters broad, runs all round the inner
side of the vessel. On this flat edge rests the second vessel, which is
20 centimeters deep, and whose bottom is perforated by numerous very
small openings. Up to a height of 5 centimeters the side of the inner
vessel rises perpendicularly ; for the next 5 centimeters it is inclined 2
centimeters towards the inside, and above this it again rises perpen-
dicularly. The upper edge, 2 centimeters broad, is bent over. The
second division of the inner vessel, showing in its section an angle pro-
jecting towards the inside, is perforated along its entire circumference,
just like the bottom.

The application of this apparatus will easily be understood. Through
the tube on the outside the water flows in, entering the bottom of the
outer vessel ; through the perforated bottom of the inner vessel it enters
into this and moistens the eggs, which may cover the bottom to the
height of 5 centimeters; the water now goes through the perforated
part of the circumference of the inner vessel, and passes again into the
outer vessel; but it must rise 5 centimeters higher, in order to flow out
through the outlet of the outer vessel. In one minute 3 liters of water
can pass through the apparatus.

Fig. 3.

The advantages of this construction will be readily perceived. In the
first place the upper frame, which prevents the inspection of the eggs,
which easily becomes too tigbt, and which injures the young fish when
they press against it, is dispensed with. The perforated wall of the
inner vessel lets as much water flow off into the outer vessel as flows
in through the perforated bottom. But as the outlet of the outer vessel
is still 5 centimeters higher than the perforated ring of the inner vessel,
and consequently there must still be a depth of water of 5 centimeters

212 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

above this, there is no current towards the perforated ring of the cir-
cumference: and the young fish are not exposed to any injury, especi-
ally of the umbilical bag, by being driven against the sides of the
vessel, which danger is in other apparatus averted by large and incon-
venient sieve-like frames.

What are known as " catch-boxes" (Fangkasten) are entirely unneces-
sary, as the fish which may happen to slip out have still above them a

Fig 4.

space 5 centimeters in height, free of water, and there is therefore no
chance whatever of their escaping. Unless, for some special reason, it
is deemed desirable to place them in a larger body of water, the fish
may safely be left in the apparatus till they are fully developed.

Although this apparatus can easily hold 5,000 eggs, it takes up very
little room, is clean, and easily handled.

By lifting and pressing down the inner vessel the eggs can easily be
moved for the purpose of picking them over.

It is true that faience, like so many of our household utensils, is frag-
ile. If, therefore, the person who is to handle the apparatus suffers
from chronic clumsiness, it may be constructed of tin, wood, stone, or
cement.

This hatching-pot cannot be considered expensive, certainly not more
expensive than other apparatus of this kind, as it may be obtained at
the reasonable price of 10 marks ($2.38) from the porcelain and faience
factory of Ludwig Wessel, in Bonn.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 213

24.— ON EXPERIMENTS, BEGIN IN 1SS0, TO PLANT AMERICAN OYS-
TERS IN THE WESTERN BALTIC, AND THE ISEFULNESSOE
CONTINUING THESE EXPERIMENTS, WITH THE AID OF THE
GERMAN FISHERY ASIOCIATION.*

By K. HIOBIUS.

At several points on the Baltic Sea, the Greifswald Oie (southeast of
the island of Biigen), Warneiniinde, and Kiel, various attempts have
been made daring the last forty years to cultivate the European edible
oyster ( Ostrea edulis, L.), but all without success. The oysters which
had been planted did not propagate, but pined away and finally died.

Thousands of years ago, when the inhabitants of the Cimbrian penin-
sula had no other weapons and implements but those made of stone and
bone, oysters must have been frequent in the Little Belt, for at a place
on its western coast, near the village of Siiderballig, between Haders-
leben and Apenrade, there is a kitchen-midden from the stone age,
which, besides many common edible mussels and heart-mussels, con-
tains numerous oyster shells. It is evident that the oysters once con-
tained in these shells were not brought from a distance, but had been
caught in that neighborhood. The circumstance that at one time there
were ouster beds in the Little Belt proves that in those times the
water of the Western Baltic must have been Salter than it is now. In
still earlier times, when the Baltic was not confined within its present
limits, but covered a considerable portion of its shore-regions, oysters
were found still farther from the two belts, east and south of Kiel,
in places which are now 300 to GOO meters above the water-level. The
bottom of the Baltic, therefore, has risen in course of time, and so the
straits connecting it with the North Sea, the Sound, and the two Belts
have become shallower and narrower, in consequence of which the
amount of salt water received by the Baltic from the North Sea has
decreased, and no longer counterbalances the fresh water which con-
tinually pours into it from its tributary rivers. It is certain that the
change of the water of the Baltic was a very slow process, which possi-
bly is still going on. Our descendants will be able to determine this
question, as by the investigations of Dr. H. A. Meyer, and the German
commission for the scientific exploration of the German seas, the pres-
ent degree of saltness of the water of the Baltic has been accurately
ascertained. The oysters of the Siiderballig kitchen-midden are smaller
than those of the same age from the oyster beds on the west coast of
Schleswig (as the specimens placed on exhibition show). They proba-

* Vber denim Jahre 1830 begonnenen Yersuch, nordamerikanische Austernin der westltchen
Ostsee anzusiedeln und die zweckmassige Fortfilhrung desselben unter etwaiger Beihiilfe des
Deutschen Fischerei-Vereins. Translated from the German by Herjiax Jacobsox.
From Circular No. 2, 1883, of the Deutsche Fischerie-Verein, Berlin, April 30, 1883.

214 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

bly bad, therefore, reached a stage of deterioration, when they were
eaten by the ancient inhabitants of the regions of the Little Belt.

If the European oyster could live in the present water of the Baltic,
it would not have set the limit of its domain near the island of Anhalt,
in the Kattegat. That the oysters have been driven from the Baltic
by its waters gradually losing their saltness, may be seen from the fact
that on the eastern, the Swedish coast of the Baltic, where the water is
less salty than in the middle and the western (Jutland) coasts of the
Kattegat, they have retired farthest towards the Skagerack.

The most recent attempt to cultivate oysters in the Baltic is princi-
pally distinguished from the former failures by the fact that it has been
made, not with our European species, which, as experience has shown,
cannot live in the Baltic, but with another kind, the North American
oyster, Ostrea virginiana Lester.

The North American oyster is longer than the European in the direc-
tion from the ligament toward the edge of the stomach. In the same
direction the impressions of the adductors is, when compared with its
breadth, of larger extent, and its fore part is blunter than in our Ostrea
edulis, and has a more or less of a dark, violet color. The indentation
in the left or hollow valve is narrower and deeper than with our oyster;
nor does it have the low, wart-shaped teeth, which in the Ostrea edulis
are found on the anterior and posterior edges below the ligament. The
Ostrea virginiana grows to the length of one foot (more than 30 centi-
meters). Like Ostrea edulis, it spawns during the warm months. On
the coast of Virginia aud Maryland, on shallow beds which are more ex-
posed to the rays of the sun, they spawn as early as May, according to
W. K. Brooks, and on beds at a depth of 9-11 meters in July. Brooks
estimates the number of eggs of a full-grown American oyster at nine
millions.* As the eggs do not develop in the beard of the mother oys-
ter, and are therefore not protected by her, as is the case with the em-
bryos of the European oyster, the American oyster needs a greater
fecundity than the European, if it is to increase in spite of the manifold
destruction of the eggs and young.

The idea of cultivating North American oysters in the Little Belt
was conceived by the late engineer, Mr. C. C. P. Meyer, of Hadersle-
ben, who had spent some time in America. When Meyer came to Kiel
to communicate to me his plan and ask my advice, I advised him to
place oysters on the east coast of Schleswig only in such locations where
they could not be covered with mud and sand or by masses of living or
dead plants; lor the American, like the European, oyster, after it has
once adhered to some portion of the bottom of the sea, can no longer move
about, and must perish if it is covered with mud, sand, or plants.

Meyer found some persons to join him in his enterprise. A company
was formed which obtained permission from the provincial govern-

• W. K. Brooks: Development of the American oyster (Ostrea virginiana), in report
of the Commission of Fisheries of Maryland for 1880. Baltimore, 1880.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 215

ineut at Schleswig to start oyster beds 011 its east coast. By a special
agreement made in March, 1882, the provincial government, with the
consent of the minister of agriculture, granted this company the privi-
lege of establishing and nsiDg oyster-beds for forty years, within certain
limits. During the winter of 1879-'80, Meyer went to America, and
brought thence 1,250„000 spat and 5,000 large oysters, which, in quan-
tities of 5,000 to 150,000, he placed at ten different points in the Little
Belt, from Knudshoved, near the Danish frontier, as far south as the
island of Barso, in the Bay of Gjenner.

Through the kindness of the managers of this enterprise I have twice
been enabled to participate in the examination of these artificial oyster-
beds— in August, 1880, and September, 1882. In some places nothing
was found but empty oyster-shells, and in others, besides empty shells,
also living oysters. In those placss where the result was most unfav-
orable, the bottom was either covered with quicksand or with dense
masses of dead sea-grass. The best result was obtained south and south-
east of the island of Aaro,onfirm, sandy, or stony bottom, free from plants.
According to a communication from Hadersleben, dated some time in
March (1883), many of the oysters placed in the Little Belt are still
alive. They have, therefore, lived in the Baltic through three winters,
which, however, does not imply that the experiment of acclimatizing
the American oyster in the Baltic has been a complete success, for this
would require that they also propagate iu the Baltic from one genera-
tion to the other.

The first time I examined the beds, in August, 1880, I found in the
shell of one of the older American oysters a very small live young oyster,
which had probably been born in Europe. In September, 1882, 1 could
not discover any signs of propagation. Although this does not show
conclusively that the American oyster is not able to propagate in the
Baltic, there is, on the other hand, nothing whatever to prove that the
American oysters placed in the Baltic will propagate and ultimately
form regular oyster-beds. These circumstances induced me to inquire
for the causes of their probable barrenness. The shells of the oysters
had increased considerably in size as early as August, 1880 ; they must,
therefore, have taken and assimilated a certain quantity of food, suffi-
cient to form new matter for the shell. But none of the oysters which
I opened in August, 1880, and September, 1882, had that healthy ap-
pearance, which in the Schleswig oysters is termed fatness, and which
is caused by the well-developed sexual glands. On the contrary, they
were all thin and watery, like old and barren European oysters.

I thought that possibly the saltness and temperature of the Little
Belt were not suitable for the healthy development of all the organs of
the American oyster, and especially not for the growth of mature eggs.

Unfortunately we know but little regarding the saltness and temper-
ature of the American oyster beds. The only data which we possess
we received from Prof. G. Brown Goode, in Washington, in answer to

216 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

a request made by the president of our association. Prof. G. Brown
Goode informed us that in the Chesapeake Bay oysters perish, when
the saltness, for some time, is less than 1.3 per cent. According to
observations made by Dr. H. A. Meyer,* the saltness of the sea-water
on the east coast of Schleswig-IIolstein only goes below 1.3 per cent,
in spring and summer, when large quantities of fresh water are emptied
into the Baltic from the rivers and streams. Iu autumn and winter
the percentage of saltness is higher, as much as 2 per cent, and more,
in deep places. On the 15th September, 1882, I found a saltness of 1.8
per cent, in the surface-water near the island of Aaro, where the Ameri-
can oysters have been placed.

Wherever the European oysters form natural beds, and also in basins
where they are cultivated or kept for the market, the average saltness
of the water is greater. ,

Per cent.

The average saltness on the Schleswig oyster-beds is 3 to 3. 3

Near Whitstable and Heme Bay, mouth of the Thames 3. 1 to 3. 2

In the river Boach, southeast coast of England 3. 1

In the Bay of Arcachont 3

In the Ostend oyster-basins 2. 9

In the basins of Tremblade, mouth of the Sendre, Western

France 2. 5

As the North American oyster is found as far south as the coast of
Texas and as far north as New Brunswick, it evidently possesses the
faculty of accommodating itself to different temperatures. According
to Ingersoll,! the oyster-beds near New Brunswick are during winter
covered with ice. This great adaptability of the North American oyster
to sea-water of different temperatures suggests the question whether
there are not varieties of it which cannot only stand a low temperature,
but also water possessing but a small degree of saltness, qualities
which are peculiar to all the marine animals living in the Baltic. The
oysters set out near the island of Aaro were selected without any spe-
cial regard to these qualities. They belong to the variety which is
found in the latitude of New York, especially near Long Island. They

* H. A. Meyer: Untersuchu/ngen iibcr physikalische Verhaltnisse der westlichcn Thtiles
der Ostsee. Kiel, 1871.

tin the Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung for August 1, 1882, J. Boeck says: " Iu France
oysters are cultivated in the mouths of rivers; iu Southwestern France, in inlets
having brackish water. * •* * There is reason to hope that by means of natural-
ized and acclimatized oysters, oyster-culture may be successfully introduced iu our
many inlets having brackish waters."

In this connection I would say that the saltness of the water of the Baltic, between
Eiigen and the Greifswalder Oie, is only .72 per cent. ; in the Greifswalder Bodden, .65
per cent. ; and in the hafts still less. It appears from this that it is not safe to draw
a conclusion, as to the saltness of sea-water from a similarity in the configuration of
the coast.

t E. Ingersoll: "The oyster industry," in The History and Present Condition of
the Fishery Industries, prepared under the direction of Prof. S. F. Bainl, by G. Brown
Goode. Washington, 1881.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 217

therefore came from portions of the sea having a higher temperature
and a greater saltness than the Little Belt, near Aaro. If we wish to
continue our experiments, we should select the most northerly variety
of the American oyster, and take them from beds where the water has
the least degree of saltness which they can stand. Unfortunately,
Ingersoll's work on the American-oyster industry contains no data rel-
ative to this subject. Here is an opportunity for the German Fishery
Association to make some practical use of its connection with North
America, by causing more exhaustive investigations to be made in that
country.
With this view, the following questions would have to be answered :

1. Are there any oyster-beds on the coasts of New Brunswick, where
the water is much less salty than in the open sea, and near what towns
are these oyster-beds located ?

2. What is the maximum and what the minimum degree of saltness
in the water near these oyster-beds f

3. Are these oyster-beds covered with ice every winter, and how long ?

4. Could healthy oysters, capable of propagating, well packed, be
quickly sent from New Brunswick to Germany in spring, when frosts
have ceased?

In the above-mentioned work of Mr. Ingersoll a Mr. Yenning* is
mentioned as inspector of fisheries in New Brunswick. Ingersoll has
also received information relative to the New Brunswick oyster-beds
from Professor Whiteaves.t Both these gentlemen, whose residence
Ingersoll unfortunately does not give, might possibly aid us in answer-
ing the above questions.

For answering the second question, What is the maximum and min-
imum degree of saltness of the water near these oyster-beds ? Obser-
vations would have to be made. For these the following instruments
would be needed : An aerometer, a thermometer, and a glass cylinder
in a solid box which can be easily handled, accompanied by plain and
intelligible directions. A set of the instruments, manufactured under
the supervision of the commission of scientific investigation of the Ger-
man seas, can be obtained from Mr. Steeger, of Kiel, for about 25 marks
($5.95).

If these investigations should lead to favorable results, I would recom-
mend to get oysters from New Brunswick in the spring of 1884 and set
them out in suitable places on the east coast of Schleswig-Holstein j
but a layer of oyster-shells should first be placed on the bottom, as
experience has shown that these form the most favorable habitat for
young oysters.

*Tke reference is doubtless to Mr. W. H. Venning, inspector of fisheries, Saint
John, New Brunswick. — C. W. S.

t Probably Professor J. F. Whiteaves, Assistant Director of the Geological Survey
of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. — C. W. S.

218 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

jj. 1 IMI-I I l/l I ICC IX BELGIUM.

By Hon. E. WIEEEQEET.

[Extract from a speech on the subject of the fisheries delivered before the Belgian

Chamber of Representatives.*]

There is another point which relates to the fisheries, and which is too
important to be treated laterally, and, so to speak, in an incidental
manner — I mean the pollution of the water. This is a very serious thing,
and should be the object of the immediate attention of the Government
and of the Chamber. There take place incredible things, unworthy of
a civilized country. The drinkable waters which are used in the man-
ufacture of beer are continually corrupted by chemical and other sub-
stances without any of the authorities seeming to notice it. It is a
veritable poisoning, and, because it is only spoken of in connection with
fish, no attention is paid to a mischief which is in reality very great.
This emptying of poison into the water of our rivers certainly exerts
a most sad and cruel iufluence on the public health. Many maladies of
which the origin is not known have their source in this pollution which
is carelessly, shamelessly, and with impunity practiced in our country.

Yesterday, in considering the subject of agriculture, an honorable
member spoke of the necessity of pointing out to our agriculturists new
fields upon which they may enter, in view of the revolution produced
by the introduction of cheap foreign cereals. It is undeniable at pres-
ent that the production of cereals should be abandoned in a great meas-
ure by our country people, and that there is urgency for them to find
another outlet for their activity.

And in this connection let it be permitted to me to point out to the
farmers who have lands suitable for being submerged the very general
use in Germany of alternating ponds. It is perfectly possible to com-
bine with other rural labors the cultivation of a pond which, every sec-
ond or third year, can be restored to cultivation, after having served for
the multiplication and fattening of fish. This method is excellent for
the fields, as by its means the land is without expense furnished with
a most excellent manure.

I pass to another field of activity for those who interest themselves
with fishery questions. I particularly desire to say something in respect
to the mixed fishery — that in the tide-water of our rivers. Heretofore
there has been no thought except regarding the fluvial fishery, properly
so called — that is to say, the fishery in our rivers and in the streams
tributary to our rivers. There is another fishery which occupies the
middle ground between the maritime fishery and the fluvial fishery,
that which is carried on in the lowest parts of our rivers, in the Escaut and

'Journal of the Chamber of Representatives, April 27, 1683. Translated from the
French by Merwin P. Snell.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 219

in the Meuse. Now, this is a source of wealth which is most completely
slighted, and yet is exceedingly valuable. I could attest by statements
emanating from the highest authorities on the subject that, with a slight
expense, these watercourses could be peopled at will with excellent
fishes. In America this is done every day. The great Commission of
Fisheries established by the United States Government has led to posi-
tive results, which can be verified at any time, and which, if attained in
our country, would permit the stocking of the tide-waters of the Escaut
and the Meuse with river herring, shad, and still other fishes.

1 mention the shad : we have in our country only an insipid shad, gen-
erally disdained — I mean the common shad. But there are others which
are superior to it ; there is one especially, the mere name of which makes
one's mouth water — the Alosa sapidissima. It is cultivated abundantly
in America, and could easily be so in our rivers.

There already exists a treaty between Belgium and the Netherlands
in regard to the fisheries of the Escaut. It would therefore be very easy
•for our Government to act in concert with the Dutch Government. I
do not ask, however, that negotiations be engaged in which will absorb
very valuable time. I ask that our Government, after the example of
what has been done elsewhere, shall take the initiative in this measure,
without regard to what is done by her neighbors. Let her engage in a
work which will profit her; and should she sow benefits around without
deriving any profit herself, she would in that only follow great examples
and make an important beginning.

On the subject of this sp< cial question of the fisheries, new relations
have recently sprung into being between different governments. One
notices a reciprocal- kindness and disinterestedness and eagerness to
oblige which hitherto have not been the characteristic feature of their
reciprocal relations. So we may observe to-day between the United
States, France, Switzerland, Italy, and England exchanges of fish-eggs
and of fry which attest a cordiality most remarkable and most profita-
ble. Not a year passes that the North Americans do not make impor-
tant shipments of fish in every direction; and they not only make pres-
ents of them to other countries, but [sometimes] send persons to accom-
pany each lot to give them all necessary attention, in order that they
may arrive at their destination in the best condition. Two recent facts
are of a nature to show you how much these new customs are developing.

It is from Switzerland that I draw my first example. There are in
this country four piscicultural establishments, carried on under the ex-
clusive dominion of the ideas of which I have ju>t been speaking. A
little below the falls of the Rhine, at Schaffouse, is situated the estab-
lishment of Neuhausen, in which a very large number of salmon are
raised, purely and simply to be put into the Rhine without regard to
who will take the fish and profit by them. Not far from it, on the other
. side of the river, in the canton of Zurich, there are three establishments
of the same nature : one at Dachsen, opposite Neuhausen ; the second,

220 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

a little lower, at Glattfelden ; the third at Meilen, on the Lake of Zurich.
There, as at Schaffouse, the products are placed in the Rhine and in the
lake without any anxiety to know who will be profited by this benefac-
tion. Notice that all these establishments were founded and are car-
ried on at the expense of the cantons. These are examples which I
would desire to see followed. I would be charmed to have this happy
rivalry establish itself between us and our neighbors, and 1 hope that no
prejudice will arise on account of the sacrifice, really insignificant, which
we would have to make. I will add that a good deed never goes unre-
warded, even on the earth. There is a natural law by virtue of which
the fish return, however long the journeys which they make, to the place
of their birth. The fact is everywhere verified to such an extent that
it can be regarded as unquestionable. It results thence that the fish
will be found again at the place where they were put into the water, un-
less untimely dams happen to impede their progress. It follows thence
that the sacrifices which I recommend would not be made in vain — they .
would lead to direct results.

A fact of the same kind presents itself in my district. Since the en-
actment of the new fishery law the founding at Gaud of a piscicultural
association has been vaguely contemplated. Well, would you think it I
The United States of America, who have agents everywhere, it is true,
learning of this, have offered, through the great Commission of Fisher-
ies of that country, to send us a fish that we have not and which is dis-
tinguished by peculiar merits. This fish has been selected for us* by
the learned men of America, with special solicitude, because it is partic-
ularly suitable to the muddy waters of the Escaut. It would be of no
use'to us to receive trout or salmon ; they would make a sorry figure in
our rivers. Animated with broad and generous intentions, these men on
the other side of the ocean, devoted to science and to humanity, have
chosen what answers to our wants, and thus show us that for them there
is no obstacle which can prevent the propagating of a good idea or the
doing of a good action. You will read, one of these days, in the papers,
gentlemen, that there have come to us from North America fishes for
the basin of the Escaut.

These principles of solidarity, by enlarging the ideas, will bear impor-
tant fruits, far beyond the limited point of which I am speaking.

* It is proposed by the United States Fish Commissioner to send some catfish to Bel-
gium this fall, aa being well adapted to its muddy and sluggish waters. See corre-
spondence in Bulletin for 1882, vol. 2, p. 153.— C. W. S.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 221

26. -THE AMERICAN BLACK BASS."

By ItlAX VON DEM BORNE.

1. — Its successful introduction in Germany.

From accounts which I had read, both in American and English pub-
lications, it appeared that the fish which in North America is known
by the name of "black bass" possesses qualities which made it in the
highest degree desirable for me to obtain some of these fish, and to
make the attempt to raise them here. This desire became still stronger
when the well-known fish-culturist, Mr. Fred. Mather, of New York,
wrote me under date of the 31st October, 1881 : " Why do you not intro-
duce the black bass in your lakes, as is done in England % It is as gamy
when on the hook as the salmon."

In March, 1882, therefore, I asked Mr. Mather, and Prof. Spencer F.
Baird, of Washington, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisher-
ies, to aid me in this matter, and from both these gentlemen I received
the kindest promises. Professor Baird wrote to Mr. E. G. Blackford, in
New York, and Mr. Mather promised to have some of these fish caught in
Greenwood Lake, about 50 miles from New York City, located partly in the
State of New York and partly in the State of New Jersey. Mr. Mather
did not deem it advisable, however, to attempt the conveyance of these
fish during the warm season and without a person to accompany them
during the voyage. In the beginning of August he caught a consider-
able number in Greenwood Lake, and he informed me, at the end of Oc-
tober, that he had 20 large fish and about 50 small ones ready for me.
They were kept in the fish-tanks of Mr. E. G. Blackford, Fulton mar-
ket, New York City, until the month of February last, when they were
intrusted to the care of Mr. G. Eckardt, jr., of Lubbiuchen, who was
just returning to Germany after a stay of several years in the United
States. To the care and management of that gentleman I owe it that
all these fish arrived here alive and well. The voyage lasted from the
17th to the 27th of February, the fish being conveyed by the steamer
Elbe, which had previously to this successfully carried a number of
live fish to and from America. There were delivered to Mr. Eckardt,
at New York, 7 black bass of the small-mouthed variety, 25 to 31 cen-
timeters long; 45 of the large-mouthed variety, 7 to 13£ centimeters long;
and 1 small Perca fluviatilis, which seems to differ somewhat from our
perch. The large fish were distributed in 2 barrels, each having a ca-
pacity of about 500 liters, whilst the small ones were placed in 2 barrels
of about 200 and 250 liters capacity. These barrels were not quite filled.
The sea was rough, so that Mr. Eckardt had some trouble in taking

* <<

Der Amerikanische Schivarz-Barsch." From Circular No. 2, 1883, of the Deutsche
Fischerei-Verein, Berlin, April 30, 1883. Translated from the German hy Herman
Jacobsox.

222 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

proper care of the fish. Xo special measures were taken, except to
keep the water, by means of ice, at a temperature of 5 degrees Reau-
mur, and to remove the sediment by means of a pump; only a little
fresh water was added. The attempt to feed the fish during- the voy-
age did not prove successful. Upon arrival in Bremen the water
was found to be as clear as at the departure from New York. At Geeste-
munde the fish were met by one of my assistants, who was kindly aided
in landing them by Mr. F. Busse, wholesale dealer in fish. They were
brought here in a large barrel, holding about 500 liters, the water be-
ing cooled by ice, and air being introduced in it. Because of some de-
lay at Bremen the fish did not reach here till the morning of March 3.
Upon their arrival they were all found to be lively and in good condi-
tion. Only one small black bass died after a while, and was sent to the
Zoological Museum in Berlin, where Dr. F. Hilgendorf examined it, and
identified it as Grystes salmonoides Lace'pede.

2. — Character of the black bass.

All my information relative to the black bass I have obtained from
the following sources: Forest and Stream, vol. 2, p. 320; vol. 4, pp.
342-357; vol. 8, pp. 200-359 ; vol. 9, p. 284; vol. 14, p. 349; and vol.
15, pp. 08, 300; Report of United States Commissioner of Fish and
Fisheries for 1871-'72, p. 800; the same, for 1872-'73, pp. 392, 525;
Robert R. Roosevelt's Superior Fishing, pp. 10, 11, 71, 75; Frank
Forrester's Fish and Fishing of the United States, p. 195 ; Thaddeus
Norris, The American Angler's Book, 1805, p. 103 ; Charles Hallock,
The Fishing Tourist, 1873, p. 123; James A. Henshall, M. D., Book of
the Black Bass, 1881 — this is the most important source of information;
Genio C. Scott, Fishing in American Waters, new edition, 1883, p. 280;
and Transactions of. the American Fish-Culturists' Association, 1882.

The original home of the black bass in America is the region of the
Saint Lawrence and the Mississippi, Avhilst it is not found in the Middle
States, New England, on the Atlantic coast, and in the rivers flowing
into the Pacific. Henshall distinguishes two varieties : first, the large-
mouthed black bass, Mieropterus salmonoides Henshall, or Grystes sal-
monoides Lac6pede ; and, second, the small-mouthed black bass, Microp-
terus dolomieu Lacepede.

Both these varieties are usually found in the same water ; they are
lively, muscular, and voracious, bite very well, and afford excellent
sport. When freshly caught they smell of musk. They are a great table
delicacy, and are in this respect not excelled by any other fish. Thej'
are not very sensitive as regards the impurities introduced in the rivers
from factories and cities, and are found as far south as the tropics, near
the Gulf of Mexico, and as far north as the cold waters of the great
fresh-water lakes on the boundary of Canada. They reach their great-
est size in very spacious and deep waters and at a high temperature.
In the north they attain a weight of four or five pounds, rarely six or

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 223

eight pounds weight; in the south, and in deep water, they attain a
weight of twelve to fourteen pounds. In rivers, they like a strong cur-
rent, rooky, stony, or gravelly bottom, and in lakes a gravelly bottom, logs
of wood, roots of trees, plenty of aquatic plants, springs at the bottom,
and very deep water 5 but they also flourish in still, shoal water, espe-
cially when it has a dense growth of algses. The young fish live on
very small animals, fish-eggs, insects, crawfish, frogs, mussels, &c. ; in
a few months they reach a length of five centimeters ; in one year, ten;
in two years, twenty to thirty, and a weight of one pound, and there-
after generally increase in weight one pound per year. The black bass
spawn on rocky ledges, on gravelly or sandy bottom, at a depth in
rivers of from half a meter to one meter ; while in lakes they seek a
place from one to two meters below the surface, on the edge of still
greater depths. They make themselves a nest in the gravel, by remov-
ing the mud and sand with their tails and fins, thus creating a hole in
the sand twice the length of their bodies ; sometimes they line their
nests, on muddy bottom, with small sticks and leaves ; they also do this
when there is gravelly bottom in the neighborhood. In the Southern
States these fish spawn in March, in the North from the middle of May
till the middle of July ; the farther north the later they spawn. During
this period they ascend the rivers till they find shallow water, or seek
the shallow places near the shores of the lakes. The eggs adhere to
surrounding objects, and are hatched in one to two weeks ; the young
fish remain in the nest from two to seven days, and both the eggs and
the young fish are carefully guarded by the parents. During the cold
winter season the fish become lethargic, cease to eat, and dig themselves
holes in the mud, in which they hide, or retire to fissures in the rocks,
or seek deep waters under moss and aquatic plants, where they sleep
till the next spring.

3. — Transplanting black bass.

Both kinds of black bass when transplanted easily accustom them-
selves to the different conditions of life. They can easily be transported
alive, and in ponds, lakes, and rivers increase rapidly and without any
difficulty. Since 1820 the transplanting of these fish to waters where
heretofore they were not found has been repeatedly attempted, and
often with success. The transactions of the American Fish Cultural
Association for 1882, page 19, contain the following interesting report
by Mr. George Shephard Page :

" It can hardly be believed that, at the present time, any one can
doubt the usefulness of stocking our waters with black bass. Not quite
60 years ago a few of this kind of fish were brought by rail from the Ohio
River to the Potomac Eiver, and a few years later a number were taken
from this river to the Susquehanna.' Not quite 15 years ago some black
bass were transferred from the Susquehanna to the Delaware. And

224 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

now I simply refer you to the fish markets, not only of our large eities,
but also of small and remote towns; everywhere we find that the black
bass (by general consent considered ;is valuable for the table as for the
sportsman) is more common than the pike, and cheaper than the white-
fish (Marline). The 39 fish which, in 18G9, I placed in waters in Maine,
have increased so rapidly that about one hundred lakes and ponds are
full of them. Summer hotels and villas have been built on the shores of
some of these lakes, and thousands of visitors are attracted almost
exclusively by the large number of black bass. Many of our highest
authorities in matters relating to fish think that is f/^lish of the future.
One of our most recent and best works* is solely devoted to this fish.
The manufacturers of fishing-tackle have noticed a constantly increas-
ing demand for black-bass tackle. A large number of clubs have been
formed for the sole purpose of catching bass. It is also very remark-
able that, wherever the black bass has been introduced, the pike dis-
appears rapidly, proving the truth of the old saying: ' The strongest
holds the battle-field.'"

4. — Value of the black bass for German waters.

The black bass thrives best in large rivers having a strong current,
deep water, and a rocky or gravelly bottom. It will, therefore, be spe-
cially suited for those parts of Germany in whose waters the barbel
thrives. Excepting the migratory species the German fish-culturist has
no domestic fish which is suitable for these waters, and whose increase
he can regulate to any considerable extent. It is difficult to stock
rivers, above impassible dams, with migratory fish, for these go to the
sea when they are quite small, and are not able to return when they
have grown large. It is my opinion, therefore, that the black bass is
calculated to fill this gap. The same may possibly apply to the deep
lakes, in which no Coregoni, saiblings, or lake trout thrive; but I con-
sider it somewhat of a risk to place the black bass in waters where
trout and saibling live.

An exceedingly valuable quality of the black bass is this, that it can
be easily caught. It is frequently very difficult to catch carp and
maranen, and the just objection is often made to the raising of these
fish, that it is useless to introduce or to increase fish which cannot be
caught.

It will be of great interest to our sportsmen to learn that those anglers
who have become acquainted with the nature of the black bass esteem
it just as highly as the salmon and the trout.

*James H. Herishall: "Book of the Black Bass." Cincinnati, 1881.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 225

Vol. Ill, ]\o. 15. Washington, I>. C. Sept. 3, 1883.

2?.-PRELOIIlVAR¥ NOTICE OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND BREED-
ING HABITS OF THE POTOMAC CATFISH, AMIURUS ALBIDU8 (EE-
SUEUR) GUL.

By JOHN A. RYDER.

A number of adult individuals of Amiurus albidus were brought from
the Potomac Eiver to the Armory building*, at the instance of Lieut.
W. C. Babcock, IT. S. JST., and Col. M. McDonald, and deposited in
the large tank aquaria of that institution about the close of the shad
fishing season of 1883. One pair of these have since bred or spawned
in confinement, and thus afforded the writer the opportunity of observ-
ing and describing some of the more interesting phases of the develop-
ment of this singular and interesting family of fishes. There has been
hitherto little attention paid to the development of the Rematognathi,
Siluroids or catfishes, probably from a lack of opportunity, and these
notes may therefore prove of interest to naturalists. The literature
of the subject is scanty ; and besides a paper by Jeffries Wyman*
on the development of Aspredo Icevis and Bagrus, I know of no sep-
arate essays on the development of this group, except some scattered
notices in Giiuther's Introduction to the Study of Fishes and in his
article Ichthyology, ninth edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, on
the development of Arius ; an egg of this genus in an advanced state
of evolution is figured, from which it appears that this form is very
similar in its embryological features to JElurichthys, some ova of which
are in my possession, measuring three-fourths of an inch in their longest
and five-eighths of an inch in their shortest diameter. Arius and JElu-
richthys are marine forms, and the males have the habit of carrying
the ova in the hinder part of the oral cavity or branchial region until
the young are hatched, as redescribed by W. Turner, t The marine
species, however, have only a few ova at a time as compared with the
Amiuri, common catfishes or horned pouts of the Eastern United States.

Prof. Theodore Gill has been kind enough to aid me in determining
the species of which I here sketch the development, and he refers it to
the form with the name given in the title of this notice. Its habits
of spawning and care of the young are probably common to all of the
species of the genus, and are quite remarkable, as will appear from the
subjoined account.

On the morning of the 13th of July, a little after 10 o'clock a. in., we

* On some unusual modes of gestation. Am. Journ. Arts and Sciences, xxvii, 1859,
pp. 5-13.

t A remarkable mode of gestation in an undescribed species of Arius (A. Boakcii)
Journ. Anat. and Physiol., i, 1866, pp. 78-82.

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 15

22G BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

noticed a mass of whitish eggs in one of our aquaria inhabited by three
adult specimens of Amiurus albidus, two of which were unmistakably
the parents of the brood, for the reason that they did not permit the third
one to approach near the mass of eggs which one of them was watch-
ing vigilantly. One of the individuals remained constantly over the
eggs, agitating the water over them with its anal, ventral, and pectoral
fins. This one subsequently proved to be the male and not the female,
as was at first supposed. The female, after the eggs were laid, seemed
to take no further interest in them, the whole duty of renewing and
forcing the water through the mass of adherent ova devolving upon
the male, who was most assiduous in this duty until the young had
escaped from the egg membranes. During all this time, or about a
week, the male was never seen to abandon his post, nor did it seem that
he much cared even afterwards to leave the scene where he had so faith-
fully labored to bring forth from the eggs the brood left in his charge
by his apparently careless spouse. The male measured 15 inches in
length, the female a fourth of an inch more.

• The mass of ova deposited by the female in a corner and at one end
of the slate bottom of the aquarium measured about 8 inches in length
and nearly 4 inches in width, and was nowhere much over one-half to
three-fourths of an inch in thickness. The ova were covered with an
adhesive but not gelatinous outer envelope, so that they were adherent
to the bottom of the aquarium and to each other where their spherical
surfaces came in contact, and consequently had intervening spaces for
the free passage of water, such as would be found in a submerged pile of
shot or other spherical bodies. It was evident that the male was forcing
fresh water through this mass by hovering over it and vibrating the
anal, ventral, and pectoral fins rapidly. There were probably 2,000 ova
in the whole mass, as nearly as could be estimated. All of those left
in the care of the male came out, while about one-half of the mass
which he had detached from the bottom of the aquarium on the third
day, during some of his vigorous efforts at changing the water, were
transferred to another aquarium, supplied with running water, and left
to themselves. Those- which were hatched by the artificial means just
described did not come out as well as those under natural conditions.
Nearly one-half failed to hatch, apparently because they were not agi-
tated so as to force fresh water through amongst them and kept clean
by the attentions of the male parent.

The eggs themselves measured about one-sixth of an inch in diam-
eter a short time after oviposition, and after the large water space had
been formed around the vitellus, between the surface of the latter and
the egg membrane. The vitellus measured one-eighth of an inch in
diameter. The germinal disk was formed at the upper pole of the vitel-
lus immediately after oviposition, and gradually spread in the usual
manner over the lower pole of the opaque granular vitelline globe. In
the early part of the second day the body of the young fish was out-

»

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 227

lined, but the tail began to grow out before the embryo's body had em-
braced much more than one-fourth of the circumference of the vitellus.
On the third day the tail of the embryo had acquired considerable length,
and its free end was moved from side to side gracefully and rhythmic-
ally through the contents of the water-space.

The water-space from the first was filled with an immense number of
free, refringent corpuscles, which made it difficult to make out the form
of the embryo during the early stages. These corpuscles were not of the
nature of blood-cells, and seemed to become less abundant towards the
close of the period of development within the egg. Nothing of a similar
character, as far as the writer is aware, has ever been encountered in the
water- space of any other Teleostean egg. So abundant are these cor-
puscles, at first, coupled with the opacity of the vitellus and the pecul-
iar whiteness of the germinal matter, that even an experienced ob-
server would be led to suppose at a first glance that all of the eggs were
bad, having the "rice-grain" appearance of blasted shad eggs.

On the third day the vascular system begins to develop and the heart
to grow forward under the head, down over the anterior end of the yelk.
A pair of vascular arches (cuvierian ducts) are soon formed, just behind
the rudiments of the pectorals, which grow outward and split up into
vitelline capillaries and eventually join a median vitelline vessel which
empties into the venous end of the heart. The mouth is widely open
on the third day, and the branchial clefts are developed with a free cir-
culation through the arches. The caudal part of the aorta and caudal
vein is also developed at that time, and the intersegmental vessels are
developed a little later, with loops running out into the mesoblast of the
median natatory fold.

The eyes of the embryos were unusually small for young fishes, and
reminded one during the early stages of the eyes of Ganoids and young
Amphibians. The choriod fissure was prolonged obliquely far forwards.
The eyes were pigmented on the fifth day.

The air-bladder became perceptible on the tenth day, far forwards,
and as a dorsal outgrowth of the intestine, a little above and behind
the level of the insertion of the pectoral fins, and as it grew more capa-
cious the young fish commenced to swim higher in the aquarium. When
first hatched, on the sixth to the eighth day, the young exhibited a ten-
dency to bank up or school together like young salmon. They also, like
young salmon, tended to face or swim against the currents in the aqua-
rium, a habit common, in fact, to most young fishes recently hatched.

The development of the fins was somewhat similar in general character
to that usually observed. On the second day the medial natatory fold
began to grow out on the dorsal and ventral side and the end of the
tail, but up to the fifth day no clearly-marked differentiation of any of
the unpaired fins had occurred. The first of the paired fins to appear were
the pectorals, which began to show themselves on either side of the
body on the third day, a little way behind the ear, as a pair of low Ion-

228 BULLETIN OF THE UXITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

gitudinal folds. The first of the unpaired fins to bo developed was the
anterior dorsal, which was first marked off from the rest of the natatory
fold on the fifth day by a slight emargination near the anterior end of

the latter. Coinridently with the development of the first dorsal the first
rays of the caudal began to develop on the fifth day, just below the up-
turned caudal end of the notochord, which terminated near the dorsal
border of the tail, but no distinct embryonic caudal lobe was ever devel-
oped such as that described by A. Agassiz in the young of Plewronectes.
The development of the tail was iu fact very similar to that of the
salmon, even to the presence of a similar vascular plexus and a
small but perceptible venous sinus. On the seventh day the meso-
blast was perceptible in the anterior dorsal and in the anal, and
the rays in these two fins had begun to develop. On the seventh day
the caudal had assumed a clearly-marked fan shape. On the eighth day
the anal was more apparent as a prominent expansion of a part of the
ventral portion of the natatory fold, and its rays had become more dis-
tinctly visibl e. By the tenth day the rays in the first dorsal and the
anal were distinctly developed, and both fins were sharply marked off
from the rest of the fins developed from the natatory fold by deep
angular emarginations. On the tenth day the adipose dorsal appeared as
a separate lobe, which became progressively more distinctly developed.
On the eighth day the ventrals budded out as a pair of folds above the
hinder end of the yelk sack, at the lower edge of the body, just a little
way in front of the vent. On the tenth day the caudal became distinctly
lobed and posteriorly emarginated, the upper lobe being the longest,
and on the eleventh day all of its rays were defined. By the thirteenth
day the yelk had been absorbed, and the young fish were nearly ready
to feed. By this time, too, the rays had appeared in the ventrals. By
the fourteenth day the first hard spine of the anterior dorsal was de-
veloped, and the anterior spiny rays of the pectorals had been formed
with two retrorse hooks on their hinder margins. By this time the
young had practically passed through their larval condition, and began
to bear a striking similarity to the adults, having by this time also be-
come quite dark on the upper side of the body from the development
of pigment cells in the skin.

On the fifteenth day after oviposition it was found that they would
feed. While debating what should be provided for them, Mr. J. E.
Brown threw some pieces of fresh liver into the aquarium, which they
devoured with avidity. It was now evident that they were provided
with teeth, as they would pull and tug at the fragments of liver with
the most dogged perseverance and apparent ferocity. Tins experiment
showed that the right kind of food had beeu supplied, and as they have
up to this time (August 1) been fed upon nothing else, without our
losing a single one of the brood, nothing more seems to be required
with which to feed them.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 229

It is worthy of note that when pieces of liver were thrown into the
aquarium the parent fishes would apparently often swallow them, with
numbers of young ones eating at and hanging to the fragments. I was
soon agreeably surprised to find that the parent fishes seemed to swal-
low only the meat, and that they invariably ejected the young fish from
the mouth quite uninjured, the parent fish seeming to be able to discrim-
inate, instinctively, before deglutition occurred, between what was its
proper food and what were its own young. As soon as the young began
to feed they commenced to disperse through the water and to all parts of
the aquarium, and to manifest less desire to congregate in schools near
the male, who also abated his habit of fanning the young with his fins,
as was his wont during the early phases of development.

The most interesting feature of the developmental evolution of the
young catfishes is the early appearance of the barbels. The first pair
which is visible is the maxillary at the angles of the mouth of the em-
bryo. This pair of barbels grow out at either angle of the mouth, on
the third day, as a pair of flat lobes, continuous anteriorly with the
upper and anterior border of the mouth. By the fifth day the maxil-
lary barbel becomes much prolonged and cylindrical, while the two
pairs of chin barbels appear at the same time a little behind the outer
margin of the lower jaw as two pairs of low fleshy papillae. By the
seventh day these, also, have grown considerably in length and become
cylindrical. On the same day the nasal pair of barbels have been
formed as papilliform outgrowths at the anterior margin of the poste-
rior nostrils, the anterior and posterior nostrils being already separated
by a pretty wide bridge of tissue. The early separation of the anterior
and posterior nostrils by a bridge of tissue in the embryo catfish is a
striking instance of the acceleration or precocious development of this
structure, which is not usually formed so early. By the seventeenth
day all of the barbels have acquired very nearly the same length in
proportion to other parts of the body, as may be noted in those of the
adults, but they are nearly transparent and appear to be thickly stud-
ded superficially with specialized end-organs, which are probably tac-
tile in function. Their order of development is as follows : First the
maxillary, then the outer, then the inner chin barbels, and lastly the
nasal barbels are formed. The early and peculiar development of these
cephalic appendages already distinguishes the embryos catfish on the
third day from the embryos of all other forms of Teleosts.

The intestine is not prolonged far backwards beyond the posterior end
of the yelk sack. On the thirteenth day the greenish secretion of the
liver can be seen in its cavity. Xo thing was observed of the develop-
ment of the liver, but it is probable that a portion of the blood from
the caudal vein passes through it and then passes through a vitelline
network of vessels back to the heart.

Behind the vent, a distinct urinary duet could be seen by the sixth
day, and by the tenth day an allantois or urinary vesicle was developed

230 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

iu the usual position behind the anal end of the intestine. Transparent
views showed that the segmental ducts were tortuous at their anterior
extremities. Nothing was learned of the character of the pronephros,
one of the features of development which may very properly be studied
when we have once prepared sections from the material which has been
preserved for the purpose.

On the 30th of June, or when the young were seventeen days old, it
was determined to make an examination of the internal organs of both
parents, which was done in the presence of Professor Gill, to learn
which one of the parent fishes it was that had acted as nurse. Fortu-
nately there was considerable difference between the two in color; the
female had also lost a part of one maxillary barbel, so that it was easy
to distinguish them apart. The darkest specimen, with the broadest
head, we found was the male, and, as already stated, had acted as the
nurse. Upon cutting him open and removing a portion of the milt or
testes, they were found as a lobulated paired organ on either side of the
mesentery, depending from the dorsal wall of the abdomen. The lobes
of the testes were digitate. Upon compressing fragments of the testes
under the microscope, active spermatozoa were pressed out. The spent
roe or ovary of the female was a paired organ, the right and left sacs
of which were joined together posteriorly. The ovarian lobes or leaf-
lets were disposed transversely in the sacs.

The foregoing account of the development and breeding habits of
Amiurus albidus is preliminary to a fuller one, accompanied by illustra-
tions, taken from hardened and preserved material in the hands of the
writer.

Central Station, United States Fish Commission,

Washington, August 1, 1S83.

28.— OIV RAINBOW TROUT REAREO FROM EGGS BROUGHT FROITI

CALIFORNIA.

By ROLA1VD B12DIUOND.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

There are some Rainbow trout at the South Side Club, raised from a
few eggs you sent them three years since, which show an extraordinary
growth for their age, one being L'L* inches long and weighing fully three
pounds. They have begun to show a change in their spawning season,
the eggs having become ripe about Christmas time.

Can you kindly spare us some more eggs this spring? The associa-
tion is anxious to stock' one of its ponds with this fish.

105 Franklin Street, New York, March 28, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 231

29— SWEDEN AT THE GREAT INTERNATIONAL, FISHERY EXPOSI-
TION AT EONHON, 1SS3.*

By AXEL VIEHEEUI EJUIVGMAN,

[Member of the Swedish Parliament for the districts of Oroust and Tjorn.]

As a pamphlet has been distributed in the Swedish Parliament, rela-
tive to the resolution passed by the lower house February 28, last, to
grant only 25,000 crowns ($G,700) for meeting the expenses counected
with Sweden's representation at the International Fishery Exposition,
to be held during this year in London, and as this pamphlet is princi-
pally directed against me, I deem it proper to say a few words in reply.

The pamphlet, which bears the signature of Prof. F. A. Smitt, begins
with a testimony to the enormous importance of fishery expositions for
the advancement of the fishing industries; and this is, strange enough,
followed by a comparison between the poor condition of the Swedish
fisheries and those of foreign countries. This second part of the pam-
phlet in question, which is, moreover, accompanied by statistics intended
to prove the author's assertion, is, however, utterly at variance with the
first part, where the beneficial influence of expositions is spoken of with
the highest praise ; for if fishery expositions were really so beneficial to
the fishing industries, the Swedish fisheries ought to rank very high,
considering that Sweden has taken part in these expositions in the
most energetic manner. I shall, further on, show that our too ener-
getic participation in the fishery expositione has been one of the prin-
cipal causes why the development of our fishing industries has not
kept step with that of foreign countries, but has remained far behind
them. I therefore take the liberty to repeat here what I said in the
lower house, that, if fishery expositions are to prove a real benefit, they
should be managed upon an entirely different plan from that followed
at our Swedish expositions, and especially at the Berlin Exposition of
1880. The prejudices of the Norwegians, in this respect, are very sig-
nificant.

Professor Smitt speaks of the great importance of expositions for
fish-culture. With regard to this subject we will quote the following
from the writings of a prominent author, who has made fish-culture a
specialty.! He says: "Although the culture of salmon, salmonoids
and Various kinds of Goregonus has been carried on, on a large scale,
in several countries of Europe for thirty years, we have no positive
proof from any European country that this culture has, to any consid-
erable extent, increased the quantity of fish in the open waters, * * *

*' Sverigcs deltagande i internationela fiskerivtstallningen i London, 1883. Germale.
Stockholm, 1883. Translated from the Swedish by Herman Jacobson.

t A. J. Malmgren : " Utlatande angaende Ulmpliglieten of artificiel Jiskodlings inforande
Finland." Helsingfors, 1883.

232 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

or has been followed by financial results in proportion to the amount
of money expended, or by results of general importance. It is abso-
lutely certain, that in those very countries which have for the longest
time and most energetically labored to increase the quantity of fish in
the open waters, by the artificial production of young fish, confidence in
the economical importance of artificial fish-culture has been thoroughly
shaken. * * * j n fact, it must be said that in Europe fish-culture
has left nothing but disappointed hopes, and in many eases has caused
serious financial losses/' The importance of fish-culture is, therefore,
far from having been proved ; and the fishery expositions have not fur-
nished a solution of the greatest difficulty, viz, the care of the young
fry. All that fish-culture, an industry the value of which is openly ques-
tioned, can gain from an exposition, is a comparison of the various ap-
paratuses. But as regards the manner in which these apparatuses are
used, and in fact in all other respects, the necessary knowledge must be
obtained in the place where the fish are raised, where fisheries are car-
ried on, and where fish are prepared. As regards the care to be taken
of fish, the fisheries, and the preparation of fish, but little knowledge
can be gained at an exposition, as Professor Smitt himself seems to
think. If this had not been his view of the matter, he ought to have
produced more proof, especially with regard to the Berlin Exposition,
of the benefits of such expositions, than the introduction of " Japanese
traps" in Sodermauland. All this only goes to prove the correctness
of my assertion, that the Norwegians act wisely in only granting a
small appropriation for the London Exposition, whilst care is taken that
many persons who have made fisheries a specialty are enabled to travel
to foreign countries to gather knowledge, the results of their observa-
tions, as well as those of the commissioners sent to the exposition, being"
published and spread broadcast over the land. It should not be for-
gotten that my remarks in the lower house were aimed at the way in
which fishery expositions have hitherto been managed by our commis-
sioners, and at the coudemnable habit of spending more than necessary
for this purpose.

During the long controversy regarding the Boimslan herring fisheries,
I have repeatedly maintained, in opposition to Professor Smitt, that
the first condition for flourishing fisheries is a well-organized fish trade
and a regular and rapid sale of the fish. Particularly, as regards the
herring fisheries, it will be evident, even to a superficial observer, that
if herringcau be prepared as a valuable article of commerce, and in such
a manner as to keep a long time, and bear transportation to distant
countries, the market for them will extend, thus enabling tin 1 fishermen
to get better pay for their fish ; and the fisheries in general will be
benefited thereby, for a high price of fish encourages the fishermen,
and enables them to get better and more expensive apparatus, and to
introduce new and improved methods. With this view I have always
urged that it was of primary importance that the Government should

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 233

facilitate the sale of fish, if necessary, by introducing improved methods
of preparation ; but my words were in vain, principally owing to Pro-
fessor Smith's influence ; and on the Bohuslan coast people had to wait
till the year 1882 for measures introducing- the salting of herrings ac-
cording to the Scotch method, simply because the money needed for
this purpose was spent on the Berlin Exposition and on Professor Sinitt's
resultless experiments with floating nets. Professor Smitt does not
seem to recognize the importance of ready sales for the fishing indus-
tries, and he, of course, prescribes expositions as the best remedy for
our, undoubtedly, unsatisfactory sales. If expositions, however, were
beneficial in this respect, it is more than strange that our sales of fish
are far from satisfactory, in spite of the lively interest taken by Sweden
in all foreign fishery expositions, and that Professor Smitt can show
no convincing proof that the great Berlin Exposition of 1880 has caused
any increase in our exportation of fresh salmon, herring, &c. The ex-
portation of these kinds of fish went on even when there were no expo-
sitions, and has not been noticeably increased by them. Successful
efforts to increase the sale of fish made during an exposition need more-
over not necessarily owe this success to the expositions. Such efforts
should be made at all times, and, as far as our sales in England are con-
cerned, the sooner they are made the better, as good fresh fish may always
count on ready buyers in the great Billingsgate fish-market. Thus an
arrangement has recently been made for selling the fish from the Bo-
huslan bank-fisheries fresh from the sea to steamboats ; and this ar-
rangement was made independent of any exposition. The same might
also be done in other cases. The " hints as to improving their condi-
tion," which, although not heretofore made known, are said to have been
given to our fish-dealers by the Berlin Exposition, they could easily
have done without. More vigorous public measures and a more thor-
ough knowledge of the fisheries, and not these mystic " hints," are what
are needed for furthering our fishing industries. The facts produced by
Professor Smitt only show that some insignificant results may be ob-
tained by comparatively slight efforts during a fishery exposition. How
much greater results could, therefore, be obtained by steady efforts iu
the same direction, made with due circumspection and a thorough
knowledge of the subject? That country of Europe whose fisheries are
at the present time more important than those of any other country,
Great Britain, which has raised its fishing industries to a very high
condition of excellence, has brought about this result by entirely dif-
ferent means than fishery expositions.

Professor Smitt's attempt to find a reason for the present condition
of our fish trade, by saying that the Berlin Exposition has injured the
exportation of our preserved fish, is only another proof of his way of
deceiving the public. Germany's new customs legislation has, at the
same time, not injured the exportation from other countries of preserved
and smoked fish.

234 BULLETIN QF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Since the Scotch method of salting herrings has, in spite of violent
opposition and in spite of expositions, been introduced on the coast of
Bohuslan ihe price for herrings salted according to this method rose
iin mediately. From the southern part of Sweden nothing but fresh her-
ring are exported, whilst Scotland exports large quantities of smoked
herring and gets a higher price for this article. By introducing better
methods of salting and smoking and by preparing the small fish as sar-
dines, the income from our large herring and small herring fisheries
could doubtless be doubled; but, as will be shown below, expositions
have positively hindered the introduction of such improvements.

Among the most remarkable and most incorrect statements in Pro-
fessor Smitt's pamphlet is the following relative to the Edinburgh Ex-
position, which also aimed at laying down the law in matters pertaining
to the fisheries: "The knowledge gaiued by the exposition has been
productive of great life and activity, especially on the coast of Bohus-
lan. Salters, packers, and smokers have been brought over from Scot-
land, large and improved cooper shops have been set up, and many new
salteries, oil refineries, and guano factories have been established." All
this sounds very well; it is only a pity that the above mentioned expo-
sition has had nothing whatever to do with these improvements. The
greater life and activity has simply been caused by the greater abundance
of fish, particularly during the winter of 1881-'82; and the measures for
introducing improved methods of preparing fish had been taken prior to
said exposition. Of the oil refineries, one was in full blast long before
the exposition, and the other had been planned before the exposition was
opened; and the third and smallest has not been established in conse-
quence of any knowledge .gained in Scotlaud, where this industry is not car-
ried on. As regards the salting of herring, there had been, long before the
Edinburgh Exposition^ strong sentiment in favor of the Scotch method,
principally fostered by the press and by descriptions of this method
published in pamphlet form and distributed on the coast as early as
January, L878. This sentiment also determined one of the largest her-
ring firms on the coast of Bohuslan to introduce the Scotch method of
salting long before the Edinburgh Exposition, and induced the great
cooper establishment at Uddevalla to adopt the shape and size of the
Scotch herring barrel. Herring-barrel factories do not exist in Scot-
land, where all barrels are hand-made. The fact that three fishermen
were, at the expense of an association, sent to Scotland to attend the
exposition, has not benefited our fishing industries, as the information
gained by them was very little compared with what they would have
gained by a visit to the east coast of Scotland during the period when
heiring are caught and salted. The resolution passed by the associa-
tion referred to. to introduce Scotch coopers and salters was, doubtless,
owing to the idea that something might be learned from a country where
the herring industry had reached a very high degree of perfection, and
not because knowledge had been gained at an exposition.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 235

The true value of fishery expositions to the Bohusliin herring salteries
may be learned from the fact that soon after the Berlin Exposition,
which had decreed gold medals to the Bohusliin salteries for the excel-
lence of their productions, a notice was inserted in the Bohusliin papers,
by the most prominent Gottenburg fish-dealers, that, owing to the
inferior character of the Bohusliin salt herring, they would no longer
deal in this article. Truly a brilliant result of the exposition prizes!

Whenever the introduction into Sweden of improved methods of pre-
paring fish is urged, it is met with indifference or opposition from those
of our salters who have gained prizes at expositions, who think that they
represent the very perfection of this industry and consider themselves
the only models worthy of imitation. These prizes which, at the exposi-
tions, are generally given in proportion to the space occupied by a coun-
try, and in the distribution of which personal motives are frequently
all powerful, and which, therefore, are by no means absolute proofs of
the excellence of the articles which have gained prizes, have, together
with newspaper articles highly laudatory of the productions of their
own country, contributed not a little towards spreading erroneous ideas
among the public and also towards throwing difficulties in the way of
improvements, which will only be introduced when the opinion has
gained ground that they are absolutly needed. The expositions have
also produced a number of far-famed exposition heroes, who live on the
praise bestowed on them by these expositions, assert an undue influ-
ence over the industries, and have even gone so far as to obtain prizes
for their friends and favorites.

The circumstance that expositions are in such high favor with the
general public is, no doubt, owing to the manner in which they have
rJattered the vanity, not only of some exhibitors, but also of eutire
nations. As the participation in an exposition does not involve any
expense to the exhibitors, and as every one, of course, hopes to gain a
prize, it is not astonishing that the applications are so numerous,
especially as no effort is spared to go beyond all bounds in the prepara-
tions for such expositions. These expositions have very much the same
attraction to manufacturers as lotteries, where the government, so to
speak, furnishes the tickets and the exhibitor only loans his apparatus
or the product of his industry for exhibition. Many a person feels his
vanity tickled by the knowledge that he has taken part in a world's
exposition, and that his name has figured in the catalogue, more espe-
cially as these honors may be gained without any expense:

Professor Smitt says that Sweden, in order to remove the dispropor-
tion between her importation and exportation of fishery products,
should, "in the first place, aim at increasing the value of her deep-sea
fisheries and of her salmon fisheries." Strange to say, the professor
seems to have abandoned all hope of ever improving the Baltic and
Kattegat fisheries. To improve these two important fisheries, which
are full of promise, experience has taught us that far different and more

236 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

vigorous measures than expositions are required. As regards the
much talked of Bohuslan herring fisheries, the use of floating nets in
these fisheries is nothing new. During- the eighteenth century this iin.
plement was employed Car more extensively than now, and with the
same results. Even in our day it has been repeatedly employed on the
coast of Bohuslan, even before Professor Smitt came in the winter of
1S80-'S1, and, aided by a Government subsidy, made a great ado about
it in the papers, in spite of which, owing to very plain causes, matters
remained pretty much as they had been before. Four years ago I
stated, relative to the proposition, made too soon, then, to introduce
floating nets for the herring fisheries on the Bohuslan coast, the follow-
ing, which ought to be taken to heart by those concerned: "To intro-
duce with advantage a new implement or a new method of fishing re-
quires that its application will pay. Thus futile attempts were made to
introduce floating nets for the mackerel fisheries on the coast of Bohus-
lan as long as the price of mackerel was so low that the larger number
of fish caught with the floating nets was not sufficient to pay for the
getting and keeping of these expensive implements. When the price
of mackerel rose, the floating nets were quickly introduced; but if the
price of mackerel should again decrease, the floating uets would again
disappear, and the common and inexpensive nets would soon agaiu be
in general use." If the Bohuslan people are to use floating nets on a
large scale for the herring fisheries, it is of course necessary for them to
be able to count on catching every year a sufficiently large quantity of
herring before the fisheries commence near the coast to make it worth
their while to get these expensive implements. That this applies to a
small quantity of fish which, when brought into the Gotteuburg market,
are, owing to their small number, sold by the score or by the piece, does
by no means prove that this will also apply to large fisheries; for as
soon as very large quantities of fish are brought into the market prices
decline. Whether the herring fisheries can be profitably carried on with
floating nets will, in Bohuslan, as in Scotland, depend on the price
which the salters can pay for the herrings. In order to form some idea
as to the prospects of such fisheries, one ought to know the average
catch per boat in tons. To judge of the prospects of a certain method
of fishing by the prices which are paid when only small quantities of
herring are brought into the market, would be just as erroneous as to
judge of the prospects of the potato harvest from the prices which early
in the season are paid in the city markets for new potatoes. It should
be borne in mind that both herring and potatoes are the poor man's
food, and that the large quantity of each of these articles makes it
necessary for them to be sold cheap. It is highly characteristic of
Professor Sinitt's method of proving his assertions that he does not
venture to state the quantity of herring caught by each boat, or by the
one which caught most. All he gives is the excessively high price
paid for herring when they are scarce. If the herring fisheries on the

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 237

coast of BohuslaD are to be carried on "with floating' nets, care should be
taken to bring about the conditions on which the success of such fish-
eries will absolutely depend; and, thanks to Professor Sinitt's uncalled-
for interference with the Bohuslan sea-fisheries, this is either delayed
or hindered. Owing to the Berlin Exposition and utterly resultless ex-
periments with floating nets, the introduction of improved methods of
preparing herrings, wbich was essential for the future success of the
Bohuslan herring industries, had to be deferred. We have also to
thank the professor that special laws for these industries, by which in
time they might have been properly regulated, are still among the
things to be desired.

As the new settler first cultivates the most promising part of his
ground, and afterwards, when he is better prepared, the poor ground,
so also does the fisherman in choosing the method for a new fishery.
The easy, cheap, and promising mod^s of fishing are taken in hand first,
and the less promising or more expensive methods are only applied in
proportion as the fisheries begin to pay better. Less profitable appa-
ratus must also, when the fisheries again become more productive, give
way before profitable apparatus, which principally determines the prices
during the entire fisheries. It thus happened in the eighteenth century
in Bohuslan, when the fishermen who came to our coast from Schoner
had soon to exchange their nets for those in general use on the Bohus-
lan coast, as otherwise their fisheries would hardly have paid them for
their trouble. As Professor Smitt has abandoned his former assertion
relative to the uusuitableness for salting of the herring caught according
to the present method, and has voluutarily declared that the Bohuslan
herrings, as caught at present, may "by an improved method of pre-
paring reach such a degree of excellence as to fetch the same price
which is now paid for Scotch herring." It seems evident that there is
little prospect that herring fisheries, carried on with floating nets on a
large scale, will, in the near future, be able to compete with the present
method, wbich insures a much larger catch. As it has been stated that
the most successful Bohuslan boat, which employed a floating net, had
been able to sell small quantities of herriug by the score, to the amount
of 1,880 crowus [$503.84], we will, for comparison's sake, here state the
fact that last winter the Marstrand fishermen sold their rich catch from
stationary nets by the boat-load or by the barrel, and realized about
23,000 crowns [$6,104]. (A common Bohuslan net, with boats and every-
thing belonging to it, costs from 2,600 to 3,000 crowns [$696.80 to $804],
according to size, whilst the floating-net boat, according to the Govern-
ment standard, cost, as Professor Smitt tells us, 7,350 crowns [$1,960.80].)
Even richer catches than those mentioned above are reported as having
been made with the American purse-seine (snurpvad), an apparatus
which can be used both in the coast waters and farther out at sea, and
the practical character of which has made it impossible to introduce
floating nets in America. But no improvements in the methods of fish-

238 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

iug or fishing apparatus find favor in the sight of Professor Smitt, who
is a lover of antiquities.

That Professor Smitt now, in contradiction to his assertion made in
187.S, feels compelled to agree with me in my views regarding the
spawning-season of the Bohusliin sea herring, which I propounded
as early as 1874, is hereby gratefully acknowledged, although the pro-
fessor is not able to increase our knowledge as regards either place or
time of spawning by any facts gained by his own personal observations.

With regard to the exhibition of scientific collections at a fishery ex-
position, it must be said that they are of some use, as they will throw
some light on the entire fishing industries of a country. This does not,
however, apply to portions of the Swedish exhibit, such as the collec-
tion made during the voyage of the Vega, and other collections, which
have not the remotest connection with our fisheries, but which require
an increase of space and an increased expense. When we read in the
papers that it is proposed to exhibit "fishing tschukts" and " five skel-
etons of whales, of kinds which are so rare that they are not even found
in the British Museum," &c, this cannot fail to awaken some disap-
proval, mixed with distrust, as to the object of our representation at the
exposition, and regarding the manner in which the directors of our
museums fulfill their duties.

The sum appropriated by the lower house of the Swedish Parliament
is, considering the extent of our fisheries, the population of our country,
and our financial resources, larger, comparatively, than that which, ac-
cording to Professor Smitt, has been appropriated by the United States
of America for the same purpose.

With regard to the appropriation for the exposition, Professor Smitt
has evidently not been able to find sufficient reason why Sweden's small
fisheries require so much larger an appropriation than Norway's exten-
sive fisheries. When he objects to my not counting with the sums ap-
propriated by Sweden for the fisheries the extra appropriations, the ones
granted by theupperhouse and by the "economical society, '' and, more-
over, lays special stress on the circumstance that among these extra
appropriations is the sum granted by the herring industries of Bohusliin,
he must certainly know very well that even counting in these amounts
docs not materially change the disproportion between the amounts
granted for the fisheries direct and those appropriated for the repre-
sentation of Sweden at the fishery exposition, a disproportion which
seems all the greater when we compare our circumstances with those
of Norway. It should also be remembered that among the sums appro-
priated for the fisheries in Norway for 1882-'8.'3 1 have not counted the
extra appropriation of 12,000 crowns [$.'3,216 1, which was asked to aid
fishermen and men engaged in the fishing industries to travel to foreign
countries, and that I have not given the maximum amount of the Nor-
wegian appropriation, as given in the JVbraft FisTceritidende. As regards
the small grants which I have enjoyed for nine years for carrying on my

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 239

investigations of the herring fisheries, I must candidly state that they
have not been large enough to cover my expenses, but that I have been
obliged every year to put my hand in my own pocket and make consid-
erable sacrifices. Why does not Professor Smitt, who is backed by the
Government and its powerful aid, count my expenses among the sums-
appropriated? Why does he hint, in utter disregard of actual facts,
that I had every year enjoyed " a very considerable subsidy" whilst he
takes good care not to mention the fact that since the summer of 1880
he has, annually, enjoyed a much larger Government subsidy for his
work in connection with the fisheries? Professor Smitt's disregard of
facts certainly does not tend to further his cause.
Stockholm, March 24, 1883.

30.— THE INSTRUCTION OF NAVAL MIDSHIPMEN IN TAXIDERMY
ICHTHYOLOGY, ETC., AT TnE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUS-
EUM AND ON BOARD THE STEAMERS OF THE UNITED STATES
FISH COMMISSION.

By Prof. SPENCER F. BAIRD.

In the American naval service the cadets start with four years' study
in the Naval Academy at Annapolis. They are then sent to sea for two
years, and do not obtain the rank of midshipman until they have passed
an examination at the end of this period, or of six years after their
entrance. They are then sent to sea again, or placed on waiting orders.

About a year ago the Navy Department made inquiry of the Smith-
sonian Institution as to its willingness to receive six recently appointed
midshipmen, and assign them to some duty in the Institution or National
Museum that would enable them to take advantage of any opportunities
they might have for natural history research during their future cruises,
with the understanding that they were to be treated in every way as
regular employes of the Institution and required to do regular work.

The proposition was responded to favorably, and the six persons
were assigned respectively to curators of ichthyology, marine inver-
tebrates, ethnology, paleontology, geology, and mineralogy. The ex-
periment somewhat unexpectedly proved to be a very great success.
The young gentlemen devoted themselves earnestly to their work and
became proficient in it.

A course of special instruction was given in regard to the taxidermy
of mammals and birds, which all the midshipmen attended with great
diligence, becoming quite expert in the preparation of skeletons and
in mounting excellent skins of mammals and birds..

The two assigned to ichthyology and marine invertebrates were de-
tailed for service on board the Fish Commission steamer Fish Hawk,
where they had ample opportunity of becoming familiar with collecting
at sea, as also with the methods and appliances of deep-sea dredging,

240 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

temperature observations, &c, all, of course, directly in the Hue of their
future vocation.

The other four accompanied one or the other of Professor Powell's
parties into the far West, and have had every opportunity for field work.

The results of this experiment have been so satisfactory that it is
proposed to detail six more midshipmen during the present month, the
first >ix to continue another year, making the entire course one of two
years.

The selections for this detail are made by the Xavy Department, after
conference with the Superintendent of the Naval Academy, from among
those who, while pursuing their educational course, have shown most
interest in scientific matters.

The measure is extremely popular among the younger officers, although
of course it is decried by others, who consider it an innovation in the
established routine.

One special object of the experiment is to have as a part of the regular
force of the Navy, officers competent to do the scientific work for which
it has generally been necessary to employ civilians, as also on any
cruise to be able to utilize to some extent at least the opportunities of
research which constantly present themselves to the inquirer.

Washington, D. C, October 7, 1882.

31.— EXPORT OF FISH Oil. FROM NORWAY, 1S78-'S2.

By FKEDRIK I»I. WALLEM.

[Extract from letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

Official returns regarding the export from Norway of fish oil are just
issued. They show the export for December, 1882, to have been 4,400
hectoliters fish oil, aud for the past five years as follows:

Years.

1882.
1881.
18S0.
1879.
1878.

Average

Hectoliters.

100, GOO

128, 000

16&.000

143, 000
137, 000

135, 520

Gallons.

2, 657, 550
3,381,376
4, 464, 473

3, 777, 631
3, 619, 129

3, 580, 032

The Lofoten cod fishing has commenced, but the fish are not fat, and
the liver will not give so much oil as au average year, still it is too early
to tell how much the oil product shall be.

Bergen, Norway, February 10, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 241

Vol. Ill, No. 16. Washington, D. C. Sept. 3, 1883.

32.— ANSWERS TO IIS QUESTIONS RELATIVE TO t;HK.UA\ CARP.

By CHAS. W. S^IIJLEY.

During the past fifteen months the correspondence of the United States
Fish Commission has included a great number of letters of inquiry con-

cerning the German carp. The 118 questions here considered have all
been taken from letters received during that period, and most of the
Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 10

242 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

questions have been asked over and over again. As they cover con-
siderable of the practical information required, it is hoped that the an-
swers here given will be valuable. Fuller information upon many of
the points may be obtained from published documents of the Commis-
sion. I am indebted to Col. M. McDonald for assistance in preparing
some of the answers.

The questions and replies are classified under sixteen heads, so that
one can easily find any information he is seeking.

I. — GENERAL INQUIRIES.

1. Is carp a pond fish ? — A. Yes; pre-eminently so. It is especially
adapted to small bodies of still water, and the water need not be free
from mud and sediment.

2. Is carp a game fish ? — A. Not properly so, though some corre-
spondents report that they consider it to have game qualities.

3. What time of year do carp appear after hibernation ! — A. As soon
as the spring fairly sets in, which differs much in the different parts of
the United States. It is probable the carp will not hibernate at all in
Southern Texas.

4. Can small carp be wintered in a cellar? — A. Yes, if provided with
proper food, change of waiter, &c.

5. Will young fry swim on top of water? — A. ]So. What is some-
times mistaken for young carp is the top minnow (Zygonectes).

6. Do carp live a long time out of water? — A. They are quite hardy,
and can be kept alive out of water, if in moss, twenty-four hours.

7. What work is authority on carp culture ? — A. The Fish Commission
publishes such articles and translations of German papers as are of
general interest.

II. — VARIETIES OF CARP.

8. Are scale and leather carp different varieties ? — A. Yes.

9. Do carp have scales all over ? — A. Scale carp do, and leather carp
do not.

10. What is the best breed of carp? — A. Scale carp are the most pro-
lific, the leather carp grow the fastest, and the mirror is intermediate
between them.

III. — CARP AS A FOOD-FISH.

11. What kind of a food-fish is carp? — A. Equal or superior to cat-
fish, suckers, perch, and all our common native varieties. Many cor-
respondents declare them equal to trout, bass, and shad, but this is not
claimed for them by the Fish Commission.

12. At what age are carp suitable for table use? — A. When small the
bones are troublesome, but the flavor is the same. When they weigh 4
pounds or more the bones can be easily removed.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 243

13. What season of the year are carp fit for the table ? — A. From
October to May. During and for several months after spawning the
flesh is soft. No fish is in good condition to eat for some time after its
spawning timet

14. Do carp have many bones? — A. What fish does not"? The flesh
flakes oft", however, very nicely from large carp.

IV. — PONDS AND TANKS.

15. How large a pond is necessary for carp ? — A. Larger the better,
but a small one of a few yards square will answer for a few fish.

1G. How should one prepare a carp pond ? — A. This is answered at
length in articles on the subject published by the Fish Commission.

17. Is it absolutely necessary to be able to drain ponds to the bot-
tom ? — A. No, but very desirable so as to remove other fish, enemies of
carp, &c.

18. What kind of soil is best adapted for carp ? — A. Loamy or muddy
soil. The carp roots about in it for grubs, worms, larvae, &c.

19. Is it best to make the border of the pond sloping or vertical? —
A. It is easiest to let it slope, and there is usually no particular advan-
tage in making it vertical.

20. What is the best way to construct a dam? — A. See plans and de-
scriptions published by the Fish Commission.

21. W T hat is the best material for constructing a dam?— A. Stone and
earth.

22. What is the best plan of an escape way? — A. See plans of ponds
by Fish Commission. t

23. How should one prevent fish escaping from the pond? — A. Make
the dam secure, and put wire cloth over the outlet.

24. Will carp leave a pond when it overflows? — A. Not if the super-
fluous water is colder than the bottom water, as is often the case in
floods.

25. How should one prevent carp leaving pond at overflow? — A. Ar-
range wire sieves for the overflow to pass through. Avoid overflow
if possible by regulating the amount of water flowing in by means of a
waste weir.

26. Will carp do well in ditches of cranberry bogs ?— A. Yes ; if free
from other fish, turtles, snakes, &c.

27. Will carp live in ornamental fish tank? — A. Yes.

V. — WATER FOR CARP.

28. What kind of water is adapted to carp ? — A. Warm water. They
grow very slowly in cold water.

29. Will carp live in shallow water ? — A. Yes ; even if so sharlow that
their backs sometimes protrude from the water, but there should be
one deep spot for them to go to in winter.

244 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

30. Is shallow or deep water best for carp ? — A. Shallow water is usu-
ally warmer, and hence better for carp. Better have both, if possible.

31. What temperature of water is best adapted to carp ! — A. High
temperatures. They can live in cold water, but do not grow much.
They thrive in warm water.

.">2. Is slow-running water suitable for carp? — A. They are sluggish
and care nothing about running water.

33. Will carp live if water is not running through pond ? — A. Yes:
all the better.

34. Will carp live in reservoirs of rain-water in Texas ? — A. The rain-
water might become too stagnant and injure them, but if kept sweet
the carp could live. However, no more food should be put in than they
can eat.

35. Will muddy water hurt carp ? — A. No. It is their delight. They
can usually get food from it.

36. Is well or spring water best adapted to carp ? — A. It makes no
dill'erence. Neither is desirable.

37. Are streams suitable for trout good for carp? — A. No. Trout
require clear, cold water; carp, warm water, and it need not be clear.

38. Are mineral waters bad for carp ? — A. Cannot tell without know-
ing more about the mineral water. Brackish water is not injurious.

39. Will carp live in Bocky Mountain waters ? — A. Probablv live,
but not grow much, because the water is too cold.

40. Will carp do well hi limestone water ? — A. Yes.

41. Is alkali water detrimental to carp ? — A. Unknown.

VI. — PLANTS FOR CARP PONDS.

42. What plants are best for carp? — A. Crowfoots, cowslips, water-
milfoil, bladderwort, horn wort, cress, water-rice, water-mace, water-oats,
Indian rice, water-lilies — especially the last six.

43. Is grass in pond injurious to carp ? — A. Not injurious.

44. Can water-cresses be too thick in a carp pond ? — A. Yes. The pond
must not be allowed to entirely grow up to vegetation.

VII. — THE CARE OF CARP.

45. Would carp succeed if placed in a common pond and left to take
care of themselves ? — A. About the same as when chickens and pigs are
left to take care of themselves.

4G. Can carp be placed in pond at any season of the year ? — A. Yes;
but do not transfer them suddenly from warm to cold or cold to warm
water.

47. What is the best time of day to deposit carp? — A. When you can
avoid a violent change in temperature.

48. Will horses going to water interfere with eggs? — A. No.

49. Will it harm carp to cut ice in pond where they are? — A. No.
They will be so fast asleep in the mud they will not care.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 245
VIII. — FOOD FOR CARP.

50. Do carp need feeding ? — A. Yes, to grow fast. They can, how-
ever, pick for themselves j nst as chickens can.

51. What is best food for carp % — A. Cooked cereals and vegetables,
such as corn, wheat, rye, potatoes, cabbage, turnip, lettuce, pumpkins,
melons, &c.

52. How often should carp be fed ? — A. As often as convenient, if food
does not accumulate in their pond. You can habituate .them to come to
a place for food just the same as other animals. Better feed them morn-
ing and night, one or both.

53. Are boiled rice and corn bread suitable diet for carp ? — A. Yes ;
excellent.

54. Is brewer's grain suitable feed for carp? — A. Yes.

55. Is it best to feed salad food to carp ? — A. Kb harm.

56. Will kitchen scraps kill carp ? — A. Not unless salt, pepper, and
mineral substances are mixed in. Salt mackerel, salt meat, &c, should
be excluded. Potatoes, corn, cabbage, lettuce, and other vegetables
are suitable.

57. Are water-cresses essential for carp food? — A. Not essential, but
desirable.

58. Will carp eat tadpoles % — A. No.

IX. — GROWTH OF CARP.

59. How large do carp grow ? — A. Sometimes to 50 or 75 pounds.

60. How long does it take carp to grow ? — A. It depends entirely on
the temperature of the water and amount of food.

61. How much will a carp three years old weigh % — A. If in Pennsyl-
vania, four or five pounds ; if in Georgia, six to eight pounds. They
can be forced to much greater weights by feeding.

62. What climate is best adapted to the carp % — A. Warm climate.

X. — SPAWNING OF CARP.

63. At what age and time of year do carp spawn ? — A. Usually at the
age of three years ; often at two ; sometimes at one in southern cli-
mates, when fed well. The month of spawning varies in different lati-
tudes, but it usually occurs in May in the south and in June in the
north. In cold water it may be protracted into July.

64. Will carp two years old spawn ? — A. That depends on climate,
food, &c.

65. At what age will the male carp vivify the eggs 1 — A. Probably
younger than that at which the female deposits eggs.

66. How can one tell male from female ? — A. It is impossible until
about spawning time, unless you cut them open.

67. Which is the larger, male or female carp % — A. The female.

246 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

G8. Do size of scales on carp indicate sex? — A. No.

69. Are carp prolific? — A. Yes; if properly cared for. A five-year-
old carp ought to contain 500,000 eggs.

70. How many young will a pair of carp produce annually ? — A. Very
few, if left to themselves ; a great number, if properly cared for — say
50,000.

71. What arrangements are to be made at spawning time ? — A. Put
the spawners by themselves till tbe eggs are deposited, and then pro-
tect the eggs from other animals. A good way is to put hemlock
boughs in the pond to receive the eggs. These can be taken out cov-
ered with eggs and placed in water to hatch, where the eggs will not be
eaten or destroyed. Keep the young out of the way of enemies.

72. Is it best to remove old fish from pond at spawning time? — A. It
is a good idea. See answer to last question.

73. How long should young carp be kept in small pond before turn-
ing into larger pond with other fish? — A. Till large enough to defend
themselves. Say till they weigh a pound each.

74. How distinguish carp spawn from frog or other spawn ? — A. Carp
spawn is deposited singly on branches, grasses, &c, and is about the size
of number 8 shot. Frog spawn is deposited in a. jelly-like mass.

75. Do young carp resemble tadpoles? — A. No.

XI. — ENEMIES OF CARP.

76. Will carp destroy their young ? — A. Not if they can get any other
food.

77. Will carp destroy other fish? — A. No. The carp does not injure
any other fish, but is injured by many kinds.

78. Will dace hurt carp ! — A. The minnows will eat the carp eggs.

79. Do frogs destroy the spawn offish ? — A. Yes ; they eat both spawn
and young fishes.

80. Will goldfish destroy carp ami vice versa f — A. Yes. Besides they
will mix — hybridize.

81. Will green frogs destroy carp ? — A. Yes; they eat eggs and young-
carp.

82. Will minks destroy carp? — A. Yes; they will exterminate them.

83. Will mud cat injure carp? — A. They will eat the eg^s and young
carp.

84. Will mud-turtles eat carp ? — A. Yes, to extermination.

85. Will roaches feed on the carp spawn? — A. Yes.

86. Do snakes cat carpi — A. Yes.

87. Will suckers injure carp ? — A. Yes.

88. Will trout destroy carp?— A. Yes.

80. How can one guard carp from frogs, , tadpoles, water rats, and
turtles ? — A. Kill the frogs, tadpoles, rats, and turtles.
01). How can 1 get tadpoles out of the pond? — A. Drain the pond.
91. How get rid of catfish in carp ponds? — A. Drain the pond.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 247

92. What varieties of fish can carp associate with without detri-
ment ? — A. There is no kind of fish that will not eat carp eggs and tbe
young carp when they get the chance. Keep carp by themselves.

93. What varieties of fish are detrimental to carp culture! — A. See
previous question and answer.

94. Will mountain and lake trout, salmon and carp tbrivein the same
pond? — A. No. Trout and salmon require cold, running water, and
would eat carp eggs and young. The carp require warm, still water, and
to be by themselves.

95. Will gum and holly trees in pond injure carp? — A. No.
90. Will mulberry trees around a pond hurt the fish ? — A. No.

97. Will vegetable matter covered by water decompose and hurt the
carp ? — A. Yes ; if in great quantities.

XII. — DISEASES OF CAEP.

98. What is the cause of fungus on carp ? — A. The cause is not known,
but it results from a weak condition of the carp and from getting hurt.

99. What is the cure of fungus on carp ? — A. Prevention is possible
as shown by answer to previous question. No cure is yet known.

100. What is the cause of moldy appearance of carp? — A. This is
the fungus spoken of in the two previous questions.

XIII. — HOW CARP CAN BE CAUGHT.

101. How are carp caught? — A. Best by a dip-net. They can be en-
ticed by food into shallow water and then taken by a dipper, rake, or
even by the hands.

102. Can carp be caught with hook and line ? — A. Not very readily.
They are sky biters, but a number bave reported taking them with hooks
baited with meat.

103. What bait is best to catch carp? — A. Teach them to come to a
shallow spot or to a plank a few inches under water by feeding them at
such a place, and while thej 7 are eating they can be taken in the hands
full as readily as chickens are. They are very tame and will eat out of
the hand.

XIV. — THE DISTRIBUTION OF CARP.

104. How can carp be ob:ained? — A. By filling out blank application
to United States Fish Commission and sending through a United States
Senator or Bepresentative to Prof. S. F. Baird.

105. Who can indorse carp applications ? — A. Members of Congress
and Senators of the United States.

106. What time of the year do you distribute carp? — A. From Octo-
ber to April.

107. How old are the carp distributed? — A. Three to nine months.

108. Are carp distributed according to population of each State, or

248 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

according to number of applications? — A. According to number of
applications.

1 109. How many fish per acre are required to stock a pond?— A. That
depends on the amount of food available. A small pond may be made
to produce thousands of carp. A pond one acre can be made to sustain
500 one-pound carp.

XV. — THE TRANSPORTATION OF CARP.

110. During transportation offish will moss in the water prevent their
being bruised? — A. Water-moss may be used to advantage, as it helps
keep the water pure.

111. Is it safe to ship carp by stage? — A. Tbey have been sent safely
in a quart pail by all sorts of conveyances. It is essential that water
enough remain in the pail to cover the carp.

111'. Can young carp be carried on horseback ? — A. Yes; by keeping
them covered with water.

XVI. — FINANCIAL INQUIRIES.

113. What will carp cost? — A. The United States Fish Commission
distributes them free. The recipient pays only the cost of transporta-
tion from Washington, or from such centers of supply as it establishes.

114. What are young carp worth per thousand ? — A. The Government
dots not sell any. Private parties sometimes sell them at $5 per pair.
A New Jersey carp-culturist advertises "selected minor carp at $85 per
hundred, and selected scale carp at $80 per hundred; no orders filled
for less than $25."

115. Can I raise 100 pounds carp cheaper than 100 pounds chicken? —
A. Yes; as cheaply again.

110. How many pounds of carp per annum will a pond one acre square
produce? — A. Very few if neglected; very many if wisely cared for.
Five hundred one-pound carp ought to weigh 1,500 pounds the second
year, and 2,500 pounds the third year.

117. Are carp known among fish-dealers? — A. They are a very im-
portant item with dealers in Europe. They were introduced into the
United States so recently that but very few get into the markets yet.
A correspondent in Saline County, Missouri, recently wrote that " large
numbers of young carp, a foot long, are being taken from the Missouri
River and sold in the market."

118. What are ear}) worth per pound in the market?— A. Very few
have yet reached the markets in the United States.

United States Fish Commission,

Washington, D. C, August 8, 1883.

BULLETIN OP THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 249

33.— DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE CONSTRUCTION OF CARP

PONDS.

[Condensed from the report of the Maryland Fish Commission for 1880.]

The cultivation of carp is of sufficient importance to fully warrant
the construction of ponds for the purpose. Bat there already exist in
many places ponds used for the collection of ice, or for supplying water
to live stock , which could be converted into carp ponds at a compara-
tively small cost. There are also many depressions of surface < in the
lands which could be .filled with water with but little labor, and made
to answer the purpose admirably.

It is very desirable, on several accounts, that the ponds should be so
constructed as to permit the water to be drawn off. The fish can then be
captured and assorted, when those intended for breeding can be returned
to the pond and the remainder placed in tanks from which to be taken,
by the aid of dip-nets, as required for market or for food. Drawing off
the water is also desirable for destroying such enemies of the fish as
may be therein.

In the case of ponds supplied by the inflow of tide-water, eggs of
other fishes are often wafted in, and the fish thus produced may con-
sume the food, eggs, and young of the carp. By draining the ponds
once or twice a year these intruders can be readily removed.

To utilize an ice pond for carp is very simple. It is not necessary
that the drainage from the surrounding fields should be diverted, except
when excessive in quantity or liable to become so after a heavy fall of
rain. A certain amount of such drainage often proves beneficial, as
considerable quantities of food are thus conveyed into the ponds. If
admitted, an "overflow" must be provided, which should be well pro-
tected by wire-cloth screens to prevent the escape of the fish. This
overflow constitutes the most important feature in the construction of a
pond.

For illustration, Fig. 1 is a pond located in a meadow, through which
flows a small stream. The pond is formed upon two sides by embank-
ments of earth obtained by the removal of a portion of the soil from the
inclosed space. The water may be supplied either by introducing it from
the rivulet itself at some higher point, or, as in this illustration, from a
spring in the adjacent meadow, supplemented by the surface drainage
from the surroundiug high land. A small tributary of the rivulet is
utilized in this instance to carry off the surplus water, which is allowed
to escape from the pond through the overflow O. A is the apparatus
for emptying the pond. B is a frame inclosing the end of the discharge
pipe leadiug from the pond, and provided with the screens s s s. C is

250 I5ULLETIX OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

the "collector," into which the fish are dravrn by the lowering of the
water in the pond, and c a valve which controls the flow of the water

I A\ JAN ; l

Fig. 1. — A carp pond built in a meadow.
through the discharge pipe m. I) is a wide, shallow drain, having
branches, d d d d, by means of which all of the water is led into the

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 251

collector when the pond is being emptied. E represents the embank-
ments, which are about G feet in height at the angle of the pond in the
lowest part of the meadow.

t

« '.'■

Fig. 2. — Sectional view of the dam of carp pond.

252 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Ill Fig. 1' the upper portion presents a longitudinal section of the
pond. The lower part shows a portion of the same section enlarged, so
that the arrangement of the pond is clearly illustrated. The fish arc
readily drawn into the collector C. A hook for removing the planks
y g g is shown at h.

The "overflow" indicated at O is very important, and especial attention
is directed to its construction. This outlet is located in the solid ground
at the side of the pond rather than in any part of the embankment,
which might be weakened by its presence; and is protected by three
wire-cloth screens of varying texture, the coarser mesh being placed
farthest in the pond in order to collect all drift, and thus prevent the
clogging of the second and third screens, the meshes of which should be
fine enough to preclude the escape of the smallest fish. The screens
are so placed as to present a considerable surface below the water-level,
to insure them against being clogged by drift. This arrangement will
always afford a free exit to the water beneath the mass of rubbilh.

The general details of the outlet A are indicated in the views given.
The screens s s s, as well as those of the "overflow," are disposed in a
frame- work, and should slide easily in their grooves, so that they may be
removed and cleaned. An additional set of such grooves are provided at
this outlet, and these which are the inuermost are furnished, instead of
screens, with solid planks g g g the edges of which are neatly fitted
to each other so as to render their joints water tight. The upper
edge of each plank is provided with staples or eyes / //, through
which the hook h may be passed to lift the plank from the frame. When
the planks are in position these eyes are received into slots n n in the
lower edge of the planks above them, so as to allow them to fit closely
together.

The purpose of this fourth, and solid, screen is to lower the water in
the pond by drawing it from either the surface or the bottom, as may be
deemed most advisable. To draw it from the surface only, it will simply
be necessary to open the valve c; .and to remove the planks in succes-
sion as the water subsides, while to draw from the bottom will require
all the planks to be first removed ; and the valve to be opened when this
has been done.

In addition to the valve c, the drain-pipe P may be provided at m
with a clog or strainer, to guard it against the accumulation of rubbish.
The collector should be placed at the lowest point in the pond, and,
unless excavated in hard clay, should be floored and faced with plank,
cement, or other hard material. Carp have a strong tendency to bury
themselves in the mud, not only during hibernation, but whenever
alarmed or pursued; If the collector has been constructed as suggested,
and the fish gradually drawn into it, danger of loss on this account will
be obviated.

The details of the "overflow," "outlet," "collector," &c, may be
varied, according to the circumstances; but the general requirements

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 253

of a pond so located as to receive its supply of water at one end and to
discharge it at the other are here indicated.

Ponds should not be less than three feet in depth at their deepest
part — to insure the fish against being frozen in severely cold weather —
and should gradually lessen to a depth of one or two inches to provide
the shoals required for spawning. Small knolls and islands should be
removed, as they generally afford harbor for the enemies of carp.

Foe Ponds in Tidal Regions. — The collector and drain ditches
t-hould be constructed and arranged as above, the collector being formed
at the lowest poiut within the embankment. The " overflow" may be
omitted, as the "flume" can be readily adapted to the purposes of car-
rying off any surplus water. As the flume requires constant attention
to insure its operation, the "overflow" should be retained, if practica-
ble, and be placed in firm ground.

iliK gJIgg^

s^ s^

-iJT^

Pig. 3.

Fig. 3 represents a vertical section, and corresponding horizontal pro-
jection of the embankment B, showing the position of the flume F, and
its controlling valves, d d, together with that of the crib-work "0 C
0," which is constructed on the pond side, and is designed to support
the screens.

The flume is placed, as before, on a level with the bottom of the col-
lector, and the valves are arranged for drawing the water from the pond,
at ebb tide. The inner valve has been slightly raised by sliding up-
ward its support g through the grooved trunnion a ; and the pressure

254 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

of the water flowing through the flume, in the direction of the arrow,
serves to swing open the outer valve, and to keep it open until the pond
is emptied or the tide turns. In the latter event the outer valve closes

Fig. i.

automatically until the level of the water without again falls below that
of the water remaining in the pond when its operation is resumed.

Fia.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 255

Should it be desired, on the other hand, to admit water from the river
into the pond — at the proper levels — the relative positions and opera-
tions of the valves would, of course, be reversed. The outer valve should
then be raised so as to allow the water to enter the flume from the river;
and the inner valve should be lowered, in turn, to permit it to swing
with the current, and to close automatically with the cessation of its
flow.

Figs. 4, 5, C, and 7 represent portions of the above considerably en-
larged for the purposes of a more detailed description. The flap- valve d y
which is here represented as being forced slightly open by the presence
of the inflowing current, is attached to the lower extremities of the long
strips or pieces g g g, arranged to slide upward through mortises in
the beam a. The latter, in turn, is provided at each end with trun-

Fin. 6.

nions fitting loosely into corresponding sockets in the uprights p p, by
which means the beam and its dependent parts are allowed to swing
readily in place, as indicated by the positions of the gate or valve in the
several diagrams.

Another and fixed beam, indicated at /, serves as an additional sup-
port to the uprights _p p, and as the fulcrum of a lever by means of
which the gate maybe raised or lowered. "CC C" represent crib-
work, filled with stones, and sustaining in position the screens s s and
o o, which are arranged to slide in their respectitive grooves, similarly
to those already described.

Fig. 7 is a flume or trunk of simpler design which may be constructed

256 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

by hollowing out one side of a stout log, for nearly its entire length, and
covering the groove thus formed with- pieces of thick plank. The bark
should be allowed to remain undisturbed, where practicable, for a pro-
tection to the wood. The general arrangement of the flume and its
valves is indicated in the diagram. As the valves do not work auto-
matically, such a "plug-trunk" — as it is called — would appear to be
better adapted for ponds located in other than tidal regions.

:^a=

Fig.

So much of the wood-work, in all these constructions, as is exposed
to the air, and particularly such parts as are subject to the alternate
action of the air and water, are liable to decay, and should be protected
by thick coatings of paint, or other preservative material. Such parts
as are imbedded in the earth will last for years.

34.— SPAWNING OF CALIFORNIA MOUNTAIN TROUT, REARED IN
CONFINEMENT, FROM EGGS BROUGHT FROM McCLOUO RIVER.

By FRANK W. CLARK.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

Our rainbow trout have just commenced spawning. The first eggs
were taken day before yesterday, and we now have about 5,000. They
are from three-year old fish that were hatched and grown at this sta-
tion. There is a marked difference in appearance between these eggs
and those of same kind direct from California, ours being identical in
size and color with brook-trout eggs.

Nortiiville, Mich., February 15, 18S3.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 257

Vol. Ill, No. 17. Washington, D. C. Sept. 6, 1883.

35.— MARSH AI¥D AQUATIC PJL.A1VTS OF THE \(»IMI«I it> UNITED

STATES, JIANV OF WHICH ARE SUITABLE FOR CARP PONDS.

By LESTER F. WARD.

The species indicated by the heavy-faced type are strictly aquatic.
Those which are especially recommended by Dr. Hessel for carp ponds
ire Nos. 7, 8, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
67, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104,

105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114. Those which occur near
Washington are numbers 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26,
27, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 51, 58, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73,
74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 95, 96, 97, 100, 104, 105,

106, 116, 121, 123, 125, 128, 129, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 143, 145,
147, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 166, 168, 171, 174, 178, 180.

BANUNCULACE.E.
Crowfoot Family.

1. Ranunculus hederaceus, L. Introduced near Hampton, Va.

2. Ranunculus ambigens, Watson. [R. alismafolius, Geyer.] Water-

Plantain Spearwort. Eastern Branch marsh, D. C. ; also
marsh near the mouth of Hunting Creek, Va.

3. Ranunculus flammula, L. Smaller Spearwort. Shore of Lake

Ontario and northward.

4. Ranunculus pusillus, Poir. Small Spearwort. Potomac Flats

above Fads' Mill, D. C.

5. Ranunculus cymbalaria, Pursh. Seaside Crowfoot. Sandy shores

from New Jersey northward, and along the great lakes to Illi-
nois and westward.

6. Ranunculus sceleratus, L. Cursed Crowfoot. Common everywhere.

NYMPH^ACEJE.
Water-Lily Family.

7. Brasenia peltata, Pursh. Water-Shield. Carberry Meadows below

Eads' Mill, D. C.

8. Nelumbium luteum, Willd. Yellow Nelnmbo, or Water Chinquepin.

Waters of the Western and Southern States; rare in the
Middle States; introduced into the Delaware below Philadel-
phia. Near Woodstown and Sussex County, New' Jersey.
Big Sodus Bay, Lake Ontario, and in the Connecticut near
Lyme.
Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 17

258 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

9. * Nitphar ad/vena. Ait. Yellow Pond-Lily. Spatter Dock. Common
everywhere.

10. *Naphar sagitttvfolium, Parsh. North Carolina and southward.

CBUCIFEB^}.
Mustard Family.

11. Cardamine rhomboidea, D. C. Spring-Cress. Common.

12. Cardamine rotundifolia, Michx. Mountain Water-Cress. Penn-

sylvania, and southward along the mountains.

13. Cardamine hirsuta, L. Bitter Cress. Common.

HYPEBICACE^J.

St. John's-wort Famlly.

14. Elodes Virginica, Nutt. Marsh St. John's-wort. Common.

LEGUMINOS^.
Pulse Family.

15. Lathyrus palustris, L. Marsh Vetchling. New England to Penn-

sylvania, Illinois, and northward.

CBASSULACE^}.
Orpine Family.

16. Penthorum sedoides, L. Ditch Stone-crop. Common everywhere.

HALOBAGEyE.
Water-Milfoil Family.

17. Myriophyllum spicatum, L. Water-Milfoil. Below Alexandria, Va.

18. Myriophyllum verticillatum, L. Common.

19. Myriophyllum heterophyllum, Michx. Lakes and rivers, from North-

ern New York, westward and southward.

20. Myriophyllum scabratum, Michx. From Southern New England and

Ohio, southward.

21. Myriophyllum ambiguum, Nutt. Massachusetts to New Jersey,

Pennsylvania and southward, near the coast.

22. Myriophyllum tenellum, Bigelow. Northern New York, New Eng-

land, and northward.

23. Proserpinaca palustris, L. Mermaid-weed. Not rare.

24. Proserpinaca pectinacea, Lam. Swamps near the coast.

Pronounced injurious to carp ponda by Dr. Hessel.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 259

ONAGEACE.E.
Evening Primrose Family.

25 Jussicea decurrens, D. C. Virginia to Illinois and southward.

26. Ludwigia palustris, Ell. Water Purslane. Common 5 also in Eu-

rope.

LYTHRACE^E.

Loosestrife Family.

27. Ammannia humilis, Michx. Tooth-cup. Massachusetts to Michi-

gan, Illinois, and southward. Flats of Potomac, D. 0.
28 Ammannia latifolia, L. Ohio, Illinois, and southward.

29. Nescea verticillata, H. B. K. Swamp Loosestrife. Flats of Poto-

mac.

UMBELLIFER.E.

Parsley Family.

30. Hydrocotyle repanda, Pers. Water Pennywort. Maryland and

southward.

31. Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, L. Shores of Potomac, Maryland.

32. Hydrocotyle Americana, L. Common, northward.

33. Hydrocotyle umbellata, L. Massachusetts, on the coast to Penn-

sylvania.

34. Hydrocotyle interrupta, Muhl. Massachusetts to Virginia and south-

ward along the coast.

35. Eryngium Virginianum, Lam. Eryngo. Button Snakeroot. New

Jersey and southward.

36. Discopleura capillacea, D. 0. Mock Bishop-weed. Massachusetts

to Virginia, and southward. Near Custis Spring, Va.

37. Cicuta bulbifera, L. Water- Hemlock. Common, northward.

38. Sium cicutw folium, Gmel. Water-Parsnip. Common.

39. Sium angustifolium, L. Massachusetts, Michigan, Illinois, west-

ward. Europe.

COMPOSITE.
Composite Family.

40. Bidens cernua, L. Smaller Bur-Marigold. Virginia to Wisconsin

and southward.

41. Bidens chrysanthemoides, Michx. Larger Bur-Marigold. Common.

42. *Bidens Beckii, Torr. Water Marigold. Massachusetts to New Jer-

sey, Illinois, and northward.

* Pronounced injurious to carp ponds by Dr. Hessel.

260 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

LOBELIACE.E.

Lobelia Family.

43. Lobelia paludosa, Nutt. Delaware and southward.

44. Lobelia Dortmanna, L. Water Lobelia. Northern Pennsylvania to

New England.

LENTIBULACE^.

Bladderwort Family.

45. Utricularia inflata, Walt. Inflated Bladderwort. Maine to Vir-

ginia and southward.

46. Utricularia minor, L. Smaller Bladderwort. Ehode Island to Il-

linois and northward.

47. Utricularia clandestina, Nutt. Eastern New England, Western New

York, and New Jersey.

48. Utricularia intermedia, Hayne. New England and New Jersey to

Ohio, Wisconsin, and northward.

49. Utricularia striata, Le Conte. Long Island, New Jersey, and south"

ward.

50. Utricularia biflora, Lam. Illinois and southward.

51. Utricularia gibba, L. Virginia to Massachusetts, Northern New

York and Northern Illinois.

52. Utricularia purpurea, Walt. Maine to Virginia and southward.

53. Utricularia resupinata, Greene. Eastern Maine to Bhode Island.

54. Utricularia cornuta, Michx. Common.

55. Utricularia subulata, L. New Jersey, Virginia and southward.

SCROPHULAKIACE^.

Figwort Family.

56. HerpesUs rotundifolia, Pursh. Illinois and southward.

57. Herpestis amplexicaulis, Pursh. New Jersey and southward.

58. GraUola Virginiana, L. Hedge-Hyssop. Common.

59. GraUola spluvrocarpa, Ell. New Jersey to Illinois and southward.

60. llysanthcs gratioloides, Benth. False Pimpernel. Common.

61. Micranthemum Nuttallii, Gray. Banks of the Delaware Biver and

southward.

62. Limo.sella aquatica, L., var. tenuifolia Hoflm. From New Jersey

northward.

63. Gerardia purpurea, L. Purple Gerardia. Maine to Wisconsin and

southward.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 261

LABIATE.
Mint Family.

64. Mentha rotundifolia, L. Round-leaved Mint. Maine, New Jersey,

and Pennsylvania.

65. Mentha viridis, L. Spearmint. Common (natural from Europe).

66. Mentha piperita, L. Common (natural from Europe).

67. Mentha aquatica, L. Water Mint. Delaware.

68. Lycopus Yirginicus, L. Bugle-weed. Common, especially north-

ward.

69. Physotegia Virginiana, Benth. False Dragonhead. Western New

York to Wisconsin and southward. Bocks, Potomac shore.

GENTIANACEiE.
Gentian Family.

70. Limnanthenmm lacunosum, Griesbach. From Maine and New York

to Virginia and southward.

71. Limnanthemum trachyspermum, Gray. Floating Heart. Maryland

and southward.

POLYGONACE^.

Buckwheat Family.

72. Polygonum arifolium, L. Halberd-leaved Tear-thumb.

73. Polygonum hydropiperoides, Michx. Mild Water-pepper.

74. Polygonum sagittatum, L. Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb. Common.

PIPERACE^.

75. Saururus, L. Lizard's-tail. Common.

URTICACE^E.

Nettle Family.

76. Pileapumila, Gray. Richweed; Clearweed.

77. Bcehmeria cylindriea, Willd. False Nettle. Common.

ARACE^E.
Arum Family.

78. Peltandra Virginica, Raf. Arrow Arum. Common.

79. Calla palwtris, L. Water Arum. New England to Pennsylvania,

Wisconsin, and common northward.

80. Orontium aquaticum, L. Golden- Club. Massachusetts to Virginia,

and southward.

262 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

LEMNACE^.
Duck-weed Family.

81. Lemna polyrrhiza, L. Duckweed ; Duck's Meat.

TYPHACEiE.

Cat-tail Family.

82. Typlia latifolia, L. Common Cat-tail ; Reed-mace. Common.

83. Typha angustifolia, L. Small Cat-tail ; Narrow-leaved Cat-tail.

(Europe.)

84. Sparganium eurycarpum, Eng. Bur-reed. New England and Penn-

sylvania, northward and westward.

85. Sparganium simplex, Hudson. New England and northward.

(Europe.)

NAIADACE^E.

Pondweed Family.

86. Naias flexilis, Eostk. Naiad. Common. (Europe.)

87. Zannichellia palustris, Micheli. Horned Pondweed. Rather rare.

(Europe.)

88. Potamogeton amplifolius, Tuckerman. Pondweed. Not rare.

89. Potamogeton Claytonii, Tuckerman. Common.

90. Potamogeton compressus, L. Not common.

91. Potamogeton crispus, L. Delaware, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.

92. Potamogeton gramineus, L. The commonest form. (Europe.)

93. Potamogeton gramineus, L., var. spathulneformis.

94. Potamogeton gramineus, L., var. myriophyllus, R.

95. Potamogeton hybridus, Michx.

9G. Potamogeton lonchites, Tuckerman. New England to Illinois.

97. Potamogeton lucens, L. Not common. In the Potomac.

98. Potamogeton lucens, L., var. minor, Nolte.

99. Potamogeton lucens, L., var. Conuecticutensis.

100. Potamogeton natans, L. Common. (Europe.)

101. Potamogeton Niagarensis, Tuck. Rapids above Niagara Falls.

102. Potamogeton Oakesianus, Robbins. Not rare in Eastern Massachu-

setts.

103. Potamogeton obtusifolius, Mortens & Koch. Very rare. Pennsylva-

nia and Michigan.

104. Potamogeton pauciflorus, Pursh. Common.

105. Potamogeton pectinatus, L. Common.

10G. Potamogeton perfoliatus, L. Common.

107. Potamogeton prselongus, Wulfen. East New England and along the
Great Lakes to Lake Superior.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 263

108. Potamogeton pulcher, Tuckermau. Eastern Massachusetts, Missouri,

Georgia.

109. Potamogeton pusillus, L. Very common, especially southward.

110. Potamogeton Robbinsii, Oakes. New England, New York, Pennsyl-

vania, and Ohio.

111. Potamogeton rufescens, Sckrad. New England to Pennsylvania,

Illinois, and especially northward.

112. Potamogeton spirillus, Tuckerman. Maine to Lake Superior and

Virginia.

113. Potamogeton Tuckermani, Robbins. White Mountains, New Hamp-

shire, to Pennsylvania.

114. Potamogeton Vaseyi, Eobbins. Illinois, Massachusetts.

ALISMACE^E.
Water -Plantain Family.

115. Scheuchzeria palustris, L. New England to Pennsylvania, Illinois,

and northward.

116. Alisma plantago, L., var. Americanum, Gray.

117. Echinodorus parvulus, Engelm. Massachusetts and Michigan to

Illinois.

118. Echinodorus rostratus', Engelm. Illinois and southward.

119. Ecliinodorus radicans, Engelm. Illinois and southward.

120. Sagittaria lancifolia, L. Arrowhead. Virginia, and southward to

the West Indies.

121. Sagittaria variabilis, Engelm. New Jersey and southward.

122. Sagittaria calcyna, Engelm. Maine to Delaware, Wisconsin, and

southward.

123. Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh.

124. Sagittaria graminea, Michx. Eather common, especially southward.

125. Sagittaria piisilla, Nutt. From Eastern New Jersey and Philadel-

phia southward, near the coast.

12G. Sagittaria natans, Michx.

HYDROCHARIDACE^.
Frog's-bit Family.

127. Limnobium Spongia, Richard. A merican frog's-bit. Lake Ontario,

Illinois, and in the Southern States.

PONTEDERIACEtE.

plckerel-weed family.

128. Pontederia cordata, L. Pickerel- weed. Common.

129. ReterantJiera reniformis, Ruiz, and Pav. Mud Plantain.

130. Heteranthera limosa, Vahl. West Virginia to Illinois and south-

ward.

264 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

HYRIDACEJE.
Yellow-eyed Grass Family.

131. Hyris flexuosa, Muhl. Yellow-eyed Grass. Eastern Massachusetts

southward near the coast ; also Illinois, Wisconsin, and Michi-
gan.

132. Hyris Carol iniana, Walt. Rhode Island to Virginia and south-

ward. *

CYPERACE^E.
Sedge Family.

133. Cyperas phymatodes, Muhl. Vermont to Wisconsin, and common

southward.

134. Cyperus virens, Michx. Virginia and southward.

135. DulicMum spathaceum, Pers. Common.

136. Fuirena squarrosa, Michx. Massachusetts to Virginia and south-

ward ; also Michigan.

137. Eleocharis acicularis, R. Br. Common. (Europe.)

138. Eleocharis compressa, Sullivant. Northern New York to Ohio

and Illinois.

139. Eleocharis equisetoides, Torr. Rhode Island, Michigan, Dela-

ware, and southward.

140. Eleocharis intermedia, Schultes. New York and Pennsylvania

to Illinois and northward.

141. Eleocharis melanocarpa, Torr. Massachusetts to Virginia, and

southward.

142. Eleocharis microcarpa, Torr. New Jersey and southward.

143. Eleocharis obtiisa, Schultes. Most common.

144. Eleocharis olivacea, Torr. Massachusetts to New Jersey ; also

shore of Lake Ontario.

145. Eleocharis palustris, R. Br. Very common.

146. Eleocharis pyp ma ea, Torr.

147. Eleocharis quadra ngulata, R. Br. New York, Michigan, and south-

ward.

148. Eleocharis Rohbinsii, Oakes. New Hampshire to New Jersey and

southward.

149. Eleocharis rostellata, Torr. Rhode Island, East Massachusetts,

and Vermont to New Jersey, Virginia, Michigan, and south-
ward.

150. Eleocharis simplex, Torr. Eastern shore of Maryland and south-

ward.

151. Eleocharis tenuis, Schultes. Common.

152. Scirpus Canhyi, Gray. Maryland.

153. Scirpus c(cspitosus, L. New York and Northern Illinois.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 265

154. Scirpus debilis, Pursk. Massachusetts to Virginia and south-

ward.

155. Scirpus fluviatilis (Club-rush), Gray. Western Vermont to Penn-

sylvania, Wisconsin, and Illinois.

156. Scirpus mar it im us, L. Common on the coast and near salt springs

in the interior of New York.

157. Scirpus eriopliorum, Michx. Wool-grass. Clump-head Grass.

158. Scirpus lineatus, Michx.

159. Scirpus Olneyi, Gray. Rhode Island to Delaware and southward.

160. Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl.

161. Scirpus potyphyllus, Vahl. West, New England to Illinois, and

common southward.

162. Scirpus pungens, Vahl. Very common. (Europe.)

163. Scirpus Smithii. Wet shores, Lake Ontario to Illinois and Dela-

ware Bay.

164. Scirpus subterminalis, Torr. New Jersey and New England to

Michigan and westward.

165. Scirpus supinus, L. var. Hallii. Illinois and southwestward.

166. Scirpus sylvaticits, L. Eastern Massachusetts, New York.

167. Scirpus Torreyi, Olney. New England to Pennsylvania and Michi-

gan.

168. Scirpus validus, Vahl. Great Bulrush. Common everywhere.

169. Eriopliorum alpinum, L. Cotton Grass. New England to Pennsyl-

vania, Wisconsin and northward.

170. Eriopliorum raginatum, L. New England to Pennsylvania, Wis-

consin and northward.

171. Eriopliorum Virginicum, L. Common.

172. Eriopliorum polystachyon, ~L. Common northward.

173. Eriopliorum gracile, Koch. New England to Illinois and north-

ward.

174. Rliyncliospora alba, Vahl. Beak-Bush. (Europe.)

175. Rliyncliospora macrostacliya, Torr. Massachusetts, Rhode Island,

New Jersey, and southward.

176. Rliyncliospora scirpoides, Gray. Rhode Island, Massachusetts.

177. Carcx aquatilis : Wahl. New England to Wisconsin.

178. Carcx riparia, Curtis. (Europe.)

179. Carcx trichocarpa, Muhl. (Common.)

GRAMLNEiE.
Grass Family.

180. Eragrostis reptans, Nees. Common.

181. Arundinaria tecta, Muhl. Small Cane. Virginia, Illinois, and

southward.

Washington, D. C, June 20, 1882.

266 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

36.— AN IMPORTANT FISILWAY CAUSE.
By MERWIK P. SNELI..

The case of William Parker versus The People of the State of Illinois
has come to the supreme court of Illinois on a plea of error from the
circuit court of Kendall County. It is a somewhat important one from
a fish-cultural point of view, as it involves the question whether or not
a land-owner upon an unnavigable stream can acquire a prescriptive
right to obstruct the passage of fish by a dam which has no fish-way.

Mr. William Parker, the plaintiff in error, owns a Hour mill and a
furniture factory, which are situated upon his own land, on opposite
sides of the Fox River, in Kendall County, the necessary machinery
being moved by water-power supplied through the means of a dam with
a six-foot head. An Illinois statute, similar to ones existing in many
of the States, makes it the duty of all persons owning or erecting
dams to furnish them with suitable fish-ways, so that the migrating
species of fish may have free passage to and from their spawniug-
grounds. Mr. Parker, convicted before a justice of the peace for a vio-
lation of this act, appealed to the circuit court, in which judgment be-
ing rendered against him, he prosecutes a writ of error in the supreme
court of the State.

The rather elaborate argument of the counsel for the people, Messrs.
Eugene Canfield and R. P. Goodwin, appears in the Forest and Stream
for April 5, 1883, under the heading The Fox River Fish-way Case.

It had been claimed in behalf of Mr. Parker that the stream not be-
ing a navigable one, the right of fishing therein did not belong to the
public, but was vested in the riparian proprietors, and that, as the dam
bad been in existence for about fifty years without having caused any
complaint on the part of the other proprietors, its owner had acquired
against them a prescriptive right to prevent the passage of fish.

It was also held that the general act under which he was prosecuted
was unconstitutional, since it impaired the obligations of the contract
contained in a certain private act, passed in 1857, which allowed one of
his remote grantors the right to increase the height of the dam in <jues-
tion, and thus to cause the water of the stream to overflow the lands of
neighboring proprietors, upon making due reparation.

This latter branch of the argument has little general interest, as the
case is in this particular an unusual one, and the disputed points are
outside the range of what may be properly termed fishery law; it will
be sufficient to say that the counsel for the people seem to have demon-
strated, not only that nothing secured by the private act was affected
by the provision regarding the erection of fish-ways, but that the pri-
vate act itself had become void on the adoption of the State constitu-
tion of 1870.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 267

The first point, however, is one of considerable interest, and it may
be worth while to present the principal points of the argument in detail.

I. It is claimed by the plaintiff in error that, the stream being unnav-
igable, the question is one of private right, in which the people of the
State at large have no interest.

On the part of the people it is held : (1) That the fish, which are called
"game fish" in the statutes of the State, are game in the same sense
that birds and mammals not domesticated are (vide Phelps vs. Eacey,
60 K. Y., 10), and have the same legal status. The fact that they live
in the water iustead of in the air or upon the land makes no difference.
(2) "The ownership of all fish and game which are free or not domesti-
cated within the State, is in the State as the sovereign power, * # *
the right of capture being * * * a mere boon, expressly or impliedly
permitted by the State to the citizen, to be limited or revoked at pleas-
ure (Wagner vs. The People, 97 111., 320)." (3) "This being so, the
prescriptive rights claimed against the riparian owners who happen in
this regard to be injuriously affected by the obstruction to the free pas-
sage of fish amount to nothing. If, outside of the question of prescrip-
tion, the State, under what is called the police power, has a right to
regulate the passage of fish in the natural streams of the State for the
benefit of the people, or any portion of them, no prescriptive right can
be set up by one who maintains an obstruction in such a stream against
the will of the legislature expressed under the forms required by its or-
ganic law. One who had owned and occupied land in this State for
twenty years before the enactment of the first act of our legislature
making it unlawful to kill prairie chickens during a certain portion of
the year, might as well be allowed to set up as a defense to a prosecu-
tion for violating the act, that he had for the entire period of twenty
years killed every bird of that species which had come upon his land
during the prohibited season, and so had a prescriptive right to set the
law of the State at defiance."

II. It is claimed by the plaintiff that since the right concerned is a
private one, it may be prescribed for like other private rights; and he
having exercised it freely for nearly half a century, may clearly claim it
now by prescription.

On the other hand, leaving out the question of the police power of the
State, mentioned in the quotation just above, it is held: (1) That it is
well established that the time giving the right to any servitude (as in
this case giving to the owner of the dam the right to prevent fish by it
from reaching the lands of his neighbors) "does not begin to run until
the injury is done and becomes apparent." (See Washburn on Easements,
pp. 128, 129, 355, 408, and 530.) (2) That " it was not until a very recent
period that it became known that the spawning beds of the most valuable
fish which naturally frequent the stream in question, which largely
supply this stream, were the bayous and overflowed lands along the
Illinois and Mississippi Eivers, and that these mill-dams in any very

2G8 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

material respect tended to the depopulation of the streams of such fish."
(3) That, since the injury must be apparent when the time giving the
prescriptive right commences to run (1), and since the injury in this case
was not apparent until shortly before the time when the right was called
in question (2), it must follow that Mr. Parker cannot claim a prescrip-
tive right to obstruct the passage of fish by his dam. (4) That no one can
prescribe for a public nuisance (Washburn on Easements, p. 481). a.
"The appropriation to one's self of public property which should be
common to all is a purpestre and a public nuisance (Wood on Xuisances,
§ 14; Downing vs. The City of Aurora, 40 111., 481)." b. "The fouling
of a stream with waste from mills, like sawdust and the like, is of the
same character (Weazie vs. Divinel, 50 Minn., 495, 496 \ David vs. Wins-
low, 51 Maine, 93; Gerrick vs. Brown, lb., 250)." c. "From these cases
it appears that any use of property in a stream which violates that
'golden rule of the law' (State vs. Glen, 7 Jones, X. C, 327) Sic utere tuo
ut non alienum kedas, especially when it affects a large number of the
citizens of the State, constitutes a nuisance." d. Hence the right to
maintain an impassable dam, and thus deprive a water-course of fish,
is a public nuisance and cannot be prescribed for.

This is a test case, and upon its decision may largely depend the suc-
cess or failure of the efforts which are being made for the restocking of
those waters of the State concerned from which the most highly-
esteemed food-fishes have been driven by the encroachments of the
manufacturing interests. It is somewhat doubtful whether the common
law recognizes fish in an unnavigable stream to be in any sense public
property, and if it shall be held that the owner of a dam may acquire
by prescription a right to interrupt by its means the migrations offish,
in the face of a law requiring the erection of fish-ways, the latter will
become a dead letter and the good end for which it was devised will
fail of accomplishment. It does not seem probable, however, that such
a decision will be made, especially in view of the opinion of the Supreme
Court of the United States in the case of Holyoke County vs. Lyman (15
Wallace, 500), which is cited by Messrs. Canfield and Goodwin in that
portion of their argument bearing upon the question of the private act
mentioned in the first part of this article. They observed that by the
Supreme Court "it was held that the right to have migratory fishes
pass in their accustomed course up and down rivers and streams, though
not technically navigable, was a public right, and might be regulated
and protected by the legislature in such a manner, through such otficers,
and by means of such form of judicial process, as it might deem appro-
priate; and that every grant of the right to maintain a mill-dam across
a stream where such fish are accustomed to pass is subject to the con-
dition or limitation that a sufficient and reasonable way shall be allowed
for the fish, unless cut off by express provision or obvious implications
in the grant."

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 269

37.— STATISTICS OF THE FISHERIES OF THE UNITED STATES

IN 1S80.

TFroni the Compendium of the Tenth Census.]

The statistics of fisheries have been a blank, or, it would be more
proper to say, a blotted page of the census reports, ever since those
statistics were first sought to be obtained in 1850. It is questionable
whether the results obtained ever reached 20 if indeed they ever
reached 15 per cent, of the actual facts. The census of 1870 reported
a total value of products of ouly $11,000,000, among the items being
647,312 bushels of oysters. Statistics like these were only calculated to
briug the census into discredit, even when they did not have conse-
quences of a more practical nature, as in the international arbitration of
Halifax in 1877.

Under the provision of the act of March 3, 1879, the Superintendent,
in June, completed arrangements with Professor Baird, Secretary of the
Smithsonian Institution and president of the United States Fish Com-
mission, by which the scientific direction of a comprehensive investiga-
tion into the statistics of the fisheries and the fishmg populations of the
United States should be assumed by himself, while the administrative
charge of the service remained with the Census Office.

The details of the scheme having been arranged, a number of experts
and skilled assistants, under the personal supervision of G. Brown
Goode, were put into the field in the early summer.

Special canvassers, well trained for such inquiries, were engaged to
proceed in vessels along the entire eastern and southern coast, from
Maine to Texas, visiting every fishing port or fishing village, and col-
lecting the whole body of social and industrial statistics of the popu-
lations engaged in this occupation, together with all facts of economic
interest relating to the habits and the haunts of the various species of
fish, the methods and apparatus employed, the labor systems in vogue,
&c.

Other parties were engaged to canvass the Pacific coast, the northern
lakes, and the western rivers, while special agents were engaged to
work up the oyster fishery, and to obtain the statistics of the fish mar-
kets of the principal ports.

Some of these parties have now been four months in the field. The
character of the reports already received puts the success of this in-
vestigation beyond a reasonable doubt. Already large bodies of ma-
terial are being compiled and tabulated in this office. The work will
be actively prosecuted through the winter and the coming summer,
until every portion of the field shall have been covered.

270 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Statistics of the fisheries of the United States in 1880.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

Statea and Territories.

The United States

New England States

Middle States, exclusive of

Great Lake fisheries

Southern Atlantic States

Gulf States...

Pacific States and Territories.
Great Lakes

Alabama

Alaska

California

Connecticut

Delaware

Florida

Georgia

Illinois ,

Indiana ,

Louisiana

Maine ,

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New York

North Carolina

Ohio ,

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina

Texas

Virginia

Washington ,

"Wisconsin ,

Grand total.

o
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a

a
o

05
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Ah

m
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a

o

3

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o

3

No. Dollars. | Dollars.
131, 426 37, 955, 349 43, 046, 053

Pe ployed em ' A PP*™t u * -™4 ™pita!.

c
o

a

f-c

A

r

O

Vessels.

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E

3

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u

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a

3

3

pS

O

r.

H

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No. No. Dollars.

101, 684 29, 742 6, 605 208, 297. 82 9, 357, 282

37,04319,937,60714,270,393 29,838 7,205 2,060113,602.59 4,562,131

14, 981
52, 418

5, 131
16, 803.

5, 050

4, 426, 078
8,951,722

545, 584
2, 748, 383 i
1, 345, 975

8, 676, 579

9, 602, 737
1, 227, 544
7, 484, 750
1, 784, 050

12,584 2,397 1,210
38, 774 13, 644 3, 014

4, 382 749

11,613 5,190

4, 493 557

1,
11,
2fi,

2",
1,

1,

18,

635
130
094
131
979
480
899
300

52
597
071
008
117
781

35
186
414
220
266
274
046
835
552
310
005
601
864
744
800

38, 200'

447, 000 1

1, 139, 675

1, 421, 020

268,231

406, 117,

78, 770

83. 400

29, 360;
93,621

3, 375, 994

6, 342, 443

14, 334, 450

442, 6(if>

10, 160

8,800

200, 465'

1, 492, 202

2, 629, 585;
506, 561,
473, 800

1,131,350

119,810

590, 678 (

66, 275,

42, 400

1,914,119

30, 358,
222, 840;

119
2,661
1,860

1, 456
997
643
119

60

32

392

3,614

5,221

8,141

716,

5,

22

176

3, 170

4, 380,

845,

518,

2, 781
320,
880i
21
128.

3, 124
181
253

,275
,040
,714
,866
,695
,227
. 993
,100
,740
,610
,178
,715
, 750
,170
,200
,540
,684
,589
, 565
,595
,420
,024
,050
,915
,482
,300
,444
,372
,100

2,

545
6, 000'
2,089
2, 585;
1,662
2, 284!

809

265

45J

1, 300

8.110

15,873 1ii,

17, 16-| 2,

1.600

30i

110

376
5, 659,
5, 650
4,729

925
2,795

511
1,602

964

491
16, 051

729

730

4,

90

130

005

546

317

196

90

35

7

297

901

135

952

181

5

76

38

501

616

545

121

040

41

708

41

110

813

15

70

197

50

02

24

23,506.93 1,382,000

60, 886. 15 2, 375, 450

3, 009. 86, 308, 051

5, 463. 42' 546, 450

1, 768. 87 183, 200

317. 20

49

291

69

124

1

3

1

49

606

1, 450

1, 054

36

1

14,585

23
590
541

95
9

5, 246. 80

!), 215. 95

1, 226. 00

2, 152. 97

12. 00

209. 73

21. 90

539. 09

17, 632. 05

43, 500. 00 1,

83, 232. 17 3,

914. 42

33.59

1,019.05

10, 445. 90

11, 582. 51
1, 457. 90

359. 51

535, 350

514, 050

51, 600

272,645

450

8,500

2, 500

20, 821

633, 542

750, 000

171, 189

98, 500

5,000

11
92

22 1

321. 99

2, 502. 77

337. 32

1,440

11

15,578.93
216. 62
220. 25

51,500
545, 900

777, 600 1
39, 000
38, 400

10, 500!

191, 8501

15, 000

571, 000
11, 100

26, 700

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 271
Statistics of the fisheries of the United States in 1880.

Apparatus and capital — cont'd.

Value of products by fisheries.

Boats.

S3

A

a

a

B

06

fe

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ri

b a

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a *- ro

Is P.--B

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Sh
<0

IS
11

B

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O

£

(0

.B
xn

Dollars. Dollars. < Dollars. Dollars. Dollars. Dollars.
44, 8042, 465, 393 8, 145, 201 17, 987, 413 22, 405, 018 3, 323, 943 2, 289, 813

14, 787 739, 970 5, 038, 171

8, 293:
13, 3311
1,252
5,547
1.594

546, 647 674, 951
640, 508 1, 145, 878

50,173 52,823
404, 695] 467, 238

83, 400 766, 200

9, 597, 335 10, 014, 645

119

3,000

853

1,173

839

1,058

358

101

15

165

5,920

2,825

6,749

454

10

58

211

4,065

3,441

2,714

487

1,360

156

734

501

167

6,618

334

319

10, 215

60, 000
91, 485
73, 585
32, 227

28, 508
15, 425

2,000
1,650
4,800

245, 624
186, 448
351, 7363.

10, 345

900

4.600

7,780

223, 963

289, 885

123, 175

29, 830

246, 600
13, 272

61, 245
9,790

15, 000

292, 720

6,610

24, 975

1, 822, 480
4, 789, 886

134, 537
1, 330, 000

313, 175

2, 121, 385

2, 882, 294
2, 217, 797
713, 594
4, 792, 638
1, 784, 050

7,000

7,000

205, 840

375, 535

70, 324

39, 927
18, 445
11, 900
20, 210
18, 000

934, 593

297, 145:

528. 925 1

272, 920;

3, 700'

1, 6001

60, 385

232, 339

190, 200'

225, 436

253, 795

245, 750

40, 538
138, 733

25, 985

4,400

560, 763

8,648

145, 165

6,400

380, 000

307, 000,

457, 850

113, 080

65, 037

45, 450

61, 000

5,000

50, 000

1, 562, 235

4, 108, 850J

7, 282, 600

60, 900

500

2, 600

89, 800

490, 000

1, 171, 900

118, 950

151, 775

639, 000

55, 500

204, 850

15, 500

23, 000

489, 636

4,000

26, 000

74,

564,

1, 341,

383,

309,

426,

84,

60,

32,

192,

3, 576,

479,

5, 581,

716,

5,

12,

170,

949,

1, 689,
785,
518,

2, 776,
132,
302,
192,

81,
602,
109,
253,

408
202,' 1.50

500

201, 650

32, 048

325

640

314

887

029

527

993

100

740

610

678

388

204 2, 089, 337

170

200

540

634

678

357

287

420

724

550

242

482

000

239

960

100

111,851

2, 177, 962

408

2, 096, 500

15, 750

111, 851

4,300

61,412

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B
"3

CO

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a

u

a

*

Dollars. Dollars.
1, 116, 787 13, 403, 852

539, 722

1, 261, 385
315, 680

256, 205
941

11, 851
61, 769

1, 478, 900

4, 532, 900

7, 068, 852

313, 200

10, 000

44, 950

672, 875

687, 725

15, 950

35, 000

200, 000

37, 500

4, 730, 476

405, 550

A
x

«d

w>

B
O
A
CO

Dolls.
200, 750

200, 750

200, 750

a
•a

a

Dolls.
305, 890

3,890

302, 000

302, 000

3,890

10, 000
6,050
146,286 2,080,625
1,114,158 1,577, 05C,
60, 000

221, 748

303, 829

187, 500

356, 925

20, 000

47, 300

2, 218, 376

10, 000

1

2-

3

4

5

6

7

8

&

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

272 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

38.— PROPONED EXPORTATION OF WHITE I-' 1*11 EtiCiS TO SWIT-
ZERLAND.

By FRANK II. MASON,

United States Consul at Bash, Switzerland.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

I am in receipt of your highly esteemed favor of December 28th, and
beg to thank you very cordially for your very generous expression of
willingness to contribute some whitefish eggs toward the very timely
and valuable project of restocking the lakes of Switzerland. I have
communicated your suggestion unofficially to several leading Swiss
gentlemen, but the Government bas as yet no facilities for hatching the
eggs, and is only to a limited degree awakened or informed on this im-
portant subject. A gentleman of this city, Mr. Friedrich Gloser, jr., is
an ardent fish culturist, and has facilities for making a good use of the
eggs. If it is within your discretion to send 50,000 whitefish eggs to
this consulate, I would have them delivered to Mr. Gloser, and see that
they are properly used and yourself and the Government duly credited
therefor. I believe that it would be a very happy and judicious cour-
tesy to the Swiss people, and would be gratefully recognized.

Basle, Switzerland, February 28, 1883. .

REPLY BY PROFESSOR BAIRD.

There will be no difficulty whatever in sending to Switzerland some
eggs of American fish in their season. The application, however, should
come officially from the Government or some of its branches, so as to
have a proper diplomatic and international character. The American
whitefish is very much the same as the marane of Switzerland, or Core-
gonus marane. Whether they would care to add this American variety
to the list, it may be well to ascertain. It is too late now to make any
transmissions. Applications received by September, can be filled for
several varieties of salmonidce.

Washington, D. C., March 13, 1883.

39.— FIRST APPEARANCE OF PORPOISE.

By CHAS. W. SMILEY.

Under date of February 28, 1S83, Mr. Henry Y. Willets, keeper of
Life-Saving Station No. 34, Townsend's Inlet, near Ocean View, New
Jersey, reported as follows : " The first school of porpoise made their
appearance this day at this place."

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 273

Vol. Ill, No. 18. Washington, D, C. Sept. 6, 1883.

40.-TO-XNAGE OF VESSELS OF THE UIVITED STATES EMPLOYED IN
THE WHALE, COD, AND MACKEREL FISHERIES, FROM I860 TO
1882, INCLUSIVE.

By CIIAS. W. SMILEY.

[From figures contained in the annual reports of the Register of the Treasury.]

1800.
1801.
1802.
1803.
1804.
1805*
1806*
1807.

1808.
1809.
1870.
1871.
1872.
1673.
1874.
1875.
1870.
1877.
1878.
1879.
1880 .
1881.
1882 .

Tear ending .rime 30. —

Whale

Cotl

fisheries. fisheries.

Tons.

100, 841

145, 734

117,714

99, 228

95, 145

90, 516

105, 170

52, 384

71, 343
70, 202
67, 954
61, 490
51, 608
41,755
39, 108

38, 229
39, 110
40, 593

39, 700

40, 028
38, 408
38, 551
32, 802

Tons.

130, 053

137, 840

133, 601

117, 290

103, 742

65, 185

51, 642

44, 567

Mackerel
fisheries.

Tons.
20, 111
54, 795
80, 590
51,019
55, 499
41, 209
40, 589
31, 498

83,
62,
91,
02,
97,
109,
78,
80,
87,

91,

86,
79,
77,
76,
77,

704
460
865
54T>
519
290
207
802
085
547
885
538
137
863

Total.

Tons.
329, 605
338, 375
331,911
267, 537
254, 386
190, 910
203, 401
128, 449

155, 230
132, 900
159, 414
154, 355
149, 155
154, 274

117, 398

118, 436
126, 91»
131,678
126, 247

119, 913
115, 940
114, 688
110, 665

* The tonnage for 1865 and 1866 is partly by new measurement and partly by old.

Note. — The mackerel licenses have not been issued separately since 1867, when a general fishing
license was provided to replace cod and mackerel fisheries.

41.— STATISTICS OF THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF FISH, FISH-
OIL, WHALEBONE, ETC., FOR TEN YEARS ENDING JUNE 30, 1882.

By CHAS. W. SMILEY.

•

The following tables have been prepared from the annual reports of the
Bureau of Statistics of the Treasury Department, and are based on the
custom-house returns.

Attention may be called to the importation duty free of 109, 737, 420
pounds of fresh fish, valued at $3,242,506. Nearly all of this came from
Canada under the treaty of Washington.

The exports have constantly increased in quantity and value, due
doubtless in some degree to the successful participation of the United
States in the international fishery exhibitions held in Europe.

Bull. IT. S. F. C, 83 18

274 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

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'278 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

12. -REPORT <n I ill JltAI'M l«i IIMOI I) l> THE >l't4IX. of 1883
E\ THE PpTOJIA< RIVER A>D C HESAPEAKE BAY.

By Lieut. W. M. WOOD, U. S. N.

[From letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

I beg leave to submit the following report on the trap-nets fished this
season in the Potomac River from Bryant's Point to its mouth, and in
the Chesapeake Bay from the mouth of the Potomac, by way of the
Capes, to Cherrystone Inlet. The accompanying- table gives whatever
reliable data I have been able to obtain.

Wherever possible the catch of shad and herring was obtained, but
in most instances the owners of the nets were not to be found, and in
many others they had no record of the catch themselves.

The fishermen of the Potomac spoke of the catch this season as very
light, but the reports became more favorable as we came down the
bay, culminating at York Spit, where it was the best ever known. The
catch here exceeded that of last year by one-third, and the average per
net was from 10,000 to 25,000 shad, and immense numbers of herring of
which no account was kept. The fishermen on the Eastern Shore say
they never make very large catches of shad there; that they did fairly
this year, and considerably better than last season. The table shows
153 nets in the Potomac, 244 on the west side of the bay, and 15 on
the Eastern Shore, making 412 in all.

In some localities, instead of calling a net of two or more pockets a
single net, the fishermen speak of it as so many separate nets of a
single pocket each.

In some instances, these nets, in a line, one outside the other, belong
to different individuals, though to all appearances they are one net.
Whenever I was able to find out a net which had more than one pocket
it has been so specified.

Owing to the lateness of the season some few nets have probably
escaped my observation. After the shad season, most of the nets are
taken up, even as far down as York Spit. Comparatively few fish for
mackerel and summer fish.

Steamer Fish Hawk,

York River, June 21, 1883.

*The accompanying tables have been compiled in tbe office of the Fish Commission
from the more detailed tables furnished by Lieutenant Wood.— Editor.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 279
Shad and herring nets in the Potomac Elver, 1883.

Name of shore.

.

OJ

6f

99

-

a

,3

^tO

o

# a

s

T5

5

bi!

y-

POTOMAC KlVER.

Gut Landing

Gunnison Cove

Indian Head

Occoquan Flats

Deep Point

Stump Neck

Goose Bay

Liverpool Point and Sandy Point

Nanjemoy Reach

Upper Cedar Point

Port Tobacco Flat

Mathias Point

Pope's Creek

Mouth ot'Port Tobacco Creek

Prospect Hill

Clifton

Persimmon Point

Lower Cedar Point

Mouth of Machodic Creek

Picawaxen Creek

Machodic Flats

Cedar Island

Rozier's Creek

Bluff Point

Hollister's

White Point

Mattox's Creek

Bridge's Creek

Stratford Mills

Curioman....

Bagged Point

Moulhof Neal's Creek

Henry Creek

Saint" George Island Bar

Cornfield Harbor

Sandy Point, mouth of Ycomico River . . .
Lynch's Point, mouth of Ycomico River.

Hog Island, mouth of Coan River

•Great Keck, Coan River

Mouth of Cubitt's Creek

,3

a

4
6
6
2

2

2
2

3
4
4
8
2
12
2

1

3

1

2

1

3

1

2

1

4

2

3

1

2

3

7

4

14

1

5

1

1

1

5

2

6

1

2

1

1

1

3

1

5

1

2

1

1

3

3

1

1

1

2

3

3

6

11

2

• 2

1

1

a 3

,3=3

a

600
(a)
600
400
200

<s
M

o
o

a
3

Season's catch.

300

400
600

1, 025
300

1,450
300
300
200
300
300
(«)
(/)
200
700

1,400
500

:oo

5C3

600
200
75
300
500
300
100

(e)

C3

300

300

(&)

(c)
(b)
(d)

500
(e)
(b)

3,000
(9)

(h)

,100

200

100

(i)

U)

2, 500

1,500

bfj

a

15, 000

20, 000

(b)

(c)
(6)
(d)

100, 000
(e)
(6)

175, 000

(g)

(i)

35, 000
20, 000

(a) Two of the six pound-nets at Gunuison Cove measured 100 fathoms apiece.
(6) Catch small.

(c) The catch for three of the eight pound-nets at Port Tobacco consisted of 500 shad and 100,000
herring ; that for the rest is not reported.

(d) The catch for four of the twelve pound -nets at Pope's Creek consisted of 400 shad and 15,000 her-
ring; that for five of the remainder is said to have been small, and nothing has been ascertained
regarding that for the other three.

(e) Two of the four pound-neta at Machodic Creek measured 100 fathoms each and contained one
pocket apiece. Their catch consisted of 500 shad and 20,000 herring; that for the others is not
reported.

(/) One of the three pound-nets at Picawaxen Creek was 125 fathoms long.

(g) Catch fair.

(h) Two of the three pound-nets at Lynch's Point measured 100 fathoms each.

(£) The catch for one of the three pound-nets at Lynch's Point consisted of 4C0 shad and a very few
herring; that of one is reported small, and that of the third is unknown.

( j) The catch of nine of the eleven pound -nets at Hog Island consisted of 8,000 shad and 90,000 her-
ring ; that of the other two was slight.

280 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.
Shtid and herring nets in Chesapeake />'«.</. 1883.

Xame of shore.

WEST SHORE OF CHESAPEAKE BAT.

South of Smith's Point

Taskmaster's Creek

Danimeron's Marsh

Between North Point and Windmill Point.

Mouth of Rappahannock River

Inside of Rappahannock Spit

South side of Rappahannock Entrance.
Hill's Bay, mouth of Piancatank River .

South Shore

Gwynn's Island

Mohjack Bay

Wolf-Trap Spit

Dias Creek Bar

York Spit

York Spit and Too's Point.

-

B

Season's catch.

Cape Charles.
Picket's Hole.

Total.

BAST SHORE OF CHESAPEAKE BAY.

(a) Catch large.

(6) Three of the thirty-eight pound-nets at Taskmaster's Creek measured 100 fathoms each. Their
catch consisted of 3,500 shad and 95,000 herring; that for twenty-three was of fair size, and that for
the other twelve was very slight.

(c) Catch fair.

(d) The catch for fourteen of the sixteen pound-nets at Gwynn's Island consisted of 21,000 shad and
950.000 herring ; that for the other two is not known.

(e) Pour of the twenty-one pound-nets at Mobjack Bay contained one pocket, fourteen contained two
pockets, and three contained three pockets. The catch for one pound-net was fair, that for three was
light, and that for the remainder was not reported.

(/) The best season ever known, the nets averaging from 10,0C0 to 25,000 shad each, together with
great quantities of herring of which no record was kept. The catch was one-third larger than that of
last year, and greatly exceeded any catch made during the previous eight years.

(g) Two of the six pound-nets at Cape Charles measured 100 fathoms each. Their catch consisted of
1,000 shad and 10,000 herring; that for the others was fair, and better than last year.

(h) Catch fair and better than last year.

4:{.-EARL¥ CATCH OF MACKEREL..

By BARMET PHILLIPS.

[From letter to S. F. Baird.]

Mackerel in market today caught on Thursday [March 29] oft* Hat-
teras. In 1882 they were in New York markets on the 1st of April; in
1881 on the 23d of March.

Times Office, Xew York, March 31, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 281

44.-REARIIV« OYSTERS FROJU ARTIFICIALLY FERTILIZED E«C5S,
TOGETHER WITH NOTES OUT PONDCI'LTIRE, Ac.

By JOHN A. RYDER.

The desirability of testing tbe breeding of oysters in ponds in the
United States, as practiced for many years past in France, has long been
a desideratum.

In order to test the feasibility of such a method on a scale large
enough to give us practical results, an arrangement to carry out such a
scheme was finally effected with the Eastern Shore Oyster Company in
June of the present year. The beds near where the work was under-
taken are owned by Messrs. Pierce & Shepard, who afforded the writer
every opportunity to carry on his investigations, and also aided him
very materially in the work of experiment. A pond was excavated in
the salt marsh on the shore of Chincoteague Bay, on a farm situated at a
distance of about 2 miles from the village of Stockton, Worcester County ,
Maryland. This pond covered an area of about 50 square yards, and
was connected with the bay by a trench or canal about 10 feet in length,
2 feet in width, and 3£ feet in depth, which last was the same as that of
the pond itself.

The water which supplies this pond was filtered through a permeable,
porous gate, or diaphragm, which was placed in the trench connecting
the pond with the bay, and no water was allowed to enter the pond
which had not been first filtered through this diaphragm.

The diaphragm itself was constructed of boards perforated with
auger holes, and lined on the inside with gunny-cloth or sacking; and
the space between the perforated boards filled with sharp, clean sand.
The space between the boards was about 2 inches ; through this the tide
ebbed and flowed, giving a rise and fall of from 4 to 6 inches during the
interval between successive tides.

This apparatus, if it may be called such, constituted the receptacle
into which the artificially fertilized eggs of a number of oysters were
introduced every two or three days.

It was supposed, when tbe experiment was commenced, that some
difficulty would be experienced with a rise of temperature in the pond
in excess of that found in the bay, because the water was kept con-
fined and still, and constantly exposed to the direct raytj of the mid-day
sun. But to our surprise and gratification it was learned that the tem-
perature in the pond and in the bay was precisely the same at every
observation which was made in order to test this question.

Another question also arose in our minds as to whether it might not
be that the water in the pond might become less salt than that in the
open bay; in other words, that its specific gravity would be less than
that of the water iu the bay, owing to leeching from the banks of the
pond in addition to that precipitated during rains.

282 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

To our great satisfaction we were also agreeably disappointed to find
that the specific gravity of the water in the pond remained steadily
abont the same as that found to prevail in the bay. The specific gravity
in the pond was 1.018, and 1.020 at times in the bay. to as low as 1.0175,
and the fluctuation of the specific gravity of the water in the pond was
found to be about the same as in the bay.

At the head of the creek the specific gravity of the water was about
1.010. In this situation a good many oysters were living and growing;
but even this density is not so low as that prevalent in the waters of
Saint Jerome's Creek, where it fluctuates between 1.007 and 1.010, and
where excellent oysters are grown.

From numerous observations and considerations based upon the facts
of distribution, it is believed that the oyster in all cases thrives best
in waters of a specific gravity about such as has been indicated above,
or from 1.007 to 1.020.

Another equally important point to settle was whether a sufficient
amount of food would be generated in the pond to supply any young
or old oysters with nourishment. To our satisfaction we found im-
mediately after the diaphragm had been placed in the trench that
the confined waters of the pond acquired a distinctly brownish -green
tint, which we at first supposed was due to particles of dead, brown
organic matter. A microscopical investigation of the water showed
that in this we were in error, and that the brown color of the water was
largely due to the presence of innumerable microscopical plants, con-
sisting largely of diatoms, having brownish contents. It was also found
that immense multitudes of very small monads, with long flagella,
would collect upon floating chips and light objects at the surface of the
water during the warm mid-day hours. It seems, therefore, evident
that food was generated in abundance here, and greatly in excess of
what may be found in the open bay, and that one of the most impor-
tant conditions for the success of our experiment had been established.

The final results fully confirmed this conclusion, inasmuch as we
found that spat grew just as rapidly in the pond as in the waters of the
open bay. There is, moreover, no reason to suppose that it would not
grow to a marketable size just as certainly as spat collected in the na-
tural way.

COLLECTORS.

The collectors used in our experiment were of the simplest possible
character, the object being to make the experiment as practical in
character as possible. To this end stakes were driven into the bottom
of the pond, extending above the surface some distance, to which oys-
ter shells, with holes punched through, were attached after being strung
upon galvanized iron wire. A number of these simple collectors were
placed in the pond, each set being marked with the date on which they
were placed in position, in order to afford data for a more detailed
study of the results of the experiment.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 283

The first collectors of the kind described were placed in position upon
the same day when the first spawn was poured into the pond. This oc-
curred on the 7th of July last.

Other collectors were then put down at odd dates during the remain-
der of the month of July. The care of this portion of the experiment,
together with the spawning of the oysters themselves, was mostly in
the hands of Mr. H. H. Pierce, whose share in the work was, to say the
least, as important as my own.

METHODS OF TAKING AND INTRODUCING THE SPAWN INTO THE POND.

The oysters used for the purpose of spawning were taken from the
vicinity of the oyster-house, which stood only about twenty yards from
the pond, besides others which were obtained from the deeper waters
of the adjacent bay. It was found that the eggs of those from the shal-
low water near the pond were as readily fertilized as those from the
deeper water, and no difficulty was experienced at any time until to-
wards the latter part of July in obtaining an abundance of good spawn
for our experiments.

The oysters from which spawn was obtained were carefully opened by
removing the right valve and allowing the soft parts of the animal to
remain attached by the muscle to the left one. The spawn itself was
then pressed out of the generative organs by means of a pipette gently
stroked over the gland and out along the course of the efferent ducts,
so as to force the spawn out into the upper gill chamber, as described
in previous publications by the writer.

The sexes were distinguished apart very easily by what the writer has
described as the "drop test," which consists simply in dropping the
spawn from a pipette into a dish of clean sea-water and watching the
kind of cloud which it forms after it strikes the water. Invariably, if
the specimen was a female, the eggs would break up into a granular
cloud which could be very readily seen to be composed of very minute
whitish bodies if the transparent vessel was held up so as to look down
through it upon a dark ground below.

In case the specimen was a male the drop of milt would not so readily
break up, but would exhibit a somewhat glairy consistency ; and if the
drop was stirred in the water it would break up into wisps and streaks,
so as to appear, on a small scale, like a series of minute mare's tail
clouds such as are seen in the sky at times. This test was found so
practicable that we were able to readily teach a novice how to distin-
guish the sexes apart in one lesson.

The method of taking the spawn was just as easily learned by Mr.
Pierce and Mr. Shepard, both of whom soon became as expert as the
writer in the practice of the art of taking oyster spawn. The spawn
so taken was mixed together in a small dish. The milt and eggs placed
in contact at once were thoroughly stirred together and poured from
time to time, as the water became milky in the small glass collecting

284 BULLETIN OF THE T'NITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

vessel, into a wooden pail. This was repeated until it was believed
that a sufficient amount of spawn was mixed with the water in the pail,
which was then taken and poured into the pond at different points, in
order to distribute it over as great an area as possible.

Before the spawn was poured into the pond, however, it was allowed
to stand in the pail from three to five hours, in order to give it a chance
to develop to the swimming stage of the embryo. Fresh supplies of
water were also added once or twice during this time to that in tbe pail
in which the spawn was originally taken.

This briefly describes the processes used in conducting our experi-
ment; and while it bears a strong resemblance to the method used by
Mr. Brandely, it is really very different in that he had a second pond at
a higher level from which supplies of fresh water were drawn through
a sponge filter. In our case nothing of the kind was used; we depended
absolutely upon nothing else than the rise and fall of the tide for the
renewal of the water in the pond. We did, however, use a diaphragm
through which the water could pass and repass somewhat similar to
that u^ed by the French experimenter. The method used at Stockton
was, however, essentially the same as the apparatus devised by the
Avriter in 1880 and 1881, but which was designed and made on such a
small scale and under such unfavorable conditions that no practical
results were achieved.

RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT.

On the 22d day of August, or 40 days after the beginning of our ex-
periment, Mr. Pierce sent me by mail a series of shells taken from the
collectors, which had been placed in the pond at various dates during
the month of July, and which showed young oysters or spat attached,
ranging from one-fourth to three-fourths of an inch in diameter; demon-
strating conclusively that the young would grow just as rapidly in our
pond as in the waters of the open bay. Of this last fact I am positively
assured on the ground of previous observations made during the three
preceding seasons.

We are therefore prepared to assert that it is perfectly feasible to rear
oysters from artificially fertilized eggs, and, so far as I can judge, quite
as successfully as by the method of sowing shells on the bottom, now
largely practiced on the coastof Connecticut in the waters of Long Island
Sonnd. While our experiment has not shown that we could get a greater
set of spat than that ordinarily obtained under natural conditions on
planted shells, the experiment has settled several questions which are
of the greatest importance in the practical work of oyster culture.

One of the difficulties encountered was the same as that met with in
shell-planting in the open waters, namely, the accumulation of slime
and ooze on the surface of the collectors, which is so deadly to the in-
fant oyster when it is from one five-hundredth to one-ninetieth of an
inch in diameter, a very slight quantity of sediment serving at this

OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 285

time to smother the infant mollusk and arrest the flow of water through
its tiny gills, thus producing death by asphyxia.

THE FOOD OF YOUNG OYSTERS.

This slime I have determined, during the previous seasons, to be largely
composed of the very lowest vegetable organisms, namely, bacteria, or
those plants constantly associated with putrefactive processes, and even
accused of being the proximate or remote causes of contagious and in-
fectious diseases in man and the lower animals.

Any one, however, who has carefully studied the feeding habits of
the young oyster is soon convinced that it is upon these very low and
minute forms that the animal largely depends for food. In fact, it is
possible to frequently fiud young oysters in the stomachs of which mul-
titudes of these minute plants are rotating under the impulse of the
vibratile cilia with which the stomach is lined, the stomach itself being
a cavity not over the one four-thousandth of an inch in diameter, which
will give some idea of the minuteness of the food required to nourish so
tiny a creature.

It appears that in practice it will be impossible for us ever to pro-
vide against the generation of minute organisms which form the slimy
coating of fixed objects used as collectors in the water. But from the
foregoing considerations it would appear that the removal of the slime,
or the prevention of its deposit, is not altogether desirable, in view of
the fact that the minute plants comprising a large part of it form au
important element in the development of the young, serving, as we have
seen, to nourish it during its infant life.

UTILITY OF THE EXPERIMENT.

The practical utility of the experiment, in the writer's estimation,
consists in this, that it proves that ponds or inclosed areas of water
may be readily utilized on the eastern coast of the United States for cul-
tivating oysters in the same way as is practiced in France and other for-
eign countries. In fact there are many thousands of acres of salt marsh
all along the eastern coasts of the States of Virginia, Maryland, Dela-
ware, New Jersey, and perhaps New York, and Chesapeake, Delaware,
and Chincoteague Bays, wTiich could be readily converted into per-
manent and profitable planting grounds for the cultivation of oysters.

The great advantage of this method would be that the persons, con-
structing the inclosures or digging out ponds on their own territory,
would be absolutely protected by law from the incursions of the lawless
tongers whose rights and privileges are not yet as clearly defined in
some of the States as they should be. The method would also be of
advantage from the fact that inclosed areas properly constructed are
more accessible — in fact, could be so arranged as to be worked without
the use of boats. It would also be found that oysters would fatten and
come into condition for market at a relatively much earlier time in the

286 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

season than those planted in open, unconfined waters where cold cur-
rents interfere with the abundant development of food.

This view is borne out by the fact that green-gilled oysters are in-
variably fat, and 1 are usually found at the end of summer in more or
less confined waters, or under such conditions as would obtain in in-
closed areas in some degree similar to the one used in our experiment
at Stockton. In truth, the writer is now continued in the belief that
the green-gilled condition is due to an abundance of green microscopic
food, which is absorbed in large quantities so as to tint the juices and
finally the blood-cells of the animal, and that these green organisms are
multiplied under just the conditions afforded by more or less com-
pletely inclosed ponds or areas of brackish water.

THE REST COLLECTORS FOR MUDDY WATER.

The collectors best adapted for waters which contain a large amount
of organic matter in suspension are evidently brush or stakes support-
ing strings of oyster shells strung on wire, because the tide will con-
stantly tend to sweep the accumulated sediment off the surfaces of the
twigs and shells. Such collectors should of course be put into the water
upright, so as to cause the collecting surfaces to be far above the bot-
tom, which is usually covered to a depth of from a few inches to several
feet with black ooze or mud in such situations. The brush should be
thrust with the main stem down into the mud far enough to support the
branched top against the tide, and also be so placed as to bring the top
below low water. The stakes, with their load of shells, should be ar-
ranged in a similar way.

These two forms of collectors seem to me to be the cheapest and most
available in the practical work of spat collecting where the water con-
tains much sediment and the bottom is too deeply covered with ooze to
make shell planting profitable. Where the ooze is too deep shells will
rapidly sink into it so as to be entirely covered, and afford no surface
to which young spat can attach itself and grow.

By means of some such method a large area can be rendered profit-
able as planting ground which is now utterly barren and useless for
such purposes.

These are mere suggestions, but I am fully convinced from the facts
which have come under my observation during the last three years that
they are very important ones, because in many cases it is evident that
all that is needed to get spat is to afford surfaces upon which it may
attach itself in those situations where the bottom is deeply covered
with mud and where the fixation of spat and the establishment of oys-
ter-beds is often, without such provision, a sheer impossibility. The im-
portance of placing collectors in such places must, therefore, be evident
to the intelligence of the most ordinary person.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 287
OBSERVATIONS UPON OYSTER SPAT AT WOODS HOLL, MASS.

Iii the early part of the month of August my attention was called to
a number of wooden buoys lying on the beach near the light-house es-
tablishment at Woods Holl, and which had been taken from the upper end
of Buzzard's Bay, near Cohasset. These wooden buoys were replaced by
others during the early part of July. Upon examining the surfaces of
a number of those which had been removed from their former position,
it was found that they were covered with a remarkable "set" of young
oysters ranging in size from one-ninetieth to one-eighth of an inch. In
some cases as many as twenty-live young oysters might have been
counted on a surface of one square inch. Every available clean sur-
face was covered more thickly thau I had ever observed anywhere in
either the Chesapeake or Chincoteague Bays. It was evident that the
attachment of spat in this case would have been very great in that
vicinity had there been an abundance of collectors placed in position
in the early part of the month of July or the latter end of June, the
time which seems to be the most important period at which to place
collecting apparatus in position, as shown by my observations in Chin-
coteague Bay, where I am satisfied that little or no spat caught on any
sort of collecting apparatus previous to the 1st of July, although oys-
ters in the vicinity may have been spawning much earlier.

This point was determined by the following method : Upon examining
the shells and old oysters in Chincoteague Bay, about the end of June,
I soon became convinced that all the young oysters then visible be-
longed to the set of last season. Two facts served to prove this ; the
first was that the larval shell was eroded or eaten off of the beaks of
the spat shells by the carbonic acid in solution in the water. It was
also evident that these young oysters had made a second growth which
belonged to this year, because a distinct offset or line indicating as
much could be detected on the outside of the upper valve of every
specimen which was examined. These data serve to finally fix the ap-
proximate time at which the set of spat occurs in the latitude of Chinco-
teague Bay. But it is evident that this time is somewhat later in Buz-
zard's Bay, on the coast of Massachusetts, from the fact that the spat
observed in that neighborhood averaged much smaller than that from
the more southern waters alluded to above.

THE SET OF SPAT IN BUZZARD'S BAY.

During the second week of August, in company with Vinal N. Ed-
wards, I made a trip on the steam-launch from Woods Holl to the head
of Buzzard's Bay to examine the set of spat in that region, having been
encouraged to do so by what I had witnessed on the buoys brought in
from the neighborhood some weeks before. Going to a point of land
covered largely by coarse gravel, we found that a planter had sown a
considerable area with clam and oyster shells. It was ascertained that

288 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

immense numbers of spat bad been caught, ranging from about one-
sixteenth to three-eighths of an inch in diameter; the average size was
probably about three-sixteenths of an inch. In some cases a single
shell was found to giv«- attachment to more than 100 young oysters of
the sizes mentioned.

It is evident, of course, that a large proportion of these, owing to
their being so crowded, could not possibly survive much beyond the
time when they would grow large enough to crowd each other and
come in contact at their edges. Many would necessarily be killed in
the course of growth from this cause, so that it follows that it is not
desirable that spat should catch m> thickly as in this case. Indeed it is
probable that a set of three to five young oysters on one shell has a
better chance to survive than a much larger number. But the question
here raised can only be settled by future observations made by compe-
tent persons, though it is true that the author has made some observa-
tions which afford almost positive proof that young oysters are some-
times killed by overcrowding while still quite small.

THE SET OF SPAT IN 1883 IN DIFFERENT OTHER LOCALITIES.

The set of spat on planted shells, and on all kinds of objects in the
water, seems to have been unusually large during the past summer.
Reports from various sources indicate as much; since it is a fact that
shells planted in Buzzard's Bay, as noted above, have had in some
places an unusual crop of young oysters fixed to them.

In Long Island Sound the planted oyster shells have had an enormous
number of spat attached, as is shown by a report in the Hartford Times.

The shells in the vicinity of New Haven, according to this report, cost
seven cents per bushel. The firm of the Smith Brothers, who, by the
way, sold $30,000 worth of oysters last year, have sown 130,000 bushels
of shells on their 350 acres of oyster farm land this year, at a cost of
about $17,000. The set upon their shells is an unusually large one, and
has caused considerable excitement amongst the oyster-men in the
vicinity.

The Smith Brothers tried only four of their beds. One of these was
sown with shells by a younger brother last spring, who put his mite of
$500 into the work. His lot seemed to be the most thickly covered with
spat; and one of the firm offered him $3,000 in hard cash for it, but he
declined the proffer with thanks.

In Chiucote;igue liny Messrs. Pierce & Shepard have also sown some
ground with shells this season. The result has been most gratifying,
in that a very good set has been found on them.

In the southern waters, especially in Chesapeake Bay, the sowing of
shells has not been practiced to the extent that it probably will be in
the course of the next few years, when the method is more favorably
known.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 289

Vol. Ill, jYo. 19. Washington, D. C. Sept. 18, 1883.

One advantage of oyster culture in the Chesapeake over that prac-
ticed in Long Island Sound and the more northern waters is, I believe,
to be noted in the fact that starfishes are not as abundant; nor have I
ever heard that they were as destructive as they are farther north. The
experience of Messrs. Pierce & Shepard proves conclusively that what
applies to the practice of shell-planting in Long Island Sound is equally
applicable in the waters of Chincoteague Bay, and, inferentially, in those
of the Chesapeake.

ENEMIES.

There are some " drills," or boring whelks, which are found in Chinco-
teague Bay', that bore into the shells of living oysters and cause some
destruction, but not, so far as I could learn, to a serious extent.

These molluscan enemies of the oyster are found more or less abun-
dantly in all waters in which oyster culture is practiced ; and are prob-
ably one of the necessary evils to be encountered in the business, to-
gether with the boring sponge, which eats into the shells and which
seems to be found in greater or less abundance wherever oysters grow.

PROPER CONDITIONS.

The idea that a rough, ragged surface is necessary upon which oyster
fry may readily catch, is a fallacy. The prime condition that is neces-
sary in order that the fry may adhere, and live, to any surface put down
for collecting purposes, is that that surface shall be clean and remain
so long enough for the young oyster to get large enough to take care of
itself in some measure.

It is doubtless true that where oyster shells are pretty thickly sown,
the interstices between the shells serve to some extent to retain the
fry whilst they are still in the swimming stage; but rough surfaces
are not at all essential, in that we find spat sets as thickly on the smooth
inner surface of oyster shells as upon the rough outer one.

METAMORPHOSIS OF THE FRY.

When the young oyster ceases to swim, and attaches itself, it un-
doubtedly grows considerably after the time of attachment before its
valves lose the perfect symmetry of the larval stage. This has been
proved by the examinations which 1 have made of the spat caught on
the buoys brought to Wood's Holl. This is also evidence that the writer
is probably correct in his statement that the young oyster attaches very
soon, or within 24 to 48 hours after the eggs have been fertilized, as an-
nounced in his paper on the "Fixation of the fry of the oyster," pub-
lished in Bulletin United States Fish Commission, vol. 2, 1882, pp. 383
to 387. Another fact confirming this opinion is the circumstauce that it

Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 19

200 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

is impossible to start the larval shell of the oyster from its surface of
attachment, after it has acquired the umbones and before it begins to
develop the spat shell, without breaking it. This is proof that the shell
of the fry has been glued to its surface of attachment at a very early
stage; and it is also a fact that it is invariably the left valve which is
undermost with its beaks directed towards the left side.

COMPARATIVE FREEDOM OF THE WATER FROM SUSPENDED MATTER.

The northern waters where oysters are grown seem to be clearer and
less fall of suspended particles, at least in Buzzard's Bay, than in the
Chesapeake. This may be one reason why the spat catches in such
abundance in certain places, sticking to gravel, dead shells, bowlders,
stones, buoys, and all kinds of fixed objects having clean surfaces. It
may be that the water of the Chesapeake, holding more sediment in
suspension, is less favorable for the attachment of spat than that of the
clearer northern oyster regions. At any rate, the deposition of sedi-
ment at some places in the Chesapeake proceeds at an unusually rapid
rate, which would naturally, as explained above, interfere with the at-
tachment of the fry. This has suggested to the writer the practicability
of transporting small spat from the northern waters to the more south-
ern, inasmuch as it seems that a greater proportion of spat will catch
and grow on the same area there than in the south. Certain it is that
quite young spat may be transported, say from the Chesapeake to
Chincoteague Bay, and survive the journey and grow very rapidly, as I
had opportunity to learn during the past summer on the grounds of
Messrs. Pierce & Shepard. Whether it would be profitable to trans-
port small spat for long distances, and whether it would survive such a
journey could, of course, only be learned by actual experiment; but it
is possible that the experiment would be worth a trial.

ABSORPTION OF BRACKISH WATER BY SALT-WATER OYSTERS.
The growers who carry on the cultivation of the oyster practic • in
many places what is called "plumping" or puffing up oysters Cor mar-
ket by exposing them for a short time to the effects of water fresher
than that in which they grew. One party at Franklin City has actu-
ally used steam heat in order to warm fresh water to 05° or 70° Fahr.
in winter, so as to get the oysters to open their valves and take in
enough fresh water to puff up their flesh and give them a better appear-
ance in the market. By this process the animal does not acquire any
additional matter except the water, which is taken up in great amount,
but it loses a part of its saltness, and, in flavor, becomes more like an
oyster from brackish waters.

EFFECT OF SEA WATER ON BRACKISH-WATER OYSTERS.

It is a remarkable fact that just the reverse effect will be produced
on the flesh of oysters which are carried from brackish into water which
is more salt. This was shown by taking some oysters from Buzzard's

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 291

Bay and bringing thein to Wood's Holl, where they were kept supplied
Avith water running from a faucet for several days. At the end of that
time the soft parts had shrunken to a remarkable degree and acquired
a toughness and leathery consistency in marked contrast with that ob-
served in the animals before the experiment was tried. These effects
are produced, as is well known, by osmotic action.

STORAGE FLOATS.

An ingenious system of floats, which are raised and lowered by means
of windlasses, are used in this work by Mr. Conger, of Franklin City,
Md. This apparatus is a great convenience in storing oysters tempo-
rarily near the oyster houses, where they are packed for market. The
floats are 20 to 25 feet long and 7 or 8 feet wide, with a bottom made of
strong slats. The windlasses are supported on the tops of four piles
driven into the mud in two pairs, one at either end of the float.

ECONOMICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STOCKTON EXPERIMENT.

The success in rearing oysters from the eggs, as practiced at Stock-
ton the past summer, admits of no doubt whatever ; inasmuch as there
could be no question as to the identity of the eggs from which the spat
which caught ou the collectors was derived. No other ova could by
any means have gained access to the inclosure, so as to vitiate our re-
sults. But this success I do not esteem of as much value as the facts
of collateral importance which it has substantiated. These are the fol-
lowing:

First. It has proved that oysters may be grown in inclosed ponds.

Secondly. It has proved that an abundance of food will generate in
such inclosures.

Thirdly. It has proved that we can depend upon the tide to renew
the waters of such ponds.

Fourthly. It has been shown that the cost of digging out ponds on an
extensive scale would be a comparatively inexpensive undertaking, be-
cause no digging is required except such as can be done with a spade.
The nature of the salt marsh is such that it can be cut into any shape
desired ; the black muck of the marsh being interpenetrated with great
numbers of roots and decayed fibers of vegetable matter which render
it tough, so that it can be cut out in solid blocks. About the depth of
what would be taken by three superimposed spadesfull is a sufficient
excavation for the purposes of pond culture in many places. There are
thousands of acres along the eastern coast of the United States of salt
marsh lauds which are available for pond culture, besides the ground
already occupied off-shore ; so that the development of the industry
seems to be practically unlimited. Wherever the water is fresh enough
to grow oysters, and where such marsh lands also exist, the construction
of ponds for oyster culture is feasible ou just as grand a scale as is now
practiced on some parts of the coast of France.

292 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

The writer does not think that the rearing of oysters from artificially
impregnated eggs will ever be a profitable business, in that it is likely
that collecting spat by simple and inexpensive methods, such as the
use of brush, shells, gravel, and other cheap, clean materials, will
always yield as good results on a large scale as any artificial method
could possibly give. But it is possible that we greatly underestimate
the value of wholly artificial methods.

NOTICE OF A PARASITE OR COMMENSAL OF THE OYSTER, WITH

REMARKS ON ITS DISTRIBUTION.

About a year since, M. Adrien Certes, of 21 Eue de Jouy, Paris,
announced, through the pages of the Bulletin of the Zoological Society
of France, that he had met with an organism inhabiting the stomach and
intestines of the oyster, which presented some remarkable characteris-
tics, and which was allied to a parasite found in the blood of the frog,
and to another species found in the intestines of birds.

The writer first noticed this creature in the stomach and intestines of
the American oyster during the summer of 1880, and then supposed it to
be nothing more than a small vegetable organism allied to Vibrio, and has
made some allusion to it under that name in his report to the Maryland
Commissioner for that year.

M. Certes has since shown that this identification is an error, as well
as a later name which the writer had proposed, namely, Spirillum ostre-
arum. A more critical examination has shown that it is often found in
great numbers in the stomach, especially at its hinder extremity, in
which a singularly transparent rod is embedded. In this place they
are sometimes found in vast numbers. They do not seem to be a true
parasite, but are rather to be regarded as a messmate inhabiting the
alimentary tract of the oyster. They are very minute, thread-like
organisms, which are provided with an extremely delicate, narrow frill
or membrane, which is wound spirally around the body of the animal.
The living creature moves rapidly across the field of the microscope,
looking very much like a minute animated spiral spring, rotating with
a screw-like motion through the liquids taken from the stomach and
gut of the oyster. This creature has been encountered by the author
in the contents of the stomachs of oysters in Washington and Phila-
delphia; also at different places on the shores of the Chesapeake and
Chincoteague Bays, and even as far north as Buzzard's Bay. It there-
fore seems to be a constant inhabitant of the oyster. It has also been
found in other portions of Europe besides the place where it was origi-
nally found by M. Certes, who first noticed it in oysters taken from the
vicinity of Marennes. This gentleman, in a letter to the writer, dated
August 7, says that Professor Motrins has also found it in the oysters of
the North Sea. The animal found in the American oyster is apparently
very similar if not identical with that found in the fiat oyster (Ostrea
edulis) of Europe.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 293

Professor Motrins has published an account of his discovery in No.
134 of the Zoologiseher Auzeiger, of the 19th of March, 1883.

The discovery of this parasite and its subsequent study was made in
precisely the same way as by the writer. The contents of the stomach
of the oyster were removed by thrusting a pipette or medicine-dropper
into the mouth of the animal, and drawing out by that means the juices
and the microscopic food which the stomach contained. Almost every
other oyster examined, and sometimes every one, will be found to be in-
habited by this creature ; but no ill effects, so far as the writer is aware,
are traceable to its presence when infested oysters are consumed by man
as food. It seems to be a perfectly harmless commensal or pensioner
upon the oyster whose stomach it inhabits.

THE FOOD OF THE OYSTER.

The method of removing the contents of the stomach of the oyster
with a pipette is valuable for another very important purpose, namely,
to learn the nature of the food which the animal had taken shortly be-
fore. This season, while examining oysters in Chincoteague Bay, with
this object in view, I found that the adults were guilty of swallowing
sometimes as many as 200 of their own young at one meal. These young
oysters ranged in size from one five-hundredth to one two-hundredth of
an inch in diameter, and already had the shell developed; and the
larger ones were found to be themselves feeding, inasmuch as food could
be seen in their stomachs.

Besides these young oysters a good many oyster eggs were also found
amongst the contents of the stomach, together with spermatozoa, dia-
toms, the very youngest stages of barnacles, and the shells or external
coverings of a singular infusorian, which was identified as a species of
lintinnus. Of this last organism, several thousands of tbeir shells were
sometimes met with in the contents of the stomach of a single oyster.

The fact that adult oysters swallow their own young and eggs shows
that they may be, in this way, to some extent, destructive of their own
species.

The investigation of the contents of the stomach and intestines of the
oyster by the method already described on an extensive scale in differ-
ent localities along the eastern coast of the United States is important;
because it is a well-known fact that the flavor of oysters varies or is af-
fected by local causes which are probably mainly the food and the saline
condition of the water in which they grow.

The contents of the stomachs of a great number of individuals could
be very readily removed and preserved for investigation by the means
which the writer has used. The identification of the minute vegetable
and animal remains in such material preserved for study could readily
be carried on by specialists versed in the characters presented by the
various forms.

Possibly the most important of the food elements of the oyster are
diatoms. These free-swimming, minute plants are found in vast num-

294 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

bers wherever oysters grow, and are numerous in species; so tbat the
subject would be worthy of the attention of some one who had devoted
extensive study to them. By such a course it would be possible to de-
termine whether the diatoinaceous flora of a given district where oysters
are grown differed essentially from the diatomaceous flora of another:
and it might in this way be possible to get at the reason why oysters
from different localities differ in flavor.

THE POPULAR DELUSION REGARDING GREEN-GILLED OYSTERS.

For many years green-gilled oysters in England and France have
been more highly esteemed by the epicure than the white-fleshed ones;
in consequence of which fact the growers have made every effort to cater
to this singular taste. They have also found it a profitable taste to
cater to; because the green-gilled oysters are higher in price in the
markets of Europe than the white fleshed ones. The only place in the
United States, so far as the writer is aware, where this taste has been
developed is in the city of Norfolk, Va. ; where it is said that green-
gilled oysters are worth five cents per quart more than white-fleshed
ones. The prevalence of this peculiarity in a large proportion of the
oysters from the Chesapeake Bay and Rappahannock Eiver last winter
was the cause of a serious decrease iu the value of the affected product.
Every test, chemical, physical, and gastronomical, which has been tried
at the instance of various investigators, has shown that the consumption
of green-gilled oysters is never attended with evil effects. In fact, it
has been proved that the green color is in no way due to copper, as
has been asserted by ignorant or prejudiced persons. In truth, the
color is due to a harmless vegetable coloring matter absorbed from the
food upon which the animal feeds, and is very nearly identical in com-
position with the green coloring material found in the leaves of trees.

It is to be hoped that the public mind maybe educated up to the
point where they will fully comprehend the fallacy of the belief that the
green of oysters is due to copper ; because it may be said that any such
quantity of a copper salt which would produce the green color of oys-
ters would necessarily be fatal to the animal itself.

To sum up, it may be said that the doctrine that the green color of
oysters is due to copper is utterly fallacious, and without a shadow of
foundation in fact.

It was formerly believed that the acquisition of the green color was
confined to the oyster, but I have recently learned that the soft and hard
clam are both affected under certain conditions and at certain times by
a similar alteration in the tint of the gills, which is doubtless due to pre-
cisely the same cause as the same condition in the oyster. This is
all the more likely, because the food consumed by these two animals
is very similar to that consumed by the oyster ; but that they should
be in any way deteriorated in quality by the acquisition of this green
color is in the highest degree improbable.

\Yoods Holl, /September ■!, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 295

45 SPAWNING OF ESOX (PIKE OR PICKER£l)IIV NORTH CAROLINA.

By E. II. WALKE.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

I have been setting gill nets in Salmon Creek. Last Wednesday
morning I caught eight pike or pickerel, and four of them were ripe. I
tried to impregnate the eggs, but they had been dead too long. I hope
to be able to get some more ripe ones. I thought you would like to
know what time they spawned.

Avoca, Bertie County, K. C, February 21, 1883.

46.— SUMMARY OF DISTRIBUTION OF FISH BY ONE CAR DURING

THE PAST SEASON.

By ITIAKSHAl,!. McBOIVAM*.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

Mr. Moore's report on the season's work has just come in. The fol-
lowing summary will be of interest to you. The number of miles trav-
eled by car No. 1 in the carp, salmon, and shad distributions aggre-
gates 31,993. The number of shad distributed was 6,715,000, of herring
5,550,000, of carp 113,605, and of salmon 450,000.

United States Fish Commission, August 8, 1883.

47.-THE MOVEMENTS OF SCHOOLS OF MACKEREL..

I
By S. J. MARTIN.

[From letters to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

The mackerel catchers along this coast are doing poorly. Mackerel
are plenty on the eastern shore, l>ut they are small ones, and mesh in the
seine, and before they can be picked out the dogfish destroy the net-
ting. Two vessels have come in with seines spoilt. There were five
vessels in Boothbay yesterday repairing their seines where the dog-
fish had eaten them. As I told you in my last letter, the large mackerel
come up once a week, stay one hour, and then sink. They are full of
feed.

All the vessels which were in the Bay of Saint Lawrence came home
with full fares, and have all gone back agaiu. One vessel arrived from
the bay this morning with 450 barrels, which she caught in twelve days.
She reports that mackerel were abundant when she left. Two vessels

296 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

were at the Seven Islands, and found plenty of mackerel, but too near
the shore to be caught with deep seines.
Gloucester, Mass., August 28, 1883.

Mackerel have been abundant in the Bay of Saint Lawrence during
the mouth of August. All the vessels which were there got full fares.
1 have been informed by Captain Smith, of the schooner Fred. P. Fry,
that there is plenty of food for the mackerel in the bay, an animal which
the fishermen call "all eyes." He says there are small mackerel, not
over two inches long, all along the coast of Prince Edward Island.
Most of the vessels which have arrived from the bay are going back,
and some that were fishing on this shore have gone there. Captain
Smith says that the school of mackerel which was on this shore last
year is the same one which is in the Bay of Saint Lawrence this year.

It is a hard thing to keep the run of the mackerel on this coast.
Some vessels after being away four weeks come home with no fish.
Others return in three weeks with full fares. The latter is not often
the case this year. Two vessels arrived last Wednesday with full fares
of large mackerel, caught 30 miles S. E. from Petit Manan light, Bay
of Fuudy. They saw their mackerel in the night. In three nights the
two vessels caught 340 barrels each. The mackerel were large, and
out of 340 barrels 150 barrels were number ones, very large, and fat as
pork; the fattest mackerel I have seen on the coast in the last five
years. The small mackerel which were so plenty on the coast have
disappeared. They show up once a week. The fact that the mackerel
are so fat shows that their food is all below the surface of the water.
I think if the vessels had all carried their bait-mills, and had plenty of
bait, they could tole plenty of mackerel to the surface. Schooner Frank
Foster arrived last Thursday from the Bay of Fundy. The captain says
he caught 40 barrels of large mackerel on a hook and line, and that he
could tole them up with bait anywhere to the eastward of Mount Desert,
Bock.

Squid have been very plenty this season. During the months of July
and August there were plenty of squid at Barnstable Bay, Grand Banks,
Green Bank, George's Bank, Western Bank, and all along the Nova
Scotia shore. Last Wednesday the schooner Northern Eagle, thirty-
five miles southeast from Monhegan Island, Me., fell in with what was
supposed to be a school of mackerel. The crew set their seine and
caught 100 barrels of squid. Schooner E. W. Merchant caught a load
of squid at Saint Ann's, and carried them to Saint Pierre, Newfound-
land, but could not sell them. She then went to the Grand Banks, but
there Mere so many squid there that she still was unable to dispose of
hers. She then brought them home and stored them.

Gloucester, Mass., August 31, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 207

48.-KOTESON THE FISHERIES OF GLOUCESTER, MASSACHUSETTS.

By S. J. MABTIW.

[From letters to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

The mackerel fishery.— There have been ten arrivals from the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence bringing 3,490 barrels of salt mackerel. All
report mackerel to be plenty in the vicinity of Prince Edward Island, and
some of the mackerel catchers are going back to the bay. The large
mackerel are scarce on this shore. I do not think mackerel come to the
surface much, for the following reason :

Capt. George H. Martin came in last Monday with 130 barrels of
mackerel, 120 barrels of which he caught in one day, August 16, on the
western part of the Seal Island grounds. At sunrise the mackerel came
to the surface as far as the eye could see. He set a small seine and a
large one. In one hour after he had taken the 120 barrels, there was not
a fish to be seen. He staid on the same ground eleven weeks, when the
mackerel again came to the surface and staid half an hour. Some of
the vessels got good hauls. This has been the case off Mount Desert,
Matin icus, and Isle au Haut. The mackerel are full of red-seed, called
by the fishermen "cayenne." When the mackerel are plenty there are
also many birds hovering over the water.

Porgies. — Porgies are plenty now. Nine vessels baited in Salem
Harbor. There are two vessels at Salem seining porgies. The weirs
at Portsmouth are full of porgies. There are also plenty at Newbury-
port and Hyannis.

The cod iishermen on the Grand Banks are all coming home with full
fares, and they report a plenty of squid at the Grand Banks.

Gloucester, Mass., August 22, 1883.

Monthly summary.— The amount of fish landed at Gloucester dur-
ing the month of August was as follows: Eighteen vessels from the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence brought G,184 barrels of salt mackerel ; one
hundred vessels from the Eastern Shore landed 13,401 barrels of salt
mackerel ; 305 barrels were caught in traps in the vicinity of Cape
Ann ; one hundred and eight vessels arrived from Georges Bank with
1,808,0U0 pounds of salt cod, and 57,000 pounds of fresh halibut ; twenty
vessels arrived from the Western Bank with 122,000 pounds of salt
codfish, and 10,500 pounds of salt halibut; one vessel arrived from
Banquereau with 280,000 pounds of salt codfish, and 3,000 pounds of
salt halibut ; forty-two vessels from the Grand Banks brought 5,005,000
pounds of salt codfish and 01,000 pounds of salt halibut; nineteen ves-
sels from Grand Bank also brought 708,000 pounds of fresh halibut.
The shore vessels landed 19,(100 pounds of salt pollock, 24,000 pounds

298 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

of salt codfish, 100,000 pounds of salt bake, and 1,000 pounds of salt
cusk. The small boats landed 20,000 pounds of fresh fish (mixed),
2,000 pounds of fresh codfish, 200,0u0 pounds of hake, which was sold
to split on the wharf. There were landed by the mackerel catchers
2,000 pounds of fresh swordfish, 62 barrels of salt swordfisb, and 200
barrels of salt herring. There were caught with seines in the vicinity
of Cape Ann 93 bands of porgies, which were sold fresh for bait.
Forty barrels of porgy slivers were sold for mackerel bait to use in the
bay. Seventeen thousand quintals of dried hake arrived by freight
from Maine. Two hundred and forty barrels of small mackerel were
sold to the canning factories.
Gloucester, Mass., August 31, 1883.

The mackerel fishery. — The prospect for this fall looks, better.
No mackerel are seen in the day-time ; they are all taken by night, and
on the dark of the moon. Though mackerel can be seen 7 fathoms be-
low the surface, none have been seen in the day-time. They can be
seen plainly at night. When the water "fires," the mackerelers say
they are easier to catch. On the mackerel grounds there are plenty of
squid, which go in large schools. One vessel took 150 barrels at one
haul of the seine, and salted 40 barrels of them to bring home. Mackerel
are very fat now. Captain McLean told me this morning that he had
not seen a school of large mackerel on the surface of the water near the
Eastern Shore since the 1st of July, nor has he seen them feeding at
the surface this summer. Those taken are full of "red feed." The
mackerel lay in large schools 7 to 8 fathoms below the surface. Last
Saturday night eight vessels got 150 barrels each, while other vessels
near by took none. If the mackerel come to the surface the vessels
will do well. Mackerel sold to-day at the high price of 15.50 dollars
per barrel.

Gloucester, Mass., September 13, 1883.

The mackerel fishery. — This is improving. Three vessels arrived
this morning with 250 barrels each, and they report mackerel plenty.
These were taken 30 miles southeast from Isle au Ilaut. At that
point the mackerel came to the surface as far as the eye could see ou
September 11. They are mixed — one-third large and two-thirds small.
The school is working to the westward and some large mackerel have
been caught off IJoon Island. Some large shad are caught with the
mackerel. The schooner W. H. Cross, Captain Foster, set a seine around
what was supposed to be a school of mackerel and caught ten barrels
of mackerel together with fourteen barrels of large shad. The shad
were very large and sold for $12 a barrel. These shad were taken off
Seguin, near the mouth of the Kennebec River. The squid are plenty
in the vicinity of the mackerel schools, and annoy the mackerel seiners,
for when they catch mackerel in the night sometimes they set their
seines around what they suppose to be mackerel and find their seine

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 299

full of squid. Small mackerel have been schooling in Boston Day the
past week in large numbers. The red feed is on the surface of the vrater
in Boston Bay, and if the weather is good I think the catch of mackerel
will be larger after September than it was last year. High prices rule
as follows: extra No. 1, $23 per barrel; common No. 1, $19 per barrel;
No. 2, $14 per barrel; No. 3, $10 per barrel; and No. 4, $0.50 a barrel.
Gloucester, Mass., September 10, 1883.

Mackerel. — During the past week twenty-eight mackerel vessels
have landed 0,800 barrels. Most of these were caught off Matinicus,
SE. 30 miles. The mackerel aie mixed, some schools being all large and
some all small. One vessel caught 300 barrels of mackerel lour miles
from Monhegan. Last year, at this time, most of the mackerel were
caught to the westward of Portland. Last Wednesday they were seen
schooling as far east as Mount Desert and Grand Mauan Bank. They
were also plenty in the Bay of Saint Lawrence. The twenty vessels
that were at the Bay of Saint Lawrence averaged 200 barrels each. The
schooner Edward Webster, Capt. Solomon Jacobs, is bound home with
500 barrels, having been absent five weeks. This is his second fare from
the Bay of Saint Lawrence. On the previous trip he brought home 500
barrels, having been gone six weeks. The indications now are that the
fall catch will be large. One schooner arrived to-day with 210 barrels
of salt mackerel caught 20 miles southeast from Matinicus, having been
gone from home eight days. They were large mackerel.

When mackerel come to the surface they come up in different places
on the same day. On last Wednesday they came up schooling off
Mount Desert, off Matinicus, off Monhegan, on Cashe's Bank, and on
Grand Manan Bank — on the same day! The water is quite warm.
It was 52° to day, while last year at this time it was 42°.

Gloucester, Mass., September 23, 1883.

Herring. — Last Saturday night there were 75 barrels of large spawn-
ing herring caught, and last night GO barrels more. This is ten days
earlier than last year. There was none of any amount caught last year
until the first week in October. Last year when they came the tem-
perature of the water was 42°. This year it is 52°, and those of this
year are larger than last year.

Gloucester, Mass., September 24, 1883.

Monthly summary. — The amount of fish landed at Gloucester
during the month of September, 1883, was as follows: Cod brought
from George's Bank, 1,259,000 pounds; halibut from George's Bank,
10,335 pounds; cod from Grand Banks, 040,000 pounds; salt halibut
from Grand Bank, 59,200 pounds; cod from Western Bank, 520,000
pounds; salt halibut from Western Bank, 4,750 pounds; fresh halibut
from the banks, 507,000 pounds; salt mackerel caught on the Eastern
Shore, 20,534 barrels; mackerel from the bay of St. Lawrence, V65

300 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

barrels; herring, 527 barrels; porgie slivers, 231 barrels; pollock, 67,000
pounds; bake, 260,000 pounds; haddock, 40,000 pounds; swordfish,
1 L,350 pounds; shad caught in the mackerel seines, 104 barrels; hake,
1,G00 quintals; clains, 10 barrels; cod brought from Maine, 400 quin-
tals; mackerel from Canso, Nova Scotia, 80 barrels; salt halibut from
Greenland, 390,000 pounds.

MACKEREL MOVEMENTS. — Mackerel are working to the westward.
Some vessels have obtained good hauls of mackerel in Ipswich Bay.
Last Saturday night a vessel caught 120 barrels of mackerel in Ipswich
Bay. They were large mackerel. Mackerel, herring, porgies, and
squid are found all in the same locality. One vessel will get 50 barrels
of mackerel in a seine, while another alongside will get 50 barrels of
herring. Shad are mixed with the mackerel and herring. The porgies
school separately. Squid are plenty from Mount Desert to Thatcher's
Island.

Gloucester, Mass., October 3, 1883.

Herring. — Herring were plenty in the Gloucester harbor last night.
This morning 1,500 barrels of herring were picked out of the nets.
There were 65 boats, with 0G5 nets out for them. Some of the nets
touched the bottom, others sank, having so many herring in them.
One boat with 8 nets caught 100 barrels. The herring are full of
spawn, and are very large. The catch of herring to the eastward has
been small, and 25 vessels of the eastern fleet came up and set their
nets in our harbor.

Mackerel. — The mackerel fishermen are doing well. Four came
into the harbor yesterday with fresh mackerel. There are four in to-
day dressing mackerel. They are anchored 12 miles south of Thatcher's
Island, and you can see them from the hill. I saw 25 vessels with jibs
down dressing mackerel this morning. Those that have been brought
in are one-third large. If the weather holds good I think the mackerel
fleet will do well. Mackerel were schooling off Seguin last Thursday.
Last year there were not many mackerel caught in the month of October.
But the prospect is good now.

Cod and haddock. — The Grand Bank cod fleet has most all re-
turned. The vessels that went to Greenland are all back but one.
They only caught half fares, and report rough weather on the Green-
land coast this summer. As fast as the Grand Bank licet comes home
they fit out for haddock fishing. There will be a large haddock fleet
this winter.

Gloucester, Mass., October 7, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 301

49.— STOCKING THF STREAMS OF MONTANA WITH FISH.

By Governor .TO BIX SCHUYLER CROSBY.

[Letter to Prof. S. F. Band and reply of the latter.]

I have great pleasure in laying before you a copy of a joint resolution
of the legislature of this Territory as follows:

COUNCIL JOINT RESOLUTION in relation to the fish interests of Montana.

Resolved by the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Montana, That
his excellency John Schuyler Crosby be, and is hereby, requested to
communicate with the United States Fish Commissioner, with a view
to having the streams of the Territory stocked with fish, and also for
the purpose of calling their attention to the obstructions in the Clark's
Fork of the Columbia River, which prevents salmon from ascending it
into the Territory of Montana, and which obstruction can be removed
at small expense.

Our water-courses are many thousands of miles in extent. Our laws
for the preservation of fish are very strict. Our people are deeply
interested in the subject-matter of your Commission. We shall aid you
with all our heart and thank you gratefully for helping us to stock our
streams and rivers. I believe a better opportunity for conducting your
experiments on a great scale to most useful ends is rarely offered than
by this Territory and a people entirely interested in the matter.

I have the honor to ask you to send at the proper season an agent of
your Commission to this Territory, with such supply of spawn or breed-
ing fish as may seem to you proper. Every facility to carry out the
end proposed by the resolution transmitted will be given you.

I earnestly indorse the desire of the legislature that the obstructions
on the Columbia River (Clark's Fork) may be removed and permit the
salmon to reach the thousands of miles of unobstructed water above.

Helena, February 17, 1883.

REPLY BY PROFESSOR BAIRD.

Since the receipt of your letter of the 17th ultimo, informing me of
the joint resolution in relation to the fish interests of Montana, 1 have
concluded to send one of our most competent experts to make an exam-
ination of the Columbia River for the purpose of learning how best the
great fishery interests of that stream can be preserved, and will instruct
him to place himself in communication with your excellency while
making the examination. We will be glad to avail ourselves of your
kind offer of assistance.

I would suggest that it would not be amiss if you would cause to be

302 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

made a careful survey of the obstructions at Clark's Fork to which the
resolutions refer. A topographical map of the stream about these ob-
structions would enable us to advise how best the obstacles to the
ascent of fishes can be surmounted. A record of the temperatures
t hroughout the year of some of the principal lakes and rivers of the Ter-
ritory would be important information for enabling us to advise you as
to what varieties of useful food fishes these waters will best sustain.
Washington, D. C, March 2, 1883.

50 OIVTHE IMPROPRIETY OF DEPOMTnT. WIIITFFISH [TIIN1VOWS
OFF Till': IIAKBOK OF (LKVELAM), OHIO -FISHING FOK 8AVGEB8.

By Dr. E. STEKJLINC.

[Letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.J

There is not a place on all Lake Erie so illy adapted to the successful
planting of whitefish as off this harbor. To begin with, there were never
500 pounds of this fish taken by seine, gill-net. or in pound since my
remembrance, and I have known gill-nets to be set from 1 to 3 and 8 miles
out and pounds innumerable, by experienced fishermen, and the above is
near the result. A whitefish taken in this way is a rare occurrence. In
the second place, since the almost fishing out of the blue and wall-eyed
pike, the "sand pike," "sauger" {Ludoperea canadensis), have increased
in such numbers that scarcely any other fish can exist. To give you
au idea of their numbers, many fishermen make a business of furnishing
boats, bait, and tackle to the thousands of citizens that can only enjoy
fishing at liome. On any day in season, spring and fall, you will see
from fifty to one hundred small boats, carrying from three to thirty per-
sons, busily pulling in this little sauger. One Sunday last May I counted
oil' the river mouth, extending each way a mile or more, 125 small boats,
filled with men, women, and children, all fishing. At a low estimate
there were nearly 400 at this sport. A low average for each person would
be ten fish, making the catch for the crowd 4,000 saugers. This fish
can be taken almost as readily through the ice, but few undertake it,
owing to danger and exposure. '1 his fishing for saugers has been going
on for 15 years or more and still they do not diminish, in fact they are
on the increase as well as the black bass. After the crib and watei con-
struction, twenty-five years ago, the u sauger" was quite scarce here, as
it is at most points on the lake. Why it should have increased here in
su<;h numbers 1 am unable to explain. It cannot be the extirpation of
other carnivorous fish, for they have been cleaned out alike the hike over,
but in no place followed by an increase of the "sauger."

* this article was called forth by the U". 8. Fish Commission making a deposit of a
million young whitefish oil' the harbor of Cleveland, Ohio. The selection of a place
was intrusted to Mr. P. N. Clark, who makes reply on page 349. — C. W, S.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES ITSII COMMISSION. 303

The nearest whiteflsli grounds to Cleveland are in Dover Bay, 13
and 14 miles to the west. Rocky River intervenes 7 miles west of liere
Bat no fish of any accoant are found at or about the month of this
stream. Dover Bay was not found to be a wliitetish ground until with-
in a few years, when, in their competition for the ordinary fishes, the
fishermen pushed their pounds out to where the whitefish lay. The
catches on the first discovery often ran from 3 to 5 and 8 tons; so great
sometimes was the catch of a day that a market could not be found.
The fish then ran large; uow they run half the size and no trouble about
a market. The fishermen at the time of the first catch supposed the
whitefish had run in there for them, but the explanation is that in their
greed to extend their pounds beyond each other they finally reached the
ground where they lay. The whitefish very seldom approach the shore
nearer then half a mile. The fishing grounds at Dover Bay, and many
other places along Lake Erie shores, are owned and leased by them.
They are, comparatively speaking, wealthy men ; for this reason 1 do
not understand why Uncle Sam or the State of Ohio should stoek then-
waters gratuitously any more than their farms. I was out there five
years ago and laid out a plan so they could help themselves; they have
the finest facilities without the help of steam or wind- mill power, and
can have 20,000,000 eggs every fall if they want them.

Cleveland, Ohio, February 20, 1883.

51 — WHAT DANGERS THREATEN THE PBOBltTS OF THE OLD
PO^HJ CABF EISHEKffE^ FROM AKTIFICIAL FISH CIXTURE !*

By voia TKESKOW-WEISSAGK.

At the present time fish culture is a subject in which the great public
takes a lively interest, which is no longer confined to men of science, but
which is shared by many people who formerly discussed the fish ques-
tion only when they had before them some fine specimen offish tempt-
ingly prepared for the table. At present there is actually a mania for
fish culture and for carp-ponds. Landed proprietors ought to tremble
when they read how many millions of young fish of the choicest kinds
are annually placed in brooks, rivers, and lakes.

It seems but natural to suppose that when the objects of fish culture
are fully reached, the products of the old pond culture will have to meet
a very serious competition. The carp is a product of agriculture ; a
great portion of the territory used as ponds could again be transformed
into fields, meadows, and forests; and just as our German farmers are
compelled to lower the price of their products owing to the importation
of American meat and grain, we, the pond culturist, of Germany, might

* "Welche Gefahren drohen den Produkten der alien Tcichfischern durch die MnstUche
Fischzucht?" In " LeuUche Fischerei-Zdtvnci," Vol. VI, No. 15, Stettin, April in, 1883.
Translated from the German by Herman Jacobson.

304 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

also see serious competitors of our pond fish iu the cheap salmon and
trout which fish culture is expected to bring into tlie market, and which
would in future relegate our carp to the place which at present is oc-
cupied by the smelt.

But as yet we are not afraid. Anyone who, like myself, counts bis
carp twice every year, and who keeps a strict account of his ponds and
their inmates, who, therefore, can, even before the fish are ready for the
market, ascertain with tolerable accuracy what his losses will be, and
who knows that a few pike may destroy a large stock of young carp fry
in five or six months, will feel sorry for the millions of young try which,
hardly hatched, must, in all open waters, without fail, soon become a
prey to fish-of-prey.

I believe that if half the money which at the present time is spent on
hatching fish-eggs would be used for placing the young fish in ponds
absolutely tree from fish-of-prey, even if only for one year, so that they
could reach a greater age by the time they are placed in open waters,
there would be a possibility of seeing again some of these salmon in a
condition to fit them for the table. But as things are managed now it
is hardly possible that future fish harvests will pay for the present ex-
pense; even if here and there some specimens of the choicer kinds of
are caught, this must be considered a very poor result of the stocking
of the open waters with millions of young fry.

It requires a certain amount of moral courage for a man to state pub-
licly that he does not believe iu the stocking of our lakes and rivers
with fine fish by means of placing in such open waters fish of a tender
age which still need a good deal of protection. But I feel constrained
here to make this very statement.

Our fishery legislation, moreover, extends but little aid to the earnest
pisciculturist in his endeavors to stock open waters with fish. He
sows, but others reap the harvest ; with great trouble he hatches the
young fish, only to see his neighbors across the river, or below or above
him, share the fish harvest without any expense on their part. I will,
in this connection, only mention the Dutch, who catch nearly all our
salmon when they are on their downward journey, and who would also
consider as welcome prey the products of German fish culture in the
Rhine. Unless a similar policj- is followed with regard to bodies of
water as with regard to forests, unless alrge portions of a river are, by
compulsory measures, formed into a large fishing district, similar to the
hunting districts in our forests, even the most earnest endeavors to in-
crease the stock offish will remain in vain.

We, the pond cultivators, therefore watch with eager interest the
progress of fish culture; we acknowledge that in certain specially
favored localities favorable results may be seen, but so far at least
we are not afraid that the products of iish culture will either crowd out
of the market our good old carp or lessen its price.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 305

Vol. 13 J^JJ^a©^ J^ashiH^ton, D. C. Oct. 1 8,1*83.

S3.-NOTHS ON "» B1»B1, B dUAHTBS OF GERMAN CARP AND

HINTS ABOUT COOKING THEM.

By CHAS. W. SMILED

The introduction of carp into the United States is of so recent date
that there has been, as yet, but little opportunity to grow them of suffi-
cient size to eat; or to get a full expression from our people of their
opinions of carp as food. The first distributions by the United States
Fish Commission were in 1879 and 1880. Many of those fish were put
into unsuitable places and perished. Many persons whose carp have
survived have prized them so highly that they have persistently refused
to allow any to be eaten. As, however, an occasional newspaper mut-
tering has come to hand, it has been thought best to get together at
once what information might be available.

About the first of July, 1883, a circular was prepared containing fifteen
questions, covering the whole field of carp-culture. One of these ques
tions was as follows: "Have you eaten carp? How were they cooked
and what was the opinion of their edible qualities V> This circular was
sent out, July 20, 1883, by direction of Professor Baird, to all persons who
appeared from the records of the United States Fish Commission to
have received young carp in 1879 and in 1880.

There have been received thus far over 600 replies, and from these
have been copied verbatim everything which correspondents have said
with reference to this subject. Over 350 had not yet tasted carp.

Finding that there was an occasional remark of an uncompliment-
ary character, I inquired of Professor Baird with reference to publishing
any adverse statements. In reply, he said: "Certainly it is not our
policy to suppress honest criticism of the carp, and you are authorized
to collate the testimony and publish both sides. No fish is fit to be

EATEN DURING AND IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE SPAWNING SEASON

Unless criticisms have been made of the fish during the late fall or early
spring they do not affect the question." I have accordingly classified
and wil present herewith every scrap of testimony-good, bad, and in-
difterent-which has been received in reply to these circulars, together
with such incidental remarks as had previously reached the United
States Fish Commission. Of these latter, there are not over half a
dozen, and they are mostly indicated by an earlier date attached.

I have spoken thus definitely concerning this material because when
treated with exact impartiality the opposition to the food qualities of
carp dwindles down into such utter insignificance that some one might
easily suspect me of culling the material. This point is especially to be
guarded, because it is so often considered praiseworthy to suppress
criticism which is prompted by ignorance of facts and which might un-
justly injure a good cause. And I am very sure that every unfavorable
Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 20

306

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

opinion of carp herewith presented, except perhaps that of Mr. Epes,is
based upon ignorance or forgetfulness of one of tbree facts:

1. No fish should be eaten during or immediately after the spawning

1 II.' The muddy taste of any fish can be largely removed by keeping
the fish alive in a tub of pure water, changing it daily for a week.
III. Bad cooking will spoil the best of food.

Reports upou the edible qualities of carp have been received from
twenty-three States and Territories, as follows:

Table Voicing the number of each kind of reports received from the various States and

'territories.

State.

Alabama

Colorado

Connecticut —
Georgia.

Illinois •

Indiana

Kansas

Kentucky

Maryland

Mississippi

Missouri

Xew Jersey

New Voi k
North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania ..
Rhode Island . .
south ( Carolina.

Tennessee

Texas -
Utah

■a
o

o

P<
JO

OS
A
P,

S

'A

C H

u o

c 3

2 o

-__

OS

Hg

H

c
o

Si

93

fcC

5

P

93

93

,*

^

■-

P

s

o

u

ft

O

H

od

M

H

>

>

>

H

t 111

Virginia

A\Yst Virginia .
Canada, etc —

11
3

6

21
5

1

1
6
4
2
1
1
5
12

16
3
2

14

4

Total 40

90

39

19

10

6
1

2

22

3

2

2
13

56

9

5

4

6

12

16

9

1

4

16

10

1

28

6

•>

31

90

For convenience of reference the testimonies are classified as follows:

Numbers.

I. Moderate praise, from fair to very good, 1-40

II. Unqualified praise and very emphatic expressions of ap-
proval, 41-130

III. Comparisons with other fish, very generally complimentary,

137-175 3d

IV. Criticisms as to softness or muddy taste, 170-194 19

V. Indifferent and uncomplimentary reports aside from muddy

taste and softness, 195-204 ] ^

VI. A few opinions in regard to bones, 205-211

VII. Favorable reports, containing hints upon various ways of cook-
ing carp, 212-242

°4-2
Total - 4 "

31

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 307

Of these 242 reports, 38 only contain the slightest reflection upon carp
(Nos. 141, 144, 149, 151, 159, 106, 176-194, 195-204, 208, 209, 210). Many
of these objections are declaredly slight. All but one (No. 194) of the
criticisms have already been explained away, and I believe we possess
the clew to that one.

1. Moderate praise— very fair to very good.— In this list are
included 10 testimonies, entirely satisfactory in character; 21 of which,
in speaking of the edible qualities of carp, pronounce them "good."
14 " very good," and 5 " fair," " very palatable," &c. These statements
come from thirteen different States of the Union; but rather largely from
Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, Tennessee, and Ohio. Messrs. Wil-
mot (5), White (21), Peirce (22), and Duke (39) are men of very large
experience with fish, and weight should attach to their testimonies.
The method of cooking most frequently named is frying, though all
methods are included in this group of statements.

2. Unequivocal praise and very emphatic expressions of
approval.— Under this head are grouped 96 different testimonies. Of
these, 15 speak of carp as " very fine," and 21 as "excellent"; and others
ring the changes on such expressions as " very good indeed," " first rate,"
"first c'ass," " extra," " splendid," " very superior," " superb," " delicious'"
"the best offish"; while quite a good many go on to say that carp are
equal or superior to any other fish, or that they never ate anything more
delicious. Such testimonies in so large number are, of course, verv
gratifying, although the Fish Commission has never pretended that carp
would take as high a rank as many of these people have given it. These
assurances come largely from Maryland, Virginia, Texas, Kentucky,
and Mississippi— sixteen States in all. Among the writers are several
men of distinction, such as State fish commissioners, editors, physicians,
and farmers and planters of wide experience. In many cases the single
testimony represents the opinions of whole families or neighborhoods.
3. Comparisons with other fish.— Some 39 correspondents have
chosen to express their opinions by comparisons rather than in absolute
terms ; and here we have carp successively declared equal to buffalo, mul-
let, suckers, mud-fish, croakers, mill-roach, perch, rock-fish, drum, bass,
trout, sun-fish, red-horse, mackerel, red snapper, and shad.* Of course
the Commissioner, in bringing carp from Germauy, did not for a moment
suppose that he was introducing a fish equal in delicacy to trout, bass,
or shad ; but he has always claimed that its edible qualities were equal
or superior to those of such fish as suckers, catfish, perch, buffalo, mul-
let, and sun-fish, and that by reason of its rapid growth, hardihood,

* Most of the fish with which carp have been compared unfavorably are carnivorous
species. To raise these on mea^, s expensive. Carp are vegetable feeders, and adapted
to districts where fish are scarce and so remote from the ocean that sea fish cannot
be obtained, but where corn, cabbage, pumpkius, squashes, potatoes, &c, are abun-
dant and cheap. The Commission does not otfer nor commend carp to those who have
access to the better sea fish, such as salmon, trout, whitefisb, &c. Compared with
vegetable feeders, there is no question of the great superiority of carp.

308 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

and simple diet, it was more desirable for pond cultivation. Several
of these replies (Nos. 100, 101, 140, 177, 1815) indicate that scale carp
are received more favorably than leather carp, while none speak of
leather carp as superior to the scaled variety J* ^*^JJ ~j
narisons with other fish, all but six (Nos. 141, 144, 140, lol, 159, lbb)
„? ace carp ahea d of the fish with which they compare them. The reports
coverthe same wide range of territory as those in the preceding groups;
here as in the previous divisions, however, Maryland furnishing the
laro-er number. The earliest distributions of carp were made to this
State, probably on account of its proximity to Washington

4 CRITICISMS AS TO SOFTNESS OR MUDDY TASTE.-I llder this head

are' gathered 10 reports, a part of which speak of the carp as tasting
muddy, and part alluding to their softness. Under other heads, No 144
s peaks of an "earthy taste," and Nos. 187 and 213 testify that soaking
in salt water removed this taste. It may also be stated that removing
the fish from a muddy pond, in which they would necessarily partake
somewhat of the nature of their food, to a tank or tub of fresh watei
for a week, would very largely purify their systems. Carp is no excep-
tion to the rule that the flesh of animals will be affected by their food,
but fish are exceptional in the ease with which this difficulty may be
overcome. Manv who have spoken of carp as being soft have betraj ed
their ignorance of the fact that the flesh of all fish becomes soft and
unsuitable for food during, and for a time after, spawning. Some of
these correspondents have stated the time of the year when they ate
their carp, thus conclusively proving this hypothesis ^* c ^f te £
tion is called, in this connection, to Nos. 30, 181, 100, 101, 102 103. In
reo-ard to No. 104, it can only be said now that the water of the tank in
which the gentleman kept his carp must in some way have become con-
taminated and have imparted its iujuriousness to the carp. It is in-
tended, however, to make a special investigation of this case, to ascer^
tain what the contamination consisted in. While some have spoken of
the sweet taste of carp (Nos. 55, 130, 180, 222), only Mr. Epes has ob-
iected to them as "too sweet" or "sickening. 1 '

5 Other uncomplimentary REPORTS.-Of the 194 testimonies
above considered, none have presented unexplainable objections ex-
cept perhaps Mr. Epes. We now come to 10 testimonies, most of which
are lacking in particulars, in which are used such expressions as « noth-
in- extra," "unfavorable," "very poor," and, in three cases, "unfit to
eat" There is, however, nothing to contradict the supposition that
these people tried their carp in the spawning season, in which, as has
already been said, any fish is unlit to eat. The anonymous newspaper
Clipping, No. 204, well illustrates the exaggerations in which people
sometimes indulge when they know that they can conceal their names
6. The noNES.-Most people have given up the ridiculous hunt for a
fish without bones; but, while four (^-141 208 200 2 o mv^found
more bones than they liked in the carp, six (Nos. 136, 185, .0o, 20o, ^i,
I'll) found fewer bones than they expected.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 30 'J

7. Hints upon cooking. — In 31 additional cases, correspondents, all
praising the flavor of their carp, have added some suggestions as to the
method of cooking. It is quite noteworthy that every person who has
imparted some information about the proper methods of cooking has
praised the carp. All methods of cooking have indorsements but the
large majority speak of frying. The number of times that different
methods of cooking have been mentioned is as follows: Fried, 1G3;
baked, 35; boiled, 20; broiled, 14; stewed, 5; a combination of boiling
and baking, 2.

One (No. 91) advises frying the young and baking the old, and those
who recommend baking usually speak of using large fish. The recipe
in No. 242 is especially commended to those who would fry carp. The
author of the wine method (No. 238), Mr. Blackford, will be recognized
as one of the New York commissioners, and the retail fish-dealer of the
Fulton Market.

I. — MODERATE PRAISES — FROM FAIR TO VERY GOOD.

1. Fairly good. — I have eaten three mirror carp that unfortunately
jumped out of a tub of water one night. Their edible quality was fairly
good. They were fried in butter. — Theodotus Garlick, Bedford, 0.

2. Fair. — Yes; fried; fair edible fish. — N. Blackwell, Bartlett, Term.

3. Fair. — We have eaten them ; they were fried, and of fair quality. —
B. C. Hinnant, I)< linger field, Tex.

4. Very palatable. — Fried in bacon grease they are very palata-
ble. — John M. Ferguson, Alderson, W. Va.

5. Not inferior. — As a table fish carp is not of an inferior quality
by any means, and is largely consumed in the principal cities of Central
Europe, as Vienna, Berlin, and Paris. — S. Wilmot, New Castle, Out.

0. G-OOD. — We ate four fried. They were good. — Solomon Byer,
Norton, Ohio.

7. Good. — We have eaten a dozen or more, fried. All pronounce
the fish good. — E. A. Welch, Catonsville, Md.

8. Good. — Yes; they were cooked in water and eaten with butter
sauce. The opinion of their edible qualities was a good one. — G. Hillje,
Sehulenburglt, Tex.

0. Good. — My family has, and said it was good. It was boiled. It
was taken in hot weather in July. — E. B. Woodruff, Morristoion, N. J.

10. Good. — I hare. They were fried. The flavor was good. — Mrs.
S. A. Teel. — Kyle, Tex.

11. Good. — They were cooked by a recipe from an English cook-
book, and were good. — Samuel Hopkins, Highland, Md.

12. Good. — Two. Fried in butter. Good. — Lewis W. Runner,
Morgantoivn, W. Va.

13. Good. — I have eaten but one, and was pleased with its flavor. —
E. B. Isett, Spruce Creel; Pa.

310 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

14. Good. — T ate the two caught a year ago last spring. Fried, they
arc good fish. — J. M. McAdoo, McJSwen, Trim.

15. Good. — We have eaten but one, and that was fried. We think
they are ;i good fish. — J. B. Hawxhurst, Homotcaclc, X. Y.

16. Good. — We ate one fried, and pronounced it good. — S. P. Mo-
Fall, Newton Falls, Ohio.

17. Good. — Have eaten them boiled and fried, and think them a good
fish. — William Shirley, 5 8. Calvert street, Baltimore, Md.

18. Good. — We have eaten three fried. Their quality was good. I
like them well. — J. B. IIager, Board Tree, W. Va.

19. Good. — Have eaten some fried, and found them good. — R. D.
Miller, Farmville, Va.

20. Good. — One; fried. Good. — Abner T. Holt, Bolingbrolce, Ga.

21. Good. — One small scale carp, accidentally killed in draining the
pond, was fried as a pan-fish, eaten in my family, and pronounced
good. — C. S. White, Romney, W. Va.

-'2. Good. — 1 have not yet tasted carp. I prize my large ones too
highly to kill them. Several friends have tested their table qualities,
and all pronounce them good. — Milton P. Peirce, Philadelphia, Pa.

23. Good. — 1 heard my sou say he ate one, and that it was good. —
David Bowman, Timber ville, Va.

24. Good. — Have eaten one fried, and found it good. — Solon M. Bow-
man, Timberville, Va.

25. Good. — I ate one last year; don't remember how it was cooked.
The edible qualities were good. — A. F. Whitman, Nashville, Term.

2G. Good. — I have eaten only one. It was stewed, and part of it was
fried. I consider it a good fish.— J as. A. Peterkin, Fort Motte, S. C.

L'7. Vera' good. — Yes. In the winter of 18S2-'S3, the pond was drained
by muskrats and the carp were killed. The older ones then weighed
nearly 3 pounds. They were considered very good eatiug. — Rush Tag-
GART, Salem, Ohio.

28. Very Good. — Two; fried; very good. — William I. Dunn, Sep-
ulga, Ala.

29. Vera' good. — Yes; boiled, baked, and fried. The edible qualities
were very good. — P. G. Carlton, Statesvillc, N. C.

30. Very good. — Only one; very good. — David Farlow, Level
Plains. X. C.

31. Vera' good. — Those taken we ate. They were fried, and con-
sidered very good. — A. J. Michener, Colora, Md.

32. Vera' good. — Yes; and consider them very good. We ate one
yesterday; fried. — Frederick Zahn, TPrizellburgh, Md.

33. Very good. — The one 1 caught was fried, and was thought very
good. — R. Welby Garter, Uppcrville, Va.

34. VERY good. — I had one fried, and considered it a very good fish.
It weighed 24 pounds. — W. J. Price, Fincastle, Va.

35. Very good.— 1 caught one last year weighing about one-half

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 311

pound, which was cooked and thought very good by the family. — -James
A. Van Brunt, 75 South street, New York, N. Y.

30. Very good. — I have eaten some, fried. I suppose they would, eat
better to some party who had not raised them. Others who have eaten
them pronounce them very good. — Frank W. Green, Nashville, Tenn.

'61. Very good. — Fried. I thought they were very good. — Wm.
Arbaugh, Carrollton, Mil.

3S. Very good. — We have eaten only two ; fried in a pan. They
were very good. — W. W. Grier, Charlotte, N. C.

39. Very good. — I ate one of about 1 pound weight in 1882, and
another this spring. I thought them very good. This fall, after they
have recovered from spawning, I will try another large one. — Richard
T. W. Duke, Charlottesville, Va.

40. Good and very good. — We have eaten one. It was fried in lard,
and was pronounced good, and very good. — Michael Shank, Harrison-
burg, Va.

II. — UNQUALIFIED PRAISE AND VERY EMPHATIC EXPRESSIONS OF

APPROVAL.

41. Very good, indeed. — Yes; one was taken out May 17, 1883, a
very fine fish. It weighed 7 pounds less 1 ounce, and measured 22 inches.
It was baked, and pronounced very good, indeed, by all who ate of
it. — James Bayliss, Massillon, Ohio.

42. Very good, indeed. — Yes; fried. They are very good, indeed. —
VV. B. Chapman, Macon, Ga.

43. Highly esteemed. — I have not; but hear of some that have, and
that they are highly esteemed. — Shotwell Powell, Keysville, Ta.

44. Well pleased. — We ate one, baked, that got caught in the chute.
We were well pleased with the edible qualities. — A.. H. Baker & Co.,
Fairfield, III.

45. Highly pleased. — We ate two. They were fried. We were
highly pleased. — Lowrey & Berry, Blue Mountain, Miss.

4G. Good and rich. — We broiled two, and found them of good flavor,
fat, and rich. — Geo. N. Falk, Lenoir, N. C.

47. Juicy and good. — We ate three fried, and all were well pleased.
They were juicy and good. — W. ]$. Reeves, Eufaula, Ala.

48. Rich, juicy, but not delicate. — I have eaten about 3 or 4 fried.
It is a good pan-fish, rich and juicy, but flesh not delicate. — I. Randolph
Mordecai, Baltimore, Md.

49. Delicate, white, and very nice. — They are solid, delicate white
meat, and very nice. They were fried. — Jno. R. Brown, Woodstock, Md.

50. Very nice. — I ate one fried that weighed about 8 pounds, and it
was very nice. — Tnos. Longbotham, Wortham, Tex.

51. Very nice. — We have cooked them two or three ways, and find
that the larger ones are very nice. — O. A. Gilman, Paris, Ky.

312 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

52. Very nice. — I. ate two of them fried ; they are very nice. — John
Heeter, Hunting Hill, Md.

53. Very toothsome. — Yes; fried; and pronounced as very tooth-
some by all who had the pleasure of partaking of them. — Jacob G.
Heilman, Jonestoivn, Pa.

54. Very fine baked; good fried. — 1 have eaten three that were
caught while fishing with hook for other fish and wounded in the mouth.
We baked one three-pounder. It was very fine; flesh firm; good flavor.
We fried one of 2£ pounds. It was quite good. — John G. Keith, Jack-
son, Tenn.

55. Very fine, sweet, and rich. — All report them very fine eating;
very fat, sweet, rich, and toothsome when fried. — H. C. Loose, Hagers-
toicn, Md.

56. The Dutchman said it was fine. — The one who proposed my
getting carp suggested that I bring it to hiin and let him serve it up, as
he knew all about it, and that I should dine with him. I consented.
The carp was eaten. I was not told when, but the Dutchman said it
was fine. — P. S. Clarke, Hempstead, Tex.

57. Fine. — Yes, sir; and it was fine. It was fried. — J. X. Thomason,
Paris, Tenn.

58. Fine. — Have eaten them fried; weight, 4 and 10 pounds. They
were pronounced by all to be a fine fish for the table. — Mrs. A. B. Wati s,
Newt o)i, Miss.

59. Very fine. — Yes; and very fine. Tbey were fried. — W. H. Shir-
ley, Harrisonville, Md.

60. Very fine. — I ate two of them. I had them baked. Their edible
qualities were very fine. — James Bumgardner, sr., Greenville, Va.

61. Very fine. — I have eaten them baked and broiled. They are a
very fine food fish. — Thomas Hughlett, Easton, Md.

62. Very fine. — My wife caught one with her hands when I was
from home. She pronounced it very fine. She fried it in lard. — J. A.
Dula, Lenoir, N. C .

63. Very fine. — I ate one ; baked it. The flavor was very fine. —
G. W. Alexander, Charlotte, N. G.

64. Very fine. — I have eaten several while some of my friends were
participants. All pronounced them very fine cooked by frying in
plenty of lard. — S. M. Clayton, Cyrnston, Tenn.

G5. Very fine. — They are very fine. — Wit Elliott, Taylor, Tex.

66. Very fine.— Persons who have eaten them cooked in the ordi-
nary way (fried) say they are very fine. — C. J. Watson, Mnnfordville,
Ky.

(J7. Very fine. — I have not. Those of my neighbors who have pro-
nounced them very fine, either fried or boiled. — T. M. Hipner, Mor-
tonsville, Ky.

68. Very fine. — In my absence one of the oldest was caught with
a book. When landed the line parted, and the fish was injured so that

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 313

it could not be returned to the pond. It was fried and pronounced by
the family very flue. — Jas. G. Field, Gordonsville, Va.

69. Very fine. — I ate two of them and found tbem a fish of very fine
quality, much better than I anticipated. — F. S. Evebist, Port Deposit,
Md,

70. Very fine. — I have eaten a few. They were fried as we usually
fry other fish. I fouud them very fine pan fish. — John McFadden,
Sudlersville, Md.

71. Very fine. — The few eaten were fried, and were very fine food —
remarkably good. — Christopher & Eoberts, Fairburn, Ga.

72. Very fine. — What fish I have taken from my pond to eat I
have had baked and have found them very fine eating. — I. 0. Plant,
Macon, Ga.

73. Very fine indeed.— We ate only two. These were fried, and
we considered them very fine indeed, and only wished we could have
more. — n. L. Spencer, Social Circle, Ga.

74. Number one. — Yes, they were fried, and were thought by dif-
ferent persons to be No. 1. — Thomas E. Tulloss, Rock Hill, Tenn.

75. First rate.— I have, fried j first rate.— Lewis Barlow, Sykes-
ville, Md.

76. First rate.— I have tasted three of the oldest. They were fried,
and the quality was first rate. — J. M. Brooks, Waterford, Miss.

77. First class. — My neighbors and myself ate one, after frying it
as we would any other fish, and all unite with me in pronouncing it a
first-class table fish. — George M. Emack, Versailles, Ky.

78. First class.— Yes, fried. They are first class in every way. —
J. A. Long, Yanceyville, V. G.

79. First class.— Had one cooked. It was first class. — W. G. De-
lashmutt, Martinsville, III.

80. First class j white and fine. — I caught two last year that
weighed 5f lbs. We baked them, and regard them first class either
baked or fried. The flesh is of a white texture, and fine. — A. Shinkle,
Covington, Ky.

81 . Extra. — We have caught and eaten some fried, and claim them
to be extra in quality. — S O. Hawkins, Bucks, Ohio.

82. Good enough ; excellent. — Yes, a great many, both fried and
baked. By our best judges carp is considered excellent. They are
good enough. On account of their rapid growth and size they are
better for baking. — Greene B. Mobley, Eutaw, Ala.

83. Excellent. — Yes, fried. They were pronounced excellent by
every one who tasted them. — Abram E. Null, Union Bridge, Md.

84. Excellent. — Yes, one that was caught. It was fried, and con-
sidered excellent eating. — R. K. Dabney, Powhatan C. H., Va.

85. Excellent. — We have eaten one in April. It was pronounced
by all a fish of excellent quality. — I. C. Donaldson, Gilbertsville,
N. Y.

314 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

86. Excellent. — My partner ate one, and pronounced it excellent. —
A. P. Brown, Jefferson, Tex.

87. EXCELLENT. — We bad them fried once; they were pronounced to
be excellent. — J. W. Shimwell, Prince Frederick, Md.

s->. Excellent. — Four, fried. Taste excellent. — Charles Sense-
man, West Charleston, Ohio.

89. Excellent. — We ate two old fish and five young ones. Fried.
Quality excellent. — Gustin HAVENS, Lewis Center, Ohio.

00. Excellent. — Have eaten some and think them an excellent
table fish. — Harrison Summerour, Warsaw, Ga.

91. Excellent. — Yes. Fried the young ones, and baked the old
ones. Edible qualities were excellent. — W. M. Thornton, Lake, Miss.

92. Excellent. — One, fried, was excellent. — A. II. Wilkins, Whites-
borough, Tex.

93. Excellent. — Only one, which was fried. All who tasted it pro-
nounced it excellent. — Francis Pride, Cedar Rill, Tenn.

94. Excellent. — In the summer of 1882, with hook and line, I caught
three, one weighing :>\ pounds, the other two 2^ and 2£ pounds, respect-
ively. They were fried, and pronounced by the company to be "excel-
lent." — Joseph Ligon, Massie's Mills, Ya.

95. Excellent. — Got surprised. Yes; broiled and they were excel-
lent in flavor and consistency — much to my surprise. — R. Emory, M. D.,
Taylor, Md.

96. Excellent. — I have eaten carp in Europe frequently and found
them an excellent pan-fish. — C. Bohn Slingluff, Toicson, Md.

07. Excellent. — I have eaten none myself; but those caught in
Hardware were said to be excellent fried and boiled. — Henry M.
Prince, M. D., Scottsville, Va.

98. Excellent. — We had two cooked; one baked, the other fried.
They were excellent. — Emanuel Heyser, Madison, Oa.

99. Excellent; not gamy nor fishy. — Yes, one. Baked and
stuffed. The meat was white and of the consistency of shad. It had
no game taste whatever and none of the fish taste. With condiments
and being well cooked, all pronounced the dish excellent. — Wm. E.
Smith, Albany, Ga.

100. Scale carp excellent. — Ate several fried. The scale carp
I consider excellent. The leather carp not so good. — H. B. Davis,
Macon, Ga.

101. Excellent; scale carp the best. — I have eaten one of each
variety and much prefer the scale carp to the leather. They were boiled
and considered excellent.— A. W. Overton, Frankfort, Kg.

102. MOST excellent. — Have eaten one — fried it. Think it a most
excellent table fish. — C. 0. David, Harmony Grove, Ga.

103. Most EXCELLENT. — Mayor T. J. Jarratt had one of the carp
baked and it was pronounced by himself and other members of the family
and also by Capt. E. A. Goodwin, who was invited to partake of it, as a

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 315

most excellent fish. Mr. Coleman, the keeper of the Central Park, also
speaks of it as very palatable. — Petersburgh, Va., Index- Appeal, August
12, 1882.

104. Splendid; none better. — We have eaten some. We had
them fried, and thought they were splendid. I don't think there could
be any better fish. — James W. Ogle, Union Bridge, Md.

105. Simply splendid. — Fried, and simply splendid. — M. S.Gilmer,
Mathews, Ala.

100. Very superior. — They are cooked according 1 to fancy, as other
varieties, and are very superior in flavor. As a baking fish they are
very superior. — L. T. Wheeler, Gorsicana, Tex.

107. Superb. — We ate one, which was superb. — Peter Bonds, Har-
risonburg, Va.

10S. Superior. — We have eaten a few of them and consider them a
good eating fish. They were cooked the same as shad — fried. We look
upon them as a superior fish. — James Harban, Dayton, Md.

109. Delicious. — Only once. They were fried in the usual way and
were pronounced very palatable and delicious. — Daniel Wolf, Fair-
play, Md.

110. Delicious. — Yes. They were fried and were delicious. —
Thomas V. Richardson, Phoenix, Md.

111. Delicious. — Fried; they were delicious. — J.M.Waller, Mexia,
Tex.

112. Delicious. — Only one, weighing 3f lbs., which was fried, and
my family pronounced it delicious. — Samuel Anderson, Rutland, Md.

113. Delicious. — Only upon one occasion, and fried. It was deli-
cious. — J. W. Downey, M. D,, Newmarket, Md.

114. Good as he wants. — I have eaten 2 of the first lot merelv to
try them. The quality was as good as I want. They were only fried. —
M. B. E. Kline, Broadway Depot, Va.

115. Fine as ever tasted — I have eaten one and had it fried. It
was as fine a flavored fish as I ever tasted. — W. K. Hunter, Rolesville,
N. C.

110. Oily and finest fish he ever ate. — We have eaten nine
and given away three. We fried them like other fish. They contained
nearly oil enough to cook themselves and were very fine — finest I ever
ate. — Henry Pulse, Harrisonburg, Va.

117. Never ate better fish. — One killed through mistake was
fried, and we never ate a better fish. — Robt. H. Kicks, Rocly Mount,
If. G.

118. Never ate better fish. — Have had them fried and don't
think I ever ate any better fish in my life. — Mrs. M. A. Wallace,
Sherman, Tex.

119. Never ate better fish. — Have fried them, and never ate
better fish. — Wm. O. Yager, Luray, Va.

120. better than any other fish. — I have had three messes ; one

316 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

last year, and two since. They were fried. They eat very well — better
than any other fish in the country. — J. T. Low, Saulsbury, Tenn.

121. Very best. — We eat two large ones. They were broiled. The
quality was of the very best. — Dr. Samuel Hape, Hapeville and Atlanta,
Ga.

122. Best of fish. — I have eaten 5 or G weighing from 1 to lh lbs.
each. We fried them in butter, and all who have partaken of them
have pronounced them the best offish. — Michael Willax, Baltimore,
Md.

123. Best they ever ate. — We have eaten one which was fried.
It was decidedly the best we ever ate. This was testified to by several.
— John C. Wenger, Dayton, Va.

124. Best fish he ever ate. — Yes, they were broiled and were very
nice — the best either of salt or of fresh water fish that I have ever eaten.
— H. G. Sanford, Warren, B. I.

125. Best fish they ever did eat. — Yes, we used them all last
summer, and gave a mess to all our friends and neighbors. All with
one voice say they are the best fish they ever did eat, and we say so too.
Cook them as you please. They are good enough for any man. — Sam-
uel McClelland, Salt Springs, Mo.

126. Never ate a superior fish. — In draining my ponds last year
I caught a carp 18 inches long and had it fried. I never ate a superior
fish. My family pronounced it excellent. — E. G. Peyton, Hazlehurst,
Miss.

127. Superior to any other fish there. — We have eaten two
which were fried. They were delightful and have superior qualities
over any other fish here. — Wm. L. Hudson, Luray, Va.

128. Far superior to any Texas fish. — Yes, stewed and fried.
They were splendid both ways, far superior to any Texas fish, in our
estimation.— William Brueggerhoff, Austin, Tex.

129. Good as any. — We have baked them and they are as good as
any fish we ever ate. — J. Shaw Margerum, Washington, Pa.

130. Equal to any fish. — I have eaten some. They were fried and
were an excellent table fish ; equal to any species of fish. — Wm. A. Jett,
Atlanta, Ga.

131. Equal to any fish in the country. — I have not, but several
of my neighbors have and pronounce them equal to any fish in the coun-
try.— Monroe Pointer, Gomo Depot, 111.

132. Nicest fish ever tasted. — They are the nicest fish I ever
tasted. We tried them the some as other fish. — Wm. A. IIidgely,
Glenwood, Md.

133. Finest fish in. the country. — Have eaten none here, but
plenty in Germany, and know it is the finest fish we have in our
country. — William Kadam, Austin, Tex.

131. Never ate anything more delicious. — We ate the one 8
inches long, cooked with fine lard. I had visitors, and all joined in

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 317

saying they never had eaten anything more delicious. I know I never
will. — John Houston, Farmville, Va.

135. Most excellent fish they ever ate. — I killed a dozen.
My family and neighbors had them fried, and all pronounced them the
most excellent of any fish they ever saw. — E. C. Dickinson, Rush, Tex.

136. A CRUCIAL TEST WITH MAGNIFICENT RESULTS. — Eight out of

ten men with whom we have ever conversed about the table qualities
of the German carp have affirmed that the fish was unsurpassable as
an article of diet, but every now and then there comes along a ninth
and tenth man who pronounces it coarse, dry, and not fit to eat. Our
mind being thus unsettled on this great subject — and the present
absorbing public interest in the carp culture demanding a dissipation
of all doubts — we addressed a note to our old friend, Capt. A. D. Bates,
of Batesburg, the pioneer of carp-raising in our county, begging that
he allow us to spend a day with him and test the qualities of the carp.
His reply was, "Come any day you please. Bring whomsoever you
please. I shall be delighted, and you shall eat fried carp three times
a day."

As regards the carp at dinner, it was in this wise : There were two
dishes of them, 7 or 8 on each dish, fried. All these were in size from
one to two pounds. They were fried as shad are. And certainly — and
in all honesty and sincerity — we have never tasted a more delicious
fish. So far from being dry, they are precisely the opposite; though
as they grow older, the flesh becomes more solid. They have but few
bones ; the backbone and ribs, with but few besides. As we ate of the
fish, the thought occurred to us that perhaps there was more in the
cooking than in the fish. We intimated this thought to Mrs. Bates,
who laughingly assured us that the frying process was of the very sim-
plest, and that the fish were standing emphatically upon their own
merits. In conclusion we beg to say that if our personal and individual
experience of the table qualities of the German carp will be any encour-
agement to them in carp raising, we again affirm, without fear of suc-
cessful contradiction, that the carp is an exceedingly delicious fish, and
well worthy of any pains that may be bestowed upon it. — Jas. T. Bacon
and Thos. J. Adams, Editors of the Edgefield Advertiser, Edgefield,
8. C., March 2d, 1883.

III. — COMPARISONS WITH OTHER FISH — VERY GENERALLY COMPLI-
MENTARY.

137. Good; equal to buffalo. — Have eaten several that were
fried. We consider their edible qualities good — equal to the buffalo in
the Ohio Biver. — Matthew B. Carter, Shaher, Ohio.

13S. Equal to buffalo. — We ate one, fried, which got caught in
the ice and was killed. It was about as good as a buffalo, though if it
had been fresh perhaps it would have been better. — G. W. Varnum,
Montgomery City, Mo.

318 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

139. Equal to mullet. — I have eaten 140 fried. 1 found them some-
thing like the mullet. They are very nice and sweeter than any other
lish. Rather too sweet for some. — Charles J. Riddle, Fork, Md.

140. Equal to branch mullet, or suckers. — Scale carp, first
rate in quality. Leather carp, not so good, being more like the branch
mullet or sucker. — Benjamin D. Palmer, Sandy Spring, Md.

141. Equal to suckers. — I have eaten only one. It was fried. 1
think it is about equal to our common sucker — fully as bony. — G. ML.
GALLASPY, Decatur, Miss.

142. Equal to catfish. — A few days ago we ate two of the last
lot, fried. They compared very well with ordinary fish — something
similar to catfish. — P. Peyton Carver, Mount Juliet, Tenn.

143. Equal to other pond fish. — Have not given them a fair
trial, bat think them equal to other lake fish. — I. A. Edmondson, 48
South Calvert street, Baltimore, Md.

144. Equal to croakers, mill-roach, and mud-shad. — I have
eaten some fried. I did not think they rated above croakers, mill roach,
or mud-shad. They had an earthy taste. I have never eaten them any
other way than fried. — Andrew Reese, Luthcrville, Md.

145. Equal to perch. — They eat very much like the perch that is
found in our creeks and rivers. — James T. Bartlet, Trappe, Md.

146. Equal to perch. — Yes, they were fried and I thought them
equal to our salt-water perch, which are good. — F. I. Wiley, Charlotte
Hall, Saint Mary's County, Maryland.

147. Equal to perch. — We have eaten some. They were fried and
the flesh tasted similar to that of a perch. — George R. Parrott, Still
Pond, Md.

148. Equal to rock fish. — We have fried 12 or 15 of them and
found them equal to pan rock. — James Burton, Greenwood, Md.

140. Equal to drum but not to perch or bass. — Yes, three-
Two were fried and one boiled. They were eaten in the winter, and
opinion was expressed that they were a good coarse fish, about equal to
drum, inferior to perch or bass. — William L. Young, Waverly. Miss.

150. Not equal to bass. — Yes, very fair. They are not as good
as bass. The flesh has not much flavor and is soft. — M. Gillet Gill,
Baltimore, Md.

151. Not equal to the river fishes.— In April, 1882, 1 tasted of a
baked carp weighing some 5 pounds, properly seasoned and cooked ; I
think it inferior to any of our running stream fishes for the table in
flavor and texture. — Ijba P. Jones, Nashville, Tenn.

152. Quite superior to native fish. — 1 have eaten two messes.
They were fried and very fine; quite superior to our common fish. — J.
C. KE1THLEY, Shacklefordj Saline County, Missouri.

153. Better than perch or catfish; not equal to bass or
trout. — In June, 1882, I caught several estimated at one and a hall"
pounds. All were returned to the water except two, which were baked

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 319

and eaten. They were, considered as "good"; not so good as bass or
mountain trout, but better than perch or catfish. — Matthew A. Mil-
ler, Richmond, Va.

151. Not equal to teout or shad. — Yes, I had some prepared
as fish generally are. My opinion is that they are the fish for the peo.
pie, but not so good as the trout or shad. — C. M. Coe, Atlanta, Ga.

155. Not equal to trout. — I have eaten carp from another's
pond. I liked them pretty well — not so well as trout. They were
fried. — Pemberton Wood, Union Bridge, Md.

156. Not equal to trout or perch. — I commenced in 1882, and
have been eating on them ever since. I am getting old and could not wait
any longer. We fry and stew them. They are very good, either way —
not equal to the trout or perch. — M. S. Finch, sr., Wortham, Tex.

157. Next to trout and perch. — Good ; only surpassed by our
native trout and perch. — E. L. McGehee, Woodville, Miss.

158. Better than sunfish or trout. — Fried, and better than
the sunfish. I prefer them to the mountain trout from my pond near
by or to my eastern trout bred here. — Addison Baker, Denver City,
Colo.

159. Better than red-horse — not equal to bream. — One
only — of the scaly variety. It was fried and pronounced fine — not equal
to the bream, but better than red-horse, which it resembles. — S. W.
Bookhart, M. D., Blythewood, 8. C.

160. Equal to shad, red-horse, black bass, or suckers. —
They are equal to the shad, red-horse, black bass, white sucker, and
other fish we get here. — Abel A. Wright, Griffin, Ga.

161. Equal to any native fishes. — Yes, Iried. They are equal
to any of our native fishes. — H. I. Irly, Eufaula, Ala.

162. Equal to black bass. — I think they are as good as black
bass. — Wm. Downey, New Market, Md.

163. Better than black bass, rock or mackerel — equal to
shad. — We have, fried. We consider them equal to shad, superior to
black bass, rock or mackerel, and we wish for nothing better. They
are the fish for the million. — Edwin H. Beynolds, Rising Sun, Md.

161. Equal to bass or perch — superior to lake fish. — The first
one was caught about September 1, which we did not expect to be extra
on account of the warm weather, but to our surprise it was excellent, and
by one guest who is used to eating fish caught fresh from Lake Mich-
gan and from different streams of this State, it was pronounced equal
to the creek bass or perch, as it is sometimes called, which is considered
the best fish we have, even superior to lake fish. We all thought it far
better than catfish or suckers. It was not oily or coarse, as some papers
have stated. Three persons besides our own family of four grown per-
sons partook of it and all liked it. The other fish was caught in October
after the weather became cooler, and four people, all different from the
first party, besides our family, ate of it, the same opinion being expressed

820 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

as before. We who ate of both could see no difference, unless it was
;i very little more firmness to the flesh of the last. — Gusto Havens,
Lewis Centre, Ohio, April G, 1883.

165. Nearly equal to red snapper. — Have eaten no carp under
2 lbs., at which weight they are an excellent pan fish, only the flesh is
a little soft. An 8 pounder baked is nearly as good as a red snap-
per. — B. J. Wilson, Atlanta, Ga.

166. Not equal to shad — Yes, and I do not consider them fir.st
class for eating. They will not compare with shad and other tine fish
in North Carolina, waters. — H. B. Wright, Sauhbury, Tenn.

1G7. Not equal to shad. — Yes — they were fried as we cook her-
ring and their quality was fair, but not so good as Potomac shad. — Asa
M. Stabler, Spencerville, Md.

1G8. Equal to shad. — We ate one this morning. It was broiled.
It was very good — something like shad. — Wi. Thompson, jr., Lemont,
Pa.

169. Equal to shad. — I have. They are first rate, about equal to
boiled shad. — Samuel T. Earle, Centreville, Md.

170. Equal to shad. — Yes, fried ; most excellent, equal to shad. —
Ira A. Fitz Gerald, Linwood, N~. C.

171 Equal to shad. — I cooked four during last year. They were
fried as we usually prepare shad, and I consider them equal to shad.—
Richard H. Cornegys, Greensbororigh, Md.

172. Equal to trout or shad. — Yes, baked and fried ; fresh from
the water. It was equal to trout, and I think equal to shad. — Dr. H.
H. Cary, La Grange, Ga.

173. Better than shad. — We have eaten two fried and consider
them better than shad. — Wm, B. Tewell, Eockhill, 8. G.

174. Better than shad. — Yes, baked ; superior to shad. — H. G.
Evans, Render sonmlle, JY. G.

175. Better than shad. — Two, baked. I found them an excellent
table fish — in my estimation far superior to shad. — Adolph J. Gall,
Jesstip's, Md.

IV. — CRITICISMS AS TO SOFTNESS OR MUDDY TASTE.

176. Good, but a little soft. — We have eaten some few fried.
They were good. Little on the soft order. — Jos. Hayghe, Upper Gross
Roads, Md.

177. Soft. — The scale carp are best. The others are too fat and
soft. — Samuel M. Suber's, Macon, Ga.

178. Soft. — We ate two, fried in butter. They were pleasant tasted,
but the fiesh was most too tender. — J. W. IIigbee, Castle Shannon, Pa.

170. Excellent, perhaps soft. — I ate two fried. Their table quali-
ties were excellent. The first one was a little too fat and the meat a
little soft. — C. C. Lcbingier, Braddoclc, Pa.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 321

Vol. IDI, No. fit. Washington, B. €. Oct. 18, 1883.

180. Too soft. — I do not think them a good pan fish, being too soft.
They are good boiled. — Robert E. Withers, Wytheville, Ya.

181. Soft and of a muddy taste in july. — Cooked in lard. I
did not like them. I found them to be soft and strong in flavor. I
think it was July 8th that I tasted them. — Wm. Salway, Superin-
tendent of Spring Grove Cemetery, Station A, Cincinnati, Ohio.

182. Soft and of a muddy taste. — I have eaten them fried several
times. I do not like them very much. They are soft and taste a little
muddy. — Samuel Eoop, Westminster, Md.

183. Muddy taste. — I tried to eat a 3-pound scale carp, but found
it strong, with a disagreeable muddy flavor. We fried and served it
with spiced sauce. Some of mine are the leather variety, and perhaps
they may prove better. — Thomas Clapham, Eoslyn, N. Y.

184. A little muddy taste. — I have eaten some fried in lard that
was fat, very good except a little musty taste. — Andrew Mann, Forest
Hill, W. Ya.

185. Muddy taste due to pond. — The Albright mill pond was
drawn off yesterday and Mr. J. E. McKnight gave us a small carp which
we had cooked. The flesh was white and rather soft. The fish does
not have many bones; but this one was not of fine flavor, having a
muddy taste. This, however, may be owing to the character of the pond
which is a very old one filled with red mud, and very offensive. — The
Daily Bugle, Jas. W. Albright, Editor, Greensboro\ N. C, May 2, 1883.

18(j. Cause of muddy taste. — I have eaten them both fried and
broiled. I think the scale carp superior to the leather, but the quality
of the carp depends upon their food. If left to care for themselves they
will taste of the mud. — L. Triplett, jr., Mount JacJcson, Ya.

187. How to avoid muddy taste. — We ate a few last spring, fried.
They tasted of mud unless they were first soaked in salt water. After
being soaked over night they were very good. The meat is firm. What
I used were scale carp. — Capt. Jno. T. Fletchall, Poolesville, Md.

188. Some not good, and some very good. — I ate 3 carp which
weighed two pounds each. They were fried and I did not think much
of them. The flesh was not very solid and had a sweet taste. Those
eaten were in April before they had spawned, and while I and some of
my family did not like them oue of my neighbors, to whom I sent one,
thought it very nice. These fish were some of the original lot received
from you. I have this last week eaten some of the two-year olds weigh-
ing \ pound each and all liked them very much. — E. L. Tschiffely,
Hunting Hill, Md,

189. Soft in june. — We baked a three-pound one taken from a very
small and warm pond. We found it of good flavor, and sweet, but
Bull. U. S. F. C. 83 21

322 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FiSH COMMISSION.

very soft. It was killed late in June, and was full of roe. — Leonard
V. Green, Norwich, Conn.

190. Not good when spawning; otherwise very fine. — Only
one, but about spawning season. It was strong tasted. I am assured.
however, that they are very fine at other seasons, and even then if too
young to spawn. — I. W. Mewborn, Macon, Tenn.

191. Not good in AUGUST; small ones vert fair. — We have
tried one weighing; 10 pounds, and gave away others about that size.
They were stuffed and baked. 1 think they are the poorest food-fish
ever eaten. Even the smell is offensive. July 25, 1883.

The large car}) I wrote about as being so offensive when cooked was
served up in the month of August.

The small carp, say \ pound to \\ pounds, we catch with worms at
the present time. The parties who have eaten them say they think
them a very fair pan fish. — William Griswold, Jobstovm, X. J., July
30, 18S3.

192. Results of eating carp soon after spawning time. — It
must be remembered that the taste of mankind is so different that what
would delight one would disgust another. We had a carp boiled by a
German, but none of our party liked it thus cooked. The next was
stuffed splendidly and baked. This was found more palatable. Asa.
pan fish we must say that those fortunate people who know how a 13-
inch freckle, such as you catch in Surrey and Sussex Counties, tastes
will not take any stock in this new comer. But my opinion is that
on a cold, frosty morning in October the carp will be found to be good
eating, if properly cooked. — li. A. Martin, in the Petersburgh, Ya.,
Index Appeal, August 12, 1SS2.

193. Do not eat carp in spawning season.— Last November oue
gentleman got a carp 20 inches long, and all who ate of it said it was
O. K. Two others tried one, each in spawning season, and said they
were not good. Of course these persons knew nothing of carp culture. —
S. J. Alexander, Macon, Tenn., July 3, 1883.

104. Inferior and sickening after two weeks' confinement
IN A railroad tank. — It was in the months of December and Feb-
ruary that I tasted the carp. On one occasion I caught four out of my
pond and pnt them in a railroad tank containing some 5,000 gallons of
water which was changing every day or so. I put them in there, not
for the purpose of changing their condition or edible qualities, but I was
expecting a friend who was thinking of getting some, and ! wanted him
to taste them. I put them in the tank so that I could take a net and
get them at any minute. But my friend did not come at the time I
expected him and the carp remained in the tank over two weeks, being
fed in the meantime on bread alone. This tank is a large wooden tub
containing over 5,000 gallons of water. I served the carp in three dif-
ferent ways for the table, and in all the different ways it still retained
its muddy, strong, fishy, sweet, sickening taste. Three out of four who

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 323

ate any complained of a little sickness at the stomach after eating tliein.
After trying myself I sent a half dozen or more to friends in the vil-
lage, and every one who ate them said it had the same taste to them as
above. I must say I think it the most inferior fish I ever ate. I tried
hard to see if I could not overcome some of my bad opinions of the fish,
as I bad gone to the expense of fitting up a nice pond especially for
them, but facts are stubborn things. I am now stocking my pond with
black bass in order that they may eat up the young carp, as I think
them worthless for anything else. — Copeland 1). Epes, Nottoway C. H.,
Va.

V. — THE ONLY UNCOMPLIMENTARY REPORTS ASIDE FROM THOSE
KNOWN TO BE DUE TO EATING CARP IN THE WRONG SEASON.

195. Rather indifferent. — Have eaten several fried and considered
them rather indifferent. — Robert M. Stabler, Spencerville, Md.

196. Nothing extra. — I ate two of them ; I thought them nothing
extra. — J. L. Woolfolk, Madisonville, Ky.

107. Opinions differ. — Have eaten a number of them; most of per-
sons pronounce them hue, others differ. — W. VV. Tunis & Bro., Tunis
Mills, Md.

IDS. Could not tell. — We have fried and eaten two of the fish
that we found in the grass with some hook holes through their mouths.
Thieves had dropped them. We could not tell much about the qual-
ity. — John B. Brown, Nashville, Ohio.

109. Unfavorable. — Opinion not in favor of carp. — John Collins,
BernardsviUe, N. J.

200. Very poor. — I have. They were fried in hogs' lard. Their
edible quantities were very poor. — Josiah Perry, Covington, Ga.

201. Does not like them at all. — We have eaten them several
times, always fried in butter or lard, after being rolled in meal. I do
not like them at all. — Oscar Reid, Ferguson, Mo.

202. Unfit to ea.t. — Have eaten one and pronounced it decidedly
unfit for table use. — R. Payne, Georgetown, Ky.,

203. Worthless for eating. — Yes, have eaten a few, baked, fried,
and broiled. Their edible qualities are not good. I was very much
disappointed in them. They are worthless for eating. I think it very
likely that the muddy bottom of the pond causes the fish to be so indif-
ferent for eating. — E. F. Raworth, Viclcsburg, Miss.

204. Tough and unfit to eat. — Our country is getting pretty thor-
oughly stocked with German carp, and there is hardly a paper in the
land but teems with praises of their wonderful growth, loveliness, adapt-
ability to the shallow ponds, &c, all of which we most unqualifiedly
indorse; but how seldom do we hear one word as to their eating quali-
ties. Although our esteemed senator from this district, who introduced
them here three years ago, tells us they sell "side by side" with the
best fish in the Washington, D. C, market, still that does not keep other

324 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Kentuekians, at least, from having tbeir tastes. From fifteen to twenty
families around here have tried them at different times during the past
year, and, except two persons who could eat them but didn't relish them,
they unhesitatingly pronounced them unfit to eat. They have tried
them boiled, baked, and fried, and discarded them every way. One lady
says, they are well named leather carp, for we would prefer leather
served in any style, to them ; and, right here, might not our fish com-
missioners have mistaken their use, and ought we not to send a few to
the tannery? Another person says he intends to keep raising them,
for lie knows they will prove valuable for soap grease. Such are some
of their indorsements here, and we would like for others throughout the
country not to think so much of them as we did, having them nearly
three years before trying them, but to try them as soon as possible, and
report the results. — An anonymous Kentucky correspondent of the Ameri-
can Field, January 20, 1883.

VI. — A FEW OPINIONS IN REGARD TO THE BONES.

205. Very free from bones. — Very much like Lake Michigan
white-fish; bony at the back of the head, like shad. The remainder is
very free from bones. — E. Miller, Mahicah, N. J.

200. Very few bones. — Fried, it was very good — very few bones. —
T. Holt, EoWs Summit, Mo.

207. Fine flavor, no bones, and fat. — Yes ; dam broke, and those
injured in catching were baked and fried. They were of fiue flavor, fat,
and no bones. — Ed. M. Gresham, Carlton's Store, Va.

208. Good but bony. — Yes ; a good number fried and boiled. They
are pronounced by all as good as any fish, excepting a few more bones
than we usually find in other fish. — M. S. O'iSTeal and C. G. Arnold,
Versailles, Ky.

209. Bony, like buffalo. — I dissected two or three and I found
those detached bones that make the buffalo (Western CyprinidaB) thick-
lip so objectionable. Otherwise it is a good fish in August and Sep-
tember. After that they get soft and continue to be so till after they
have spawned in June. — E. Z. Butcher, Solomon City, Kans.

210. Bones in small ones. — Yes. Fine baking fish. Small ones
are rather too bony for frying, perhaps. — E. A. Lindsey, Jackson, Tenn.

211. Not full of bones nor muddy. — Carp are not full ot bones
and do not taste of mud as some would have us think, but, on the cou-
tiary, are very free from small bones and are a most excellent table fish,
to which several who have dined with me will testify. — II. B. Davis,
Macon, Ga.

VII.— HINTS UPON VARIOUS WAYS OF COOKING CARP BY OTHER AD-
MIRERS OF THIS FISH.

212. Fried brown: first rate. — Yes; we have tried them three
times. We scald them the same as catfish, roll them in meal, and fry

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. o25

them brown. We think they are first rate; good as we want. — A. J.
and W. B. Baird, Nashville, Tenn.

213. Salted to remove muddy taste ; then fried. — They tasted
of mud unless they were first soaked in salt water over night. Then
fried they were very good. — Capt. John T. Fletchall, Poolesville,
Md.

214. Salted and fried brown : excellent. — We took one out of
pond No. 2, in May, 1883, weighing three pounds. When scaled, salted
five hours, floured, and fried brown, it was of excellent flavor. — J. W.
Long-, Mount Morris, Pa.

215. Fried brown: very superior. — I have eaten one. I pro-
nounce it splendid. It is a very superior fish when well cooked and
fried brown, as a fish ought to be. — Edward Thompson, Saint John-
land, N. Y.

210. Best when fried brown.— Some 25 or 30 persons in this
vicinity have eaten them and generally pronounced them good enough.
I ate two that were boiled and did not like them so well as fried and
well browned. They are drier and suit my taste better. — W. E. Lo-
gan, Andrews, Ohio.

217. Split and fried: excellent.- We have tasted of the large
size, and of the largest size of young ones. We had them fried. The
large size were split before frying, and pronounced by my family and
friends that helped to eat them excellent. — Benjamin G. Cissel, High-
land, Md.

218. Split and fried: never ate better. — I have. The 1 to 2
pounds carp were split open and fried, and the opinion of every one is
that they never ate better fish. Mine are of the scaly variety. — P. G.
Powell, Versailles, Ky.

219. Fried in butter: nice. — We have eaten one; cleaned it in the
evening, salted it, and fried it in butter; thought it good and nice. —
Wm. Sadler, New Salem, W. Va.

220. Fried in butter and lard. — Of the very finest. One, which
was rolled in wheat flour and fried in butter and lard. Their eatable
qualities were of the very finest. — Benjamin L. Garber, Marietta, Pa.

221. Fried in lard : exceedingly good. — Last October we ate
two of the smaller ones. They were fried in lard, as fresh fish are often
cooked, and all who tasted them pronounced them exceedingly good. —
Bavid Scott, Elldon, Md.

222. Fried in lard and oil. — Yes, sir ; fried in lard and cotton-
seed oil ; we prefer the oil. We think they are a very fine fish and very
sweet. — E. B. Plunket, Atlanta, Ga.

223 Sliced akd fried with eggs and crumbs. — The only one
eaten was cut into steaks, dipped into agg and bread crumbs, and fried.
The quality was good. — John Pickering, Fontana, Kans.

224. Fried and boiled : good. — We have eaten and presented to
our neighbors about 100, and all regard their edible quality good.

326 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

We fry them and boil them same as rock fish. — John S. Dallam, Bel
Air, Md.

225. Bkoil.1 d : first bate — Yes; broiled, with butter and pepper,
they are first rate. — Samuel T. Earle. Centreville, Md.

226. Bkoiled WITH LKMoN SAUCE : DELICIOUS. — Yes; broiled, with
lemon sauce, and baked, they are delicious. — P. H. Coleman, Union
Springs, Ala.

2,21. Baked or fried.— Last fall we ate two mirror carp, and the
7th of August, 1883, two weighing 1 pounds and one ounce. One was
Stuffed and roasted, the other fried. A. Stout. Dr. Terry, S. Sharp,
John Bid ger, and others join me in saying they are the best they ever
lasted. About twenty persons tried them on my fifty-sixth birthday.
— Dr. Setii G. Bigelow, Silcer Lale, Ind.

228. Skin, and fry or lake them.— We first skin them, then thor-
oughly scald them and either fry or bake them. — O. A. Gilman, Paris,
Ky.

229. Eats them various ways. — 1 have eaten them abroad in
various styles of cooking, but have eaten none of mine. — Daniel C.
Bikdsall, Wcstpon, Conn.

230. All ways: very edible; scale-carp best. — I have eaten
quite a number fried, baked, stewed, and boiled. When properly pre-
pared they are very edible. — Samuel M. Subees, Macon, Ga.

231. All ways: equal to shad. — Baked, boiled, stuffed, fried,
served on rice, eggs, toast, &c., they are equal to shad. — xiBEL A.
Wright, Griffin, Ga.

l'.sl*. All ways, but large ones are best boiled. — Yes; boiled
baked, boiled, and fried. They are best boiled when large. — Benjamin
D. Palmer, Handy Springs, Ml.

233. Prefers them boiled. — Have been eating them all summer,
broiled, fried, and boiled. Boiled is thought the best with us and by
others that have eaten them. — Capt. E. Herman, jr., Towson, Md.

234. Boiled like rock: good. — Yes; fried and boiled. Thelarger
carp boiled and served as rock are served is palatable and good. — Rob-
ert E. Withers, Wytheville, Va.

235. A German method.— It was with no common pleasure that
we, were called on to witness the preparations for an original and savory
meal, which the forester of Max von dem Borne [of Berneuchen, Ger-
many] cooked with consummate skill, closely following the method em-
ployed by the North American trappers and sportsmen during their
camp life in the vast forests of the Western Hemisphere. Four plump
car]) were cleaned, washed, well strewed with salt and pepper both on the
inside and the outside, and thereupon wrapped — each one separately —
in a white sheet of paper well buttered. Bound this a sheet of news-
paper was wrapped, the package was for a few moments dipped in cold
water, and finally placed on a bed of hot coals of an open fire. Above
tiie four carp came a layer of raw potatoes, which were thus baked in

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 327

the ashes. In about half an hour the t; pepper carps" were ready for
the table. Full of their own juice, they formed a most tempting and
delicious dish, and being handed round, together with potatoes, on large
napkins, satisfied even the most epicurean taste. [From the Magde-
burgische Zeitung, No. 501, Magdeburg, October 27, 1881.]

236. German method of cooking. — Yes; many a one in Germany.
When young, say 2 to 3 pounds, they will do to fry ; but when they weigh
10 to 50 pounds they are generally stewed in water first, afterwards in
a gravy made of brown bread, a small portion of sugar or of molasses
is added, and then they put in enough of brown beer- to make gravy
sufficient to cover the fish and also according to the size of the family. —
Leo Weltz, Wilmington, Ohio.

237. Boiled in beer: delicious. — Yes, sir; they were boiled in beer
after the Saxon fashion (not lager beer, however, but what is called com-
mon beer). They were delicious. — Hugo Mulertt, Cincinnati, Ohio.

238. Wine method of cooking. — I have eaten carp and find them
good. One specimen of 5 pounds and two years old, taken from a pond
on Long Island, was cooked as follows : First boiled in white wine for 15
minutes and then baked in an oven and served with a white-wine sauce.
It was eaten by a number of epicures, and by all pronounced a fine table-
fish. — Eugene G. Blackford, Fulton Market, New York, N. Y.

239. Partly boiled and partly baked : fit for a king. — I
always instruct the cook to clean them nicely ; then wrap the fish in a
linen towel, have a large kettle of water boiliug, coil the fish neatly in
the kettle and boil fifteen minutes, then turn off the water, remove to
a baking pan without marring and put in the oven, bake and then baste
with butter gravy. A nice dressing could occupy the interior of the
fish and the space around the sides. If properly done it makes a dish
fit for a king or a hungry fisherman. — W. Van Antwerp, Mount Ster-
ling, Montgomery County, Ky., October 31, 1882.

240. Skinned, dipped, and fried: excellent. — The carp we
caught from our pond last September to eat were skinned when dressed,
cut into pieces of suitable size, dipped in flour, and fried. It was excel-
lent. — Gustin Havens, Lewis Centre, Ohio.

211. Boiled; butter gravy: resembled lobster. — I ate but
one carp, which was boiled and served with a butter gravy. A friend,
who was taking dinner with me, as well as myself, pronounced, it "' very
good indeed " although different from any other fish, with a faint re-
semblance to lobster in taste. It is, however, not impossible that we
both were prejudiced in favor of carp. — A. Eaht, South Cottonwood,
Salt Lake County, Utah, Feb. 0, 1883.

242. An excellent receipt for frying carp. — Be sure to clean
the fish thoroughly. Remove the fat from the inside. Place the fish
in a weak brine over night. Wipe it thoroughly dry and cover it with
flour or meal. Have the fat boiling hot and do not put the fish in until
it is boiling. Fry quickly, and brown as you like to have it. — Prof. E. T.
Cox, New Harmony, Lnd.

328 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ADDRESSES OF THE PERSONS WHOSE TESTIMO-
NIES ARE CITED.

Number.

Albright, Jas. W., editor The Daily Bugle, Greensborough, Guilford Co., N. C. 185

Alexander, C. W., Charlotte, Mecklenburg Co., N. C 63

Alexander, S. J., Macon, Fayette Co., Term 193

American Field, Chicago, Cook Co., Ill 204

Anderson, Samuel, Rutland. Anne Arundel Co., Md 112

Arbaugh, Win., Carrollton, Carroll Co., Md 37

Bacon, Jas. T., and Tkos. J. Adams, editors Edgefield Advertiser, Edgefield,

Edgefield Co., S. C 136

Baird, A. J. & W. B., Nashville, Davidson Co., Tenn 212

Baker, Addison, Denver City, Arapahoe Co., Colo 158

Baker &. Co., A. H., Fairfield, Wayne Co., Ill 44

Barlow, Lewis, Sykesville, Carroll Co., Md 75

Bartlett, James T., Trappe, Talbot Co., Md 145

Baylies, James, Massillon, Stark Co., Ohio 41

Bigelow, Dr. Seth G., Silver Lake, Kosciusko Co., Ind 227

Birdsall, Daniel C, Westport, Fairfield Co., Conn 229

Blackford, Eugene G., Fulton Market, New York, N. Y 238

Blackwell, N., Bartlett, Shelby Co., Tenn 2

Bonds, Peter, Harrisonburg, Rockingham Co., Va 107

Bookbart, M. D., S. W., Blythewood, Fairfield Co., S. C 159

Borne, Max von dem, Berneuchen, Germany ' 235

Bowman, David, Timberville, Rockingham Co., Va 23

Bowman, Solon M., Timberville, Rockingham Co., Va 24

Brooks, J. M., Waterford, Marshall Co., Miss 76

Brown, A. P., Jefferson, Marion Co., Tex 86

Brown, John B., Nashville, Holmes Co., Ohio 198

Brown, John R., Woodstock, Howard Co., Md 49

Brueggerhoff, William, Austin, Travis Co., Tex 128

Buingardner, sr., James, Greenville, Augusta Co., Va 60

Burton, James, Greenwood, Baltimore Co., Md 148

Butcher, E. Z., Solomon City, Dickinson Co., Kans 209

Byer, Solomon, Norton, Delaware Co., Ohio 6

Carlton P. C, Statesville, Iredell Co., N. C 29

Carter, Matthew B., Shaker, Warren Co., Ohio 137

Carter, R. Wei by, Upperville, Fauquier Co., Va 33.

Carver, P. Peyton, Mt. Juliet, Wilson Co., Tenn 142

Gary, Dr. II. H., La Grange, Troup Co., Ga 172

Chapman, W. B., Macon, Bibb Co., Ga 42

Christopher & Roberts, Fairburn, Campbell Co., Ga 71

Cissel, Benjamin G., Highland, Howard Co., Md 217

Clapbam, Thomas, Roslyn, Queens Co., N. Y 183

Clarke, P. S., Hempstead, Waller Co., Tex 56

Clayton, S. M., Cyruston, Lincoln Co., Tenn 64

Coe, C. M., Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga 154

Coleman, P. H., Union Springs, Bullock Co., Ala 226

Collins, John, Bernaidsville, Somerset Co., N. J 199

Cornegys, Richard H., Greensborough, Caroline Co., Md 171

Cox, Prof. E. T., New Harmony, l'osey Co., Ind 242

Dabney, R. K., Powhatan C. H., Powhatan Co., Va 84

Dallam, John S., Bel Air, Harford Co. , Md 224

David, C. C, Harmony Grove, Jackson Co., Ga 102

Davis, 11. B., Macon, Bibb Co., Ga 100,211

Delashmutt, W. G., Martinsville, Clark Co., Ill 79

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 329

Number.

Dickinson, E. C, Rusk, Cherokee Co., Tex 135

Donaldson, I. C, Gilbertsville, Otsego Co., N. Y 85

Downey, M. D., J. W., Newmarket, Frederick Co., Md 113

Downew, Win., New Market, Frederick Co., Md 162

Duke, Richard T. W., Charlottesville, Albemarle Co., Va 32

Dula, J. A., Lenoir, Caldwell, Co., N. C 69

Dunn, William I., Sepulga, Conecuh Co., Ala 28

Earle, Samuel T., Centreville, Queen Anne Co., Md 109, 225

Edmoudson, I. A., 48 S. Calvert St., Balto., Md 143

Elliott, Win., Taylor, Williamson Co., Tex 65

Emack, George M. , Versailles, Woodford Co., Ky 77

Emory, M. D., R., Taylor, Harford Co., Md 95

Epes, Copeland D., Nottoway C. H., Nottoway Co., Va 194

Evans, H. G., Henderson ville, Henderson Co., N. C 174

Everist, F. S., Port Deposit, Cecil Co., Md 69

Falk, Geo. N., Lenoir, Caldwell Co., N. C 46

Farlow, David, Level Plains, Randolph Co. . N. C 30

Ferguson, John M., Alderson, Monroe Co., W. Va 4

Field, Jas. G., Gordonsville, Orange Co., Va 68

Finch, sr., M. S., Wortham, Freestone Co., Tex 156

Fitz Gerald, Ira A., Liuwood, Davidson Co., N. C 170

Fletchall, C'apt. John T., Poolesville, Montgomery Co., Md 1&7.213

Gall, Adolph J., Jessup's, Anne Arundel Co.,Md 175

Gallaspy, G. M., Decatur, Newton Co., Miss 141

Garber, Beuj. L., Marietta, Lancaster Co., Pa 220

Garlick, Theodotus, Bedford, Cuyahoga Co. , Ohio 1

Gill, M. Gillet, Baltimore, Baltimore Co., Md 150

Gilman, O. A., Paris, Bourbon Co., Ky 51,228

Gilmer, M. S., Mathews, Montgomery Co., Ala - 105

Green, Frank W.. Nashville, Tennessee Co., Tenn 36

Green, Leonard V., Norwich, New London Co., Conn 189

Gresham, Ed. M., Carlton's Store, King and Queen Co., Va 207

Grier, W. W., Charlotte, Mecklenburgh Co., N. C 38

Griswold, William, Jobstown, Burlington Co., N. J 191

Hager, J. B., Board Tree, Marshall Co., W. Va 18

Hape, Dr. Samuel, Hapeville and Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga 121

Harban, James, Dayton, Howard Co., Md 108

Havens, Gustin, Lewis Centre, Delaware Co., Ohio 89,164,240

Hawkins, S. O., Bucks, Columbiana Co., Ohio 81

Hawxhurst J. B., Homowack, Ulster Co., N. Y 15

Hayghe, Jos., Upper Cross Roads, Harford Co., Md 176

Heeter, John, Hunting Hill, Montgomery Co., Md 52

Heilman, Jacob G., Jonestown, Lebanon Co., Pa 53

Herman, jr., Capt. E., Towsou, Baltimore Co., Md 233

Heyser, Emanuel, Madison, Morgan Co., Ga 98

Higbee, J. W., Castle Shannon, Allegheny Co., Pa 178

Hillje, G., Schulenburgh, Fayette Co., Tex 8

Hinuant, B. C, Daingertield, Morris Co., Tex 3

Hipner, T. M., Mortousville, Woodford Co., Ky 67

Holt, Abner T., Bolingbroke, Monroe Co., Ga 20

Holt, T., Holt's Summit, Callaway Co., Mo 206

Hopkins, Samuel, Highland, Howard Co., Md 11

Houston, John, Farmville, Prince Edward Co., Va 134

Hudson, Wm. L., Luray, Page Co., Va 127

330 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

N umber.

Hughlett, Thomas. Faston, Talbot Co., Md 61

Hunter, W. K., Rolesville, Wake Co., N. C 115

Index- Appeal, Petersburgh, Dinwiddle Co., Va 103

Irly, II. I., Enfanla, Barbour Co., Ala 161

Isett, E. J'.., Spruce Creek, Huntingdon Co., Pa 13

Jett, Win. A., Atlanta, Fulton Co., Ga ISO

Jones, Ira P., Nashville, Davidson Co., Tenn 151

Keith, John <;., Jackson, Madison Co., Tenn 54

Keithley, J. C, Sbackleford, Saline Co., Mo 152

Kline, M. B. E., Broadway Depot, Rockingham Co., Va 114

Ligon, Joseph, Massie's Mills, Nelson Co., Va 94

Lindsay, E. A., Jackson, Madison Co., Tenn 210

Lobingier, C. C, Braddock, Allegheny Co., Pa 1/9

Logan, W. E., Andrews, Morrow Co., Ohio 216

Long, J. A., Yancey ville, Caswell Co., N. C 78

Long, J. W., Mt. Morris, Greene Co., Pa 214

Longbotham, Thos., Wort ham, Freestone Co., Tex 50

Loose, H. C, Hagerstown, Washington Co., Md 55

Low, J. T., Saulsbury, Hardeman Co., Tenn 120

Lowrey & Berry, Blue Mountain, Tippah Co., Miss 45

McAdro, J. M., McEwen, Humphreys Co., Tenn 14

McClelland, Samuel, Salt Springs, Saline Co. , Mo 125

McFadden, John, Sudlersville, Queen Anne Co., Md 70

McFall, S. P., Newton Falls, Trumbull Co., Ohio 1(5

McGehee, E. L., Woodville, Wilkinson Co., Miss 157

Mann, Andrew, Forest Hill, Summers Co., W. Va 184

Margerum, J. 'Shaw, Washington, Washington Co., Pa 129

Martin, R. A., Petersburgh, Dinwiddle Co., Va 192

Mewborn, J. W., Macon, Fayette Co., Tenn 190

Michener, A. J., Colora, Cecil Co., Md 31

Miller, E., Mahwah, Bergen Co., N. J 205

Miller, Matthew A., Richmond, Henrico Co., Va 153

Miller, R. D., Farmville, Prince Edward Co., Va 19

Moliley, Greene B., Eutaw, Greene Co., Ala 82

Mordecai, I. Randolph, Baltimore, Baltimore Co., Md 48

Mulertt, Hugo, Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., Ohio 237

Null, Abram E., In ion Bridge, Carroll Co., Md 83

Ogle. James W., Union Bridge, Carroll Co., Md 104

Oneal, M. S., & C. G. Arnold, Versailles, Woodford Co., Ky 208

Overton, A. W., Frankfort, Franklin Co., Ky 101

Palmer, Benjamin D., Sandy Spring, Montgomery Co., Md 140,232

Parrott, George R., Still Pond, Kent Co., Md 147

Payne, R., Georgetown, Scott Co., Ky 202

Peirce, Milton P., 14 South Delaware ave., Philadelphia, Pa '. 22

Perry, Josiah, Covington, Newton Co., Ga 200

Peterkin, James A., Fort Motte, Orangeburgh Co., S. C 26

Peyton, E. G., Hazleburst, Copiah Co., Miss 126

Pickering, John, Font. •ma, Miami Co., Kane 223

Plant. 1. ('.. Macon, Bibb Co., Ga 72

Plunket, F. B., Atlanta, Fulton Co , Ga 222

Pointer, Monroe, Como Depot, Panola Co., Ill 131

Powell, P. G., Versailles, Woodford Co., Ky 218

Powell, Shotwell, Keysville, Charlotte Co., Va 43

Price, W. J., Fincastle, Botetourt Co., Va 34

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 331

Number.

Pride, Francis, Cedar Hill, Robertson Co., Tenn 93

Prince, M. D., Henry M., Scottsville, Albemarle Co., Va 97

Pulse, Henry, Harrisonburg, Rockingham Co., Va 11(5

Radam, William, Austin, Travis Co., Tex 133

Rabt, A., South Cottonwood, Salt Lake Co., Utah 241

Raworth, E. F., Vicksburg, Warren Co., Miss 203

Reese, Andrew, Lutherville, Baltimore Co., Md 144

Reeves, W. N., Eufaula, Barbour Co., Ala 47

Reid, Oscar, Ferguson, St. Louis Co., Mo 201

Reynolds, Edwin H., Rising Sun, Cecil Co., Md *. 163

Richardson, Thomas V., Phoenix, Baltimore Co., Md 110

Ricks, Robt. H., Rocky Mount, Nash Co., N. C 117

Riddle, Chas. J., Fork, Baltimore Co., Md 139

Ridgely, Wm. A., Glen wood, Howard Co., Md 132

Roop, Samuel, Westminster, Carroll Co. , Md 182

Runner, Lewis W., Morgantown, Monongalia Co., W. Va 12

Sadler, Wm., New Salem, Harrison Co., W. Va 219

Salway, Wm., Supt. of Spring Grove Cemetery, Station A, Cincinnati, Ohio .. 181

Sanford, H. G., Warren, Bristol Co., R. 1 124

Scott, David, Elkton, Cecil Co., Md 221

Senseman, Charles, West Charleston, Miami Co., Ohio 88

Shank, Michael, Harrisonburg, Rockingham Co., Va 40

Shim well, J. W., Prince Frederick, Calvert Co., Md S7

Shirley, W. H., Harrisonville, Baltimore Co., Md 59

Shirley, William, No. 5 S. Calvert St., Baltimore, Baltimore Co., Md 17

Shinkle, A., Covington, Kenton Co., Ky 80

Slingluff, C. Bohn, Towson, Baltimore Co., Md 93

Smith, Wm. E., Albany, Dougherty Co., Ga 99

Spencer, H. L., Social Circle, Walton Co., Ga 73

Stabler, Asa M. , Spencerville, Montgomery Co. , Md 1G7

Stabler, Robt. M., Spencerville, Montgomery Co., Md 195

Subers, Samuel M., Macon, Bibb Co., Ga 177,230

Summerour, Harrison, Warsaw, Milton Co., Ga 90

Taggart, Rush, Salem, Columbiana Co., Ohio 27

Teel, Mrs. S. A., Kyle, Hays Co., Tex 10

Tewell, Wm. B., Rockhill, York Co., S. C 173

Thomason, J. N., Paris, Henry Co., Tenn 57

Thompson, Edward, St. Johnlaud, Suffolk Co., N. Y 215

Thompson, jr., Wm., Lemont, Centre Co., Pa 168

Thornton, W. M., Lake, Scott Co., Miss 91

Triplett, jr., L., Mt. Jackson, Shenandoah Co., Va 186

Tschiffely, E. L., Hunting Hill, Montgomery Co., Md 188

Tulloss, Thos. R., Rock Hill, Williamson Co., Tenn 74

Tunis & Bro., W. W., Tunis Mills, Talbot Co., Md 197

Van Antwerp, W., Mount Sterling, Montgomery Co., Ky 239

Van Brunt, James A., 75 South St., New York, N. Y 35

Varnum, G. W., Montgomery City, Montgomery Co., Mo 138

Wallace, Mrs. M. A., Shermau, Grayson Co., Tex 118

Waller, J. M., Mexia, Limestone Co., Tex Ill

Watson, C. J., Munfordville, Hart Co., Ky G6

Watts, Mrs. A. B., Newton, Newton Co., Miss 58

Welch, E. A., Catonsville, Baltimore Co., Md 7

Weltz, Leo, Wilmington, Clinton Co., Ohio 236

Wenger, John O, Dayton, Rockingham Co., Va. 123

332 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

Number.

Wheeler, L. T., Corsicana, Navarro Co., Tex 106

White, C. S., Romney, Hampshire Co., W. Va 21

Whitman, A. F., Nashville, Davidson Co., Tenn 'J")

Wihy, F. I., Charlotte Hall, Saint Mary's Co., Md 146

Wilkins, A. II., Whitesboro', Grayson Co., Tex 102

Willax, Michael, Baltimore, Baltimore Co., Md 122

Wilmot, Samuel, New Castle, Ontario, Canada 5

Wilson, B. J., Allanta, Fulton Co., Ga 1(35

Withers, Robt. E., Wytheville, Wythe Co., Va ISO, 234

Wolf, Daniel, Fairplay, Washington Co., Md 103

Wood, Pemberton, Union Bridge, Carroll Co.,Md 1C>5

Woodruff, E. B., Morristown, Morris Co., N. J 9

Woolfolk, J. L., Madisonville, Hopkins Co., Ky 19'i

Wright, Abel A., Griffin, Spalding Co., Ga 100,231

Wright, II. B., Saulsbury, Hardemann Co., Tenn 1G0

Yager, Win. O., Luray, Page Co., Va 119

Young, Win. L., Waverly, Clay Co., Miss 14'.t

Zahn, Frederick, Frizellburgh, Carroll Co., Md 32

53 THE SPAWNING OF BECEFISH- AN OPINION OF THE CAUSE OF

MORTALITY OF FISH IN THE GULF OF MEXICO.

By II. D. PIERCE.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

I have repeatedly taken bluefish in Lake Worth, Florida, also at
Jupiter Inlet, fully ripe and ready for spawning, in the month of Janu-
ary. In April, I have seen great numbers of young bluefish at the south
end of Lake Worth. This is a salt-water lake, with no fresh water flow-
ing into it of any account, and the only lake of the kind on the Florida
coast. I have no doubt that it will be found that the bluefish spawn
all along the Florida coast.

I do not believe the theory that the occasional mortality of the fish
of the coast is caused by poisonous water coming from the Everglades.
If the water in which these dead fish were found had been tested with a
thermometer the reason would probably have been found. I once tried it
by immersion and succeeded in giving myself the worst chill I ever had.
The next day, for a distance of tour miles, there were thousands of fish
on the beach all floating in the water. All were what we call bottom
or rock fish with one exception, the hying fish, of which a great many
were killed. This was in the month of July, when there was no fresh
water coining out of the Everglades within GO miles of where the fish
were found.

Bisoayne Bay Life Saving Station,

Miami, Fla., August 31, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 333

54.— THE GERMAN CARP AND ITS INTRODUCTION IN THE UNITED

STATES.

By CHAS. W. SMILEY.

[A paper read before the American Association for the Advancement of Scieuce, at the

Minneapolis meeting, 1883.]

1. Systematic position, varieties, and economic relations. —
The German carp belongs to the family Cyprinida?, and genus Cyprinus.
Of the Cyprinus carpio there are three varieties: the scaled, which is
the most edible; the leather, which is the most prolific; and the mirror,
which is intermediate between the other two . The common gold fish,
Cyprinus auratus Linnoeus, is an allied species, with which the German
carp very readily hybridizes.

The present purpose is not to speak of carp from a biological stand-
point, but from an economic one, especially as there is little that is new
with reference to its biology and much that is new when economically
considered.

2. History of its introduction. — The carp was originally from
Central Asia, whence it was introduced into Europe a few centuries ago:
into England in 1504, and into Austria in 1227. It is alleged that Capt.
Henry Robinson brought carp from Holland to the United States about
1830 and put them into his ponds atNewburg, N. Y., from whence they
escaped into the Hudson.* As nothing practical came of this, the real
introduction of carp into the United States dates from May 20, 1877, at
which date Mr. Rud. Hessel arrived from Bremen with 345 carp of dif-
ferent varieties for the United States Fish Commission.t These were
propagated under the direction of Prof. S. F. Baird. The distribution
of their young commenced in the fall of 1879, and has continued to the
present time in increasing quantities annually. The number distribu-
ted in 1879 was 0,203 to 273 applicants in 24 different States of the
Union. In 1880, 31,443 were distributed to 1 ,374 different applicants in
34 different States and Territories. During the past season 113,005 have
been distributed in lots of from 15 to 20 to each applicant.

3. Natural history. — The carp prefers a pond containing warm
water and muddy bottom, but neither of these are absolutely essential.
It feeds upon such worms and lower forms of animal life as are within
its reach, but never upon other fishes. It will, however, eat its own
eggs if forced to by hunger. It is very fond of vegetable food, such as
lettuce, cabbage, leaves of various water plants, seeds, grain, meal,
bread, crackers, corn-bread, &c. Most anything you would give to
chickens you can give to carp to eat.

*See Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission, 1882, page 25.
t Report of United States Fish Commissioner for 1877, page 43.

334 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

If the water is warm, the summer long, and there be plenty of food,
either natural or artificial, the growth of the carp will be surprisingly
rapid. There are well authenticated reports of it reaching 3 pounds
m one year and (» pounds in two years. If no artificial food is furnished,
and there is also a scarcity of natural food, or if the climate be cold, the
growth will be much less rapid. Indeed, when the water becomes quite
cold it will partially bury itself in mud and lie in a dormant state
through the entire winter and until spring fairly sets in. In the south-
ern part of Texas it is probable that the carp will not be forced to hi-
bernate at all except in case of an unusually severe winter. In the
northern parts of Maine and Minnesota it may be expected to hibernate
nearly half the year. As it cannot grow during its hibernation it is
easy to see why so much more rapid growth is obtained in Texas than
in Vermont. There is little danger, however, of it freezing to death, for
carp have survived in tubs of water over which a thick him of ice has
accumulated.

Carp usually spawn in cool latitudes the third year, in temperate lat-
itudes the second year, and there are well authenticated instances of
its having spawned in Southern Texas at the age of one year. These
cases, however, are where carp are supplied with an abundance of food,
well cared for, and protected from their numerous enemies.

The enemies of carp are legion, and in many cases exterminate the fish.
Not only do all kinds of carniverous fish prey upon its young, but nearly
all kinds of fish will eat its eggs. Frogs, snakes, and turtles will eat
both eggs and young in numerous quantities. A snake was recently
killed at the carp ponds in Washington in which was found over U5
young carp and numerous undigested skeletous of the same fish. One
medium size snake, if furnished the proper facilities, can be depended
upon to eat 40 carp per day, one thousand per month, or five thousand
each summer. Divide your number of 'young carp by this figure and
you can find out how many snakes it will require to exterminate your
young. Various birds, such as kingfishers, bitterns cranes, herons,
and fish-hawks understand catching carp much better than the average
farmer. About the 17th of July last a marsh hen was shot at the
Washington carp ponds whose stomach contained 38 young carp, and
a night heron whose stomach contained the heads of 78 young carp.
In many eases where the carp have been left to the mercies of these
enemies they have succumbed. The only proper method is to furnish
protection to the carp until they reach such an age as to be well able to
cope wifh these enemies. It is therefore best to separate the spawning
carp from all other animals, and carefully protect the eggs of the young
for as long a lime as convenient.

In regard to the food qualities of carp, it ranks somewhat above the
ordinary native lish, such as buffalo, mullet, suckers, mud-fish, croakers,
mill roach, perch, sunfish, &c, but it is hardly equal to the high priced
delicate class of fish which includes the bass, trout, and shad. And

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. D35

yet many persous who are cultivating carp declare them equal to any
fish they ever tasted. If carp are grown in muddy or polluted water
their flesh, like that of any other animal, will be impregnated thereby.
But the carp may be removed to pure water for a week during which
the system will be purified, and at the end of which even these will be
good eating. Some have alleged that salting such over night will
greatly improve the flavor. During and immediately after the spawn-
ing season adult carp, like all other fish, become soft and unfit to eat.
Some persons have ignorantiy tasted of them at this season, and have
therefrom very unjustly condemned them. Carp contain bones, of
course, but in the adult the flesh flakes off from the boues very nicely.
Even in the small ones tbe bones are no more objectionable than in the
average fish.

4. The method of distribution. — Several breeding ponds have
been fitted up at Washington from the so-called Babcock lakes and
from extensions into the Potomac marsbes. These will present a very
picturesque appearance, in addition to their usefulness, after the recla-
mation of the Potomac flats. These ponds are constantly watched by
their superintendent, Mr. Bud. Hessel and his assistants, who have
abundant facilities for destroying enemies, draining the ponds, sup-
plying fresh water, food &c. At the proper season, which extends
from October 15 to January or February, the young are sent out by one
of two methods: first, they are put in five and ten gallon cans of water
and loaded in the cars of the Fish Commission, of which there are two
fitted up with suitable appliances for carrying all kinds of fish. These
cars, which present an outward appearance of pai lor cars, are dispatched
on passenger trains to central points in all the different States of the
Union, where installments may be delivered to State fish commission-
ers or the carp treated by the second method. Second, a quart pail
containing a pint of water and 15 to 20 carp can be sent by express to
any distance which will not require more than 36 to 48 hours, or even
further, if the water can be changed meantime, always provided that
water enough remains in the pail to cover the backs of the fish. Most
of the States of the Union have appointed State commissioners, who
receive installments from the United States Fish Commission and dis-
tribute them to applicants within their jurisdiction. Many of them have
also established propagating ponds, in which they are already produc-
ing young by the thousands and tens of thousands. Some private
speculators have received carp from the United States Fish Commis-
sion, reared young, and are now selling them at speculative rates. The
price list of one of these gentlemen states that he will sell mirror carp
ten months old at $75 per hundred, scale carp ten months old, at $70
per hundred. Large fish are even sold at five dollars a pair, and would
perhaps be sold at higher rates were it not for the fact that the United
States Fish Commission furnishes its small fish free of cost. The ex-
press charges constitute the only expense to the recipient.

336 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

5. Economic results. — The cultivation of fish is destined to be
come as important among the American farmers and planters as the
cultivation of cattle, sheep, swine, poultry, or of grains, fruits, and
berries. They have long since ceased to leave the latter to shift for
themselves and to cope with their enemies, knowing that in such a strug-
gle live stock, grains, and fruits come off second best or succumb.
Fish should receive the same care and attention, both as to improv-
ing varieties, artificial propagation and growth. The practice which
fanners will obtain in carp culture will probably open the way to the
successful culture of various other kinds offish. The hardiness and
wide range of diet and the rapid growth of carp especially fit it to be
the precursor in fish farming. Every rural community is destined to
have its fish ponds in the same abundance that it has its pig pens or
its poultry yards. This will enable every farmer, however remote from
market, to introduce fresh fish into his bill of fare at a very trifling cost.
The carp may be made a pleasurable pet, learning to come to its food
at call, if habitually fed in one place, and in shallow water, or upon a
plank submerged a few inches. From these places, by reason of its
tameuess, it can be taken even with the hands. Finally, there is no
more tasteful and economic means of decorating a plantation or a coun-
try seat than by a carp pond neatly prepared and protected. If, how-
ever, any persons should imagine that these good results are to be at-
tained merely by filing an application for carp and upon the receipt of
the fish leaving them to shift for themselves, and unaided to cope with
their enemies, it is well that their minds be disabused at the first, for
there is no provision of nature anywhere whereby a man shall obtain his
daily bread except by the sweat of his brow.

United States Fish Commission, August 21, 1883.

55.— PROCESS OF PRESERVING FISH.

By RALPH S. JENNINGS.

[Patent No. 273,094, granted February 27, 1883.]

Claim. — The process, substantially as described, of treating salted fish
for the destruction or killing of the alga germs contained in the salt of
such fish, such process consisting in rapidly passing, at or about at a
speed as hereinbefore mentioned, the fish over a sufficiently heated sur-
face, or through or in contact witli heated air or superheated steam, at
or about a temperature of 400° Fahrenheit, so as to superficially heat
the fish to an extent required to kill the said germs, without heating the
interior of the fish to the injury thereof.

Baltimoke, Md., August 10, 1882.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 337

Vol. Ill, Mo. 22. Washington, ©. C. Oct. 18, 1883.

5fi.-FISH.€n-T3 T RE AS SEEN AT THE LONDON EXHIBITION, WITH
SPECIAL REFERENCES TO ITS HISTORY, APPARATUS, AND THE
METHODS USED IN THE UNITED STATES.

By A. A. W. HIJBBECHT.*

w Neglected" is an ugly word; wherever it is spoken, the idea of
"neglect of duty' 7 seems to be implied.t Whenever a public interest
is referred to, such neglect of duty can only be laid to the charge of the
Government. This does fortunately not yet apply to the subject of
which I am going to treat. The Government of the Netherlands has
for a loug number of years taken a lively interest in everything relating
to our fisheries. Many measures taken by our Government show that
it has at all times not only watched over the interests of our fisheries,
but has also occupied itself with the question so intimately connected
therewith, viz : Are our rivers, our inland waters, and the lakes along
our coasts sufficiently supplied with fish; and, if not, how can the num-
ber of fish be increased ? If there can be any question of neglect of a
public interest, this can surely not be laid to the charge of our Govern-
ment. Now, however, is the time to strain every nerve, if we desire to
reap the fruits of the seed which has been sown here and elsewhere, and
not to allow ourselves to be outdone by others.

If any one wishes to be convinced that a great public interest of the
Netherlands is in danger of being neglected, unless the matter is taken
in hand speedily and energetically, let him this summer visit the In-
ternational Fishery Exposition in London.

After having left the Exhibition road, you turn to the left, and, by
paying a shilling, are privileged to enter the portals of this world's exposi-
tion, the seemingly endless hall extending before you, in which the Brit-
ish exhibitors have placed on exhibition innumerable models of ships
and fishing apparatus.

About half-way up this hall you turn to the right, and you soon find
yourself between the Netherlands' and the Danish exhibit. Whilst the
former, with its large number of nets, gracefully arranged, immediately
makes you feel that you are in a Fishery Exposition, the latter, through
its Arctic colonies, represented by skins and fishing apparatus from the
cold North, forms a suitable transition to the Newfoundland exhibit,
where ice bergs and seal-hunting will engage your attention. Turning
again to the right, and proceeding a few steps, you find yourself in that

* Em verwaarloosd Vulksbelang, in a reprint from "deGids," No. 7, Utrecht, 1883.
Translated from the Dutch, by Herman Jacobson.
t The title of this article in the original was " A neglected public interest."— Editor.

Bull. U. S. F. C. 83 22

• 1 •)

I

38 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISE I OMMISSION.

part of the Exhibition where I intended to lead yon, and where I shall
hold you for some, time, viz,, the exhibit of the United States. Here
yon find gathered, with astonishing completeness, everything relating to
the fisheries of the Union. Do not ask me how mnch Congress appro-
priated to cover the expense of America's share in the great London Ex-
position; bat if yon should ask, and receive an answer, don't compare it
with the amount which the Netherlands exhibit had at its disposal : or,
rather, keep in mind the comparison between the two sums whenever
you wisli to compare the completeness of these two exhibits.

This, however, is not the principal object of our visit to this exhibit,
and its tasteful arrangement must not cause us to forget the circum
stance that, for the present, we only wish to become acquainted with a
part of it, viz, that relating to fish-culture. Every one knows what
this word means. But it may not be generally known that the first fish-
culturist was a German, by I lie name or Jacobi, who lived from 1709 to
1784, and who, in the year 1765, published a work on the subject, which
was the first of the numerous publications relating to fish culture
which have appeared since. "Breeding of fish," u artificial breeding
of fish," these are two other terms for the same idea, viz, that of human
aid extended to fish at the time when they propagate their species.
This aid consists in accelerating the production of the eggs, in impreg-
nating them, and in protecting both the eggs and the young fish during
the first period of their development.

It is self evident that under these circumstances a couple of fish can
produce a much larger number of offspring than when they are left to
themselves, when the eggs, from the moment they have been laid, are, on
all sides, exposed to numerous dangers, from which they are protected
by man's interference. Hence the term " artificial breeding of fish,"
which, however, is not well chosen, as the whole process of breeding
and the development of the vj;^ takes place in an entirely natural man-
ner, human aid only being engaged in removing as much as possible
everything that could hinder or injure this natural process. If tor this
more numerous offspring suitable natural conditions can be found, such
as good water and good food, there is no doubt that, by a constant repe-
tition of this experiment, the quantity of tish will be considerably in-
creased, and consequently a larger supply of healthy human food will be
furnished, and the interests of the fishing-trade will be furthered, if nor
by securing a larger revenue to the fishermen, at any rate by giving
employment to a larger number of people. By a rational application of
the rules of systematic fish'-culfure, the well-being of a country — provided
it possesses a considerable area of water, and a large portion of the popu-
lation is engaged in the fisheries — can be furthered rapidly and substan-
tially. Opinions, however, may be divided as to the idea of rational
application; and here we are met by one of the main questions relative
to fish-culture as a public interest.

This will become very evident if we look round a little in the Ameri-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 339

can exhibit, and compare it with the efforts in fish-culture made by other
countries rep: esented in the Exhibition. We shall very soon become im-
pressed by the tact that whilst in Europe fish-culture, if not exclusively,
at any rate principally, occupies itself with the Salmonidw (salmon and
trout), America also raises artificially other kinds of fish. We find that,
besides the Salmonidw, America raises, on a large scale, fish belouging
to the Clwptidm and the Cyprinidce, and even codfish (Gadidw). As
regards the last-mentioned species, this seems almost incredible. AVhen-
ever I have taken the trouble to protect a codfish, when still in the egg,
and as a young fish, I found that in that condition it was worthless for
me, because, to make it grow as it should, it must return to its own ele-
ment, the sea; and there to find him again at a later period seems just
as hopeless as the desire of Polycrates that the waves of the ocean should
return to him his golden ring! And still, correct as this reasoning may
appear, the Americans will prove the whole thing to us, even if you
should wish it, in dollars and cents ; whilst the happy fishermen of
Gloucester, Mass. would soon convince you of the contrary, if you were
to tell them that their increased cod-fisheries were simply caused by
accidental circumstances, and not by the energetic work of Prof. Spen-
cer F. Daird and the United States Fish Commission.

The fact that such a conservative class of people as the fishermen have
so soon become convinced of the favorable results of the artificial breed-
ing of codfish, finds its very simple explanation in the circumstance
that those codfish which from the very beginning have been experi-
mented with belong to a gray variety, whilst so far almost exclusively
reddish codfish were caught in those regions. The year following the
first experiment numerous young codfish of the gray variety were caught;
likwi^e in the following year, when they were considerably larger; and in
the third year even the greatest doubters had become convinced. Satsi-
factory proof had been furnished that codfish placed in the sea either
• emain iu the same region, or, at any rate, return to the neighborhood
where they had been originally placed by the fish-culturuts.

I have specially cited this example with the view of illustrating what
in my opinion, is the proper meauing of the term "rational application.'?
It takes the form of "care of the Government," "matter belonging to
the Government," not of private initiative or private industry. I ask,
what private individual would have furnished the money to place mill-
ions of young codfish in the sea ? And if such a man had been found,
his future heirs would justly have called him light-minded, and he
would have run the risk of being placed under supervision of proper
persons as being a spendthrift. But when the Government makes
these experiments and makes practical application of the results of such
experiments on a large scale, it encourages not only an important
branch of industry, but the increase in the number of fish caught will
prove a benefit to the general public. The chairman of the American
division said to me, " In our country we would as little think of leaving

340 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

fish -culture to private effort as of taking from the hands of the Gov-
ernment the care of the light-houses."

Well said; but probably not very pleasant for the ears of true ad-
herents of the Manchester school. These words should be taken to
heart" in Europe, and especially in the Netherlands; although it must
not be forgotten, that with us the propagation of the salmon, which is
strongly encouraged by the Government — also financially — is in good
hands, and that four institutions rival each other in producing young
salmon, which are, at the rate of half a million per annum, placed in our
rivers. Where private efforts aided by the Government have already
obtained such important results, it would not be advisable all of a sud-
den to place the whole matter under Government care. But we men-
tioned already that in the public interest, of which we are speaking,
the salmon is only concerned to a limited extent. Biver fish like the shad,
pond-fish like the carp, and sea-fish like the cod, are still waiting for
the hands and brains of men willing and competent to increase their
number tenfold.

It is in our immediate interest that such men be found in the Nether-
lands, so we may be the first to reap the fruits of America's teachings,
and to take the front rank in the European fish markets which belongs
to us, on account of our more numerous marine products, rather than
to other countries which, owing to their nature and location are less
favorably situated, and are not able to imitate the example set by
America as well as we can. Let us briefly review the history and prac-
tical application of fish-culture in America:

Although as early as 1S53 experiments in fish-culture were made in
the United States by private individuals, the first public measure of
importance was not taken till 1850, when the State of Massachusetts
appointed three " fish commissioners." The question was not yet ready
for solution. It was not till 1865 that the same State appointed a per-
manent Fishery Commission.

" Meanwhile an enterprising private individual, Mr. Seth Green, had,
in 1804, succeeded in showing that fish-culture may be carried on in
such a manner as to become a source of pecuniary profit; and in 1807 —
only sixteen years ago — the first piscicultural establishment in the
United States was founded by the State of Massachusetts. Till the
year 1870 various kinds of fish, especially shad and trout, were raised
with constantly increasing success, the above-mentioned Seth Green
taking the lead, and distinguishing himself, among the rest, by the in-
vention of the " shad-box."

The year 1871 was doubtless the most important year in the his-
tory of American fish-culture ; as that year was to witness the found-
ing of two institutions, originally differing in their character and in-
dependent of each othtr, but later mutually aiding each other and
thereby exercising a most beneficial influence on each other's activity.
I refer to the " American Fish-culturist Association" (which in 1870

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 341

changed its name to the "American Fish-cultural Association"), and
to the " United States Fish Commission." Of the niue Government insti-
tutions, which are either wholly or in part intended for making investi-
gations on the field of pure and applied science, * the United States
Commission of Fish and Fisheries is at this day, to quote the words of
its historian, " the most prominent of the present efforts of the Government
in aid of aggressive biological research. 11 Every person in Europe who has
followed its career and who has studied its reports, will cheerfully sub-
scribe to the truth of the words quoted above, which in such terse
form expresses the deep interest which the Government of the Union
takes in these researches; and we must not fail to mention that the
energetic Americau mind did not only invent this term ("aggressive
research"), but that it has also understood to make the aggression in
such a manner as to conquer all opposition.

On the 9th February, 1871, a joint resolution of Congress authorized
the Government to appoint a " Commisioner of Fish and Fisheries."
Year by year it had became more evident that the Central Government
must give the first impetus towards a new development of the fisheries.
A person was already in view who by his learning and experience would
be the man to be placed at the head of this new Commission. This per-
son was Prof. Spencer F. Baird, the one who, at the Berlin Fishery
Exposition, was awarded the great prize of honor which the Emperor
of Germany has given for the best exhibit. The object for which he
was appointed was indicated by the following : " to prosecute investi-
gations on the subject of the diminution of valuable fishes with the
view of ascertaining whether any and what diminution of the number
of food fishes of the coasts and the lakes of the United States has taken
place ; and if so, to what causes the same is due ; and also, whether any
and what protective, prohibitive, or precautionary measures should be
adopted in the premises, and to report upon the same to Congress."

It will be seen that in giving this charge fish -culture was not yet
mentioned. Nothing was done in this direction until 1872, when repre-
sentatives of the Fish-Cultural Association petitioned the Government
to make the necessary appropriations for this purpose. Congress granted
the petition. Every year this item is given in the appropriation bill,
and the amount has been increased from year to year. At the same time
fish-culture has occupied a place of constantly growing importance on
the programme of the Fish Commission. More than a million dollars
has, during the last twelve years, been appropriated by the Government
of the Union, whilst the thirty-one States which had created Fish Com-

* These niue institutions are: (1) The Geological Survey ; (2) the Coast and Geo-
detic Survey; (3) the Naval Observatory ; (4) The National Museum ; (5) the Depart-
ment of Agriculture ; (6) the Entomological Commission ; (7) tbe Tenth Census; (H)
the Smithsonian Bureau of Ethnology; (9.) the United States Commission of Fish
and Fisheries ; to which must he added, as an institution founded by aprivate indi-
vidual, the Smithsonian Institution.

.3 42 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

missions of their own appropriated sums for this purpose varying from
$1,000 to $10,000.*

These figures will show sufficiently what pecuniary sacrifices the
United States have cheerfully made in the interest offish-culture; and

we must now give some attention to the work of the Commission, which
shows very important results.

In the first place i! inaugurated a systematic investigation of the
various rivers and water-courses of the United States, and of the
physico-biological laws and problems which govern and relate to the
life offish in these waters. In making this investigation the Commis-
sion did not eonline itself to th >se fish which are useful to man as food,
but considered its task from a broader and more generally scientific
point of view.

It devoted its attention alike to all inhabitants of the water; it gath-
ered data for a natural history of all kinds offish; it learned to know
not only the fish themselves, but also their friends and enemies, their
food, and the dangers threatening their life. At the same time it gave
its attention to the food and the enemies of the various animals, both
useful and hurtful, which share the water with the fish. Nor did the
Commission fail to take note of the currents and their degree of swift-
ness, of the temperature of the water, and of many other physical con-
ditions which exercise an important influence on the life and growth
of most fish, aud which doubtless have a good deal to do with the peri-
odical migration which many kinds of fish undertake at certain seasons. +

In various ways a large collection of different fish and other marine
animals was gathered, which formed an invaluable material for scien-
tific investigations.

To aid the work of the Commission a steamship, the Albatross, was
built, and which was first used by the Commission for studying the
migrations of the mackerel, and the food and migrations of the herring.
It has, moreover, now been resolved to establish a large and permanent
zoological station at Wood's lloll, for which $L'5,000 have been appro-
priated.

In the second place the Commission devoted its attention towards
obtaining the most accurate data relative to the different methods by
which the fisheries are carried on, and to the history of the fisheries.

"The following are the exact figures: New Hampshire, 1866-'7i), $22,663 : Vermont,
1871-'79, s7,880; Connecticut, 180S-70, $43,300 : Pennsylvania, 1873-VO, $99,030;

Maine, l867-'80, $36,975; New York, 186tf-'79, $165,000; California,, 1870-'?9, $37,( ;

New Jersey, ls71-'s<>, $29,500; Rhode Island. 1870^79, $10,500; Ohio, 1873-'80,
$29,000; Wisconsin, !873-'80, $38,800; Iowa. l874->ti0, $22,750: Minnesota, 187."»-'80,
$22,500; Kentucky, !876-'80, $11,000; Kansas, l«77-'80, $ 2,000 ; Colorado; 1877-80,
$2,400, Nevada, 1877-'80, $. r ,,000; West Virginia, 1877-'e0, $3,900. [Cf. p. 150.]

t At the instance of my honored colleague, Prof. Biujs. Ballot, director of the Meteor-
ological Institute, observations have also been taken in the Netherlands, on hoard ves-
sels which were engaged in the herring fisheries, relative to the influence which the
temperature of the sea-water exercises on the migrations of the herring. These in-
vent igatious, however, have been discontinued for a number of years.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 343

This includes the gathering of extensive statistics relative to the fish-
eries and the fish trade.

In this way the Commission hopes to obtain an accurate knowledge
of the influence which man is capable of exercising on the decrease or
increase of fish; it also endeavors to make its work one of practical
usefulness by directing attention to fishing-apparatus which threatens
to cause the extinction of certain species of fish, and for which other,
less hurtful apparatus might easily be substituted.

Recently Congress appropriated $60,000 tor gathering these statistics.
The report of these investigations comprises about 3,000 pages, with
700 to 800 engravings. Of this report 10,000 copies will be printed,
and freely distributed in the most liberal manner. A total sum of
$30,000 was appropriated for the publication of this work.

After having given some idea of the extent of the worth of this com-
paratively young American Fish "Commission, and having anew assured
our readers — as will become still further evident — that its work has borne
rich fruit in all directions (which fact is also proved by the constantly
increased appropriation annually made for this Commission), a compar-
ison between America and the Netherlands — as regards activity in this
field, may not be out of place. The Netherlands have possessed since
the year 1857, and therefore for a period of more than twenty-five years,
its Board of Sea-fisheries. This Board was exclusively an advisory body,
advisory in the sense of directing the attention of the Government to
existing abuses or defects. In other words, it took the initiative in all
matters relating to the interests of the fisheries. Among the many im-
portant measures taken by the Government at the advice of this Board,
confining ourselves to the most recent times, we will mention the aboli-
tion of the Government stamp on the herring-barrels, which caused a
considerable increase in the quantity of herring exported from the
Netherlands and the law of 1881 regulating the fisheries in the Zu3 T der
Zee.

With regard to this last-mentioned law, whose practical advantages
and disadvantages we will not discuss in this place, it would have been
desirable to consult naturalists and profit from their knowledge and ex-
perience. In fact, the need was felt of a firm scientific basis for those
rules and regulations which were to govern the fisheries. And for such
a basis there was hardly any material whatever. It became evident that
such material could not be obtained except by " aggressive biological
research," and that not even a beginning had been made with the neces-
sary investigations.

America, however, had set the example. Encouraged thereby the
above-mentioned Board urged upon the Government the desirability of
establishing a permanent zoological station at someplace on the coast —
best at Nieuwediep — with a permanent director and a changing staff of
young and active assistants, for an exhaustive study of all the questions
relating to our coast fisheries, with a view of drawing up reliable regu-

344 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

rations for governing these fisheries.* But alas the memorial of the
Board did not meet with a favorable reception, by the majority of the
lower 1 louse of our Parliament. In spite of its being strongly advocated
by Minister Klerch, many of the members could not see the direct use
of such a measure (see the speeches by several members of the lower
House), and in December, 1881, the motion, when put to the vote, was
lost, 26 voting in favor, and 1 1 against it. Perhaps the time is near —
and would that the London Fishery Exposition might hasten it — when
the eyes of our representatives will be opened to the great importance
to the welfare of our country of " aggressive research." Some energetic
men, to take the matter in hand, and a liberal appropriation for carry-
ing on the work would be the warm sunshine and the powerful fertilizer
which would in a short time turn this barren field into a rieh and pro-
ductive one, thus proving a benefit to our entire country.

But even more than these investigations, the importance of the third
part of the programme of the United States Fish Commission will be
evident to any one who has given some attention to the subject; I mean
the carrying on of fish culture on a large scale, and by the Government.
And of its importance I would like to convince all my readers. For this
purpose I must give a more detailed description of the manner in which,
in America, this "Government care" is exercised.

1 will begin by mentioning some of the aids which have been furnished
by the Government for attaining the object in view. In the first place
a steamship of GOO tons has been furnished (besides the steamship of the
Commission referred to above), costing $00,000, the officers and crew
of which are furnished by the Navy Department, and whose duty it is
to occupy themselves with the propagation of the shad in summer, of
the codfish in winter, and of the mackerel in spring.

There is no better place for doing this work than such a floating
workshop, more especially when we consider the great extent of the
American coast line. Besides these steamships it became necessary to
have railroad cars of a special construction. They were furnished at
once, and at the present time live fish of different ages are safely con-
veyed throughout the whole vast territory of the United States. It is
hardly necessary to state that these cars are of a special construction ;
nor will I here give a detailed description of the basins and various
other contrivances for keeping the water fresh. All this can be studied
at the London Exposition from excellent models.

After briefly mentioning these mat- rial aids, we must not forget to
refer to the intellectual aid placed at the disposal of the Commission.
Under the supervision of the Commissioner there is a full staff of experi-
enced and skillful naturalists, which works into a whole all the various
observations, and orders the new investigations called for by such ob-
servations. Their ranks are filled by young men who, after having
completed their education at some college, desire to devote themselves

* Sec the Otlicial Report on the Netherland Sea-lisheries, published in 1880.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 345

to the scieuce of zoology, more especially in a field where that science
not only promises to supply many of the daily wants of the masses, but
where it has already accomplished a great deal. They are the men
who use .for investigations in the field of embyology the exceedingly
valuable scientific material furnished by the numerous stages of develop-
ment of fish which may be observed in practical fish-culture. We may
doubtless look for important communications relative to the results of
these scientific investigations.

Bound this staff of scientists there has gradually been formed an en-
tire camp of officers who are thoroughly versed in the more mechanical
work of fish-culture and fish transportation. The catching of mature fish,
the impregnation of the eggs, the care of them during their development,
and the raising of the young fish can only be intrusted to experienced
persons, although a scientific education is not required for this work.
It is self-evident that any one who desires to carry on fish-culture on a
large scale must endeavor to obtain men who have had a good deal of
practice in that line.

Let us now illustrate by two examples, the shad and the cod, what
different methods and aids the Americans employ for reaching the great
object in view, viz, a considerable increase of salable fish, cheap and
wholesome food for the masses, and thereby an improvement in the
condition of the common people.

As soon as the shad is ready for spawning, about the month of April,
the officers in charge of propagation of this kind of fish go to those
places where large numbers of shad are found. To these places the neces-
sary apparatus is forwarded, and suitable locations are selected for
carrying on the work.

The first object is to obtain mature fish of both sexes. These are
caught exclusively by night. Thus there were, in 1878, from 82 shad
obtained no less than 1,G05,000 impregnated eggs. For the develop-
ment of these eggs it is necessary that they remain in flowing water;
and as they are heavier than the water, and therfore sink to the bottom,
cone shaped glass or metal funnels are used, into which the water enters
from below through a narrow opening and flows out at the top through
a gauze covering. Thus a very large number of eggs may be kept in
a fresh condition within a comparatively small space, and may thus be
safely developed. By a small modification of this apparatus the same
current is used for separating the dead eggs and all impurities from
the healthy eggs; while the latter remain near the bottom, the former
are by the current carried towards the top and over the edge, and are
thus easily removed.

In order to work a large number of eggs at the same time, Seth Green
many years ago invented a so-called " shad-box," which he kept floating
in the current, the water being freely admitted to the inside through
the front, which is of gauze, and placed in a slanting position. This
was doubtless a great improvement. In stormy weather, however,

346 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

these boxes, of which there were always several joined in a row, ran the
risk of being hurt or upset, whilst they were useless in places where
there was not much of a current, or, still worse, where the influence of
tlie tide made itself felt, and where, therefore, for a certain time, there
was no current passing through the boxes.

Major Ferguson has made an invention which not only obviates this
difficulty, but which also enables the Americans to cany on shad-cul-
ture on a much larger scale and with the aid of steam-power. Briefly
discribed, this invention is as follows: On the left and right side of a
vessel, or raft, a large pole runs parallel with the sides of the vessel,
from which are suspended a large number of buckets with gauze bottom.
Their number may be increased as occasion requires. The poles, and
with them the buckets, are moved up and down by means of a steam-
engine placed in the vessel, or on the raft, in such a manner that the
upward motion is slow and the downward motion rapid. In these
buckets are placed the impregnated shad eggs which are to be devel-
oped, and the upward and downward motion is regulated in such a man-
ner that the buckets do not leave the water, but are not entirely sub-
merged, which would endanger their contents or cause them to be lost.
This can also be prevented by placing a gauze covering on the top of
the buckets; if this is done the entire motion of the buckets may take
place under the water, which sometimes becomes necessary, when the.
temperature near the surface is too low, and thus exercises a hurtful
influence on the development of the eggs.

It will be seen at once that by this apparatus (1), shad-culture can,
if necessary, be carried on in water where there is no current whatever,
and (2), that this culture can be carried on on a much larger scale than
could be done formerly. In 1879, or four years ago, no less than
16,002,000 young shad were distributed and placed in different rivers.

It should also be observed that the American shad (Alosa sapidissima)
greatly excels, by its delicate flavor, our European shad (Alosa vulgaris),
and is by gormands justly placed on the same line as the salmon.

After having given a short description of some of the apparatus em-
ployed in shad-culture, we will turn to the codfish. When, in 1S7S, cod-
fish-culture was first begun, it was soon observed that the peculiar char-
acter of the codfish eggs necessitated the invention of other apparatus;
for whilst mature shad or salmon eggs sink towards the bottom, cod-
fish-eggs are lighter than water and float, at a varying depth, near the
surface. The apparatus which, after much experimenting, has been
found to most satisfactorily answer the purpose, is also a row of buck-
ets connected with each other by a pole, which are kept in motion by a
steam-engine, but not up and down, but backwards and towards, there-
by giving to the buckets a swinging movement round their axis.

The extent of this swinging movement is about 00°. In these buck-
ets there are four slits running lengthwise and covered with gauze; on
the outside of each of these slits there is a slanting valve, as also under

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 347

the ga uze bottom, only that here the valves are placed like sails. By this
contrivance the motion divert to the buckets by the steam-engine causes
the water to rise continually and pass through the buckets with a screw-
like movement, which of course keeps it fresh all the time and in a con-
dition suitable for the development of the codfish-eggs. The result has
amply proved the usefulness of this apparatus, for during the first year
more than 70 per cent, of the eggs developed to young codfish, and no
less than half a million were placed in the sea near Gloucester, Mass.
I have already mentioned that these codfish, constantly increasing in
weight and number, have been caught and brought into the market,
and we may therefore consider codfish-culture in America established
on a safe basis.

In what manner can the .Netherlands derive the greatest possible
benefit from the lessons taught by the American exhibit at the London
Fishery Exposition "I Certainly not by leaving fish-culture, in the future,
principally in the hands of private individuals. In this way we may
get a number of establishments which may be placed on a line with
establishments for raising chickens and pigeons, but the public interest
is not advanced thereby. For this purpose it is absolutely necessary,
as has been mentioned above that the Government take the matter in
hand and follow out a carefully prepared programme.

The first requirement, viz, numerous inland waters and rivers hav-
ing suitable food for fish, we possess to an eminent degree. The carp,
which, as the vegetarian among fish, would prove highly valuable in
inland waters, the shad and the salmon in the rivers, and the codfish on
the coast, are all fish whose adaptability to fish-culture has been fully
proven. We have a large fishing population on our coasts; there is no
need of seeking a market for our fish; and it will certainly be easier
now than it was in former times to find young men of scientific educa-
tion, competent and willing to do their share of furthering this import-
ant public interest. Men thoroughly conversant with the technique of
fish-culture should be brought over from America, and teach some of our
young men the practical part of fish-culture, so that they, in their turn,
may be able to supervise and teach others this part of the work, which,
though mainly consisting of manual labor is of the greatest importance
for the ultimate success of the work.

It is not necessary, however, to begin everything at one and the
same time, and to load down our budget during the very first years
with a large appropriation for this purpose. The best plan would be,
to make a beginning with carp and codfish ; carp,* because they can be
distributed throughout our entire country, as both Friesland and Gronin-
gen, Holland and Utrecht will be immediately benefited by their increase;
and codfish, because our fishermen can easily obtain mature codfish,

* The carp of which wo speak here, are 1he leather and mirror carp, and roust be
distinguished from the common carp already found in our waters. The former have
a different shape and a much finer flavor.

348 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

since our coast waters seem to possess all the necessary conditions for
the propagation of this fish and for its development; and finally, because
for this culture one of our vessels could easily be prepared, thus avoid-
ing, at least for the present, the necessity of building more costly appa-
ratus on land. Such a vessel, if stationed at Nienwediep, could certainly
be employed under the most favorable conditions, because there are in
that place many cod-fishermen and an abundance of excellent sea-water.
If any one desires to study the construction and arrangements of such
a vessel, he can do no better than visit the American exhibit in the
London Fishery Exposition, where he will see excellent models of the
American vessels and other apparatus employed in fish-culture.

I have mentioned above that as regards the salmon, whose culture —
thanks to private enterprise — is in good hands iu our country, it may
for the present be left in these hands, thus freeing the Government from
this responsibility.

I cannot conclude my article without once more directing attention
to the circumstance that if we seriously think of having the third part
of the programme of the American Commission, viz, the propaga-
tion of food-fish, placed in charge of our Government, we must by no
means lose sight of the first and second part. With this view America
has established a zoological station at Wood's Holl. Also in the Neth-
erl.mds the establishment of such a station — much of whose work would
prove of great benefit to the fisheries and fish-culture — would lead to
a harmonious co operation of science and practice, which could not fail
to bear rich fruit and to increase the general well-being of our nation.

If after a number of years some one should again report on fish-cul-
ture in the Netherlands, let us hope that he will be able to present a
different picture from mine, and give a glowing account of a public in-
terest, no longer neglected, but advanced to such a degree as to prove
a blessing to our entire country.

57.-AIV AI\AI,YWIS OF ARTESIA1V WELL WATER FROTI THE SHAD-
HATGOI1VG STATION AT HAVRE »E GRACE, MR.

By FRED. W. TAYLOR.

[Chemist of the Smithsonian Institution.]

An examination of the specimen of water from an artesian well at
the Battery Station of the United States Fish Commission at Havre
de Grace, Md., shows it to be heavily charged with iron, lime, and
chlorides. Magnesia is also present in considerable quantity. The iron
ami lime are very heavy. Sulphuric? acid is present only as a trace.

Washington, D. 0., June 21, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 349

5S.— OIV THE PROPRIETY OF HEPOSITIIVG WHITEFISH MINNOWS
OFF THE HARBOR OF (Xi:VELAI>», OHIO-*

By FRANK IV. CLARK and SESMOUR BOWER.

It is no doubt true that whitefish seldom approach Cleveland Harbor.
And yet it does not follow that the place is unfavorable to the early stages
of whitefish life, if the minnows are set free in clear, deep water, wholly
beyond the influence of sewage and refuse, as they were in the present
instance. It is quite probable that the bottom in that vicinity is not at
all adapted to spawning purposes, and that it furnishes only a very
meager supply of crustacean food ; hence but few adult whitefish are
attracted to that locality. But these conditions are inimical to the re-
quirements of the minnows, as the range and character of food demanded
by the latter are widely at variance with the demands of the same indi-
viduals at partial maturity or adult life. The latter, in common with
all sucker-mouth species, are bottom feeders, while the food of the mir-
nows consists of minute organisms existing in the water. Now, it is
claimed that the temperature of the water is a potent agency in the de-
velopment of these organisms; that they are far more abundant at cer-
tain seasons of the year than at others; but manifestly it would be
unreasonable to claim a like fluctuation for localities in a body of water
like Lake Erie. One place is therefore as good as another, so far as the
question of food for the young is concerned. It is also safe to say that
the parent whitefish are powerless either to destroy or protect their
young. Manifestly, then, neither the absence or presence of the adults
nor their food and spawning requirements can be regarded as a factor
in the problem of successfully planting the minnows in waters to which
the species is indigenous.

Admitting that this is true, the question very naturally arises, what
is the object of depositing the fish in different sections of the lake 1
Why not place them all at some point most conveniently approached
from the hatchery, and thus save the expense and trouble of carrying
them farther"? This most certainly is the very plan that would be fol-
lowed if multiplication of the fish were the sole object in view. But it
is desirable not only to enrich the waters, but, in so doing, to create
new fishing grounds for the most valuable food species ; and new grounds
cannot be created simply by restocking the old, even in a continuous
body of water like Lake Erie. In such waters the only way to attain
this object is to enlarge the migratory range by taking advantage of

*A million young whitefish which had been hatched by the United States Fish Com-
mission at Northville, Mich., under the direction of Mr. Clark, were to be planted in
Lake Erie. Mr. Clark was authorized to select the place and make the deposit. On
page "302 will be found a protest against putting them in Cleveland Harbor, to which
protest this article is a reply. — C. W. S.

350 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

that instinct which impels the adult fish to return, for the purpose of
spaw ning, to the place where they were liberated in infancy. In a state
of nature the minnows arc released only from spawning beds; and the
area of grounds adapted to spawning purposes is quite limited. Bar
we are permitted to introduce the young at will, and thus establish
new initiatory routes on which they may be intercepted by the devices
of man.

It is not at all probable that the parent fish will deposit their eggs in
unsuitable places, though it is where they were first set fiee and they
have returned for that purpose. It is far more likely that they will cou
tinue on the move tin til appropriate grounds are found. Some of the
best whitenshing grounds of Lake Erie are neither spawning nor feed-
ing grounds. We refer more particularly to the shore grounds between
Sandusky, Ohio, and Monroe, Mich. Thousands of whitefish are taken
here every fall from the runs setting toward the spawning beds of the
Detroit River. Comparatively few ripe fish, however, are taken below
Monroe; at Monroe the percentage of ripe fish is a little better; but The
Detroit River is reached before the spawning has become general. The
best spawning grounds of the lake are the island shoals between San-
dusky and the Canada shore; and the runs thereto set in, apparently,
direct from the deep waters lying eastward, and from the Canada shore.

The statement in reference to the abundance of saugers in the locality
referred to by Dr. Sterling is substantially true; but the conclusion that
in consequence "no other fish can exist" is manifestly at fault. Some
other cause must be given for the scarcity of whitefish in that locality.
Thousands of saugers are taken every fall from some of the best white
fishing grounds of the lake. From the spawning shoals around the
Bass islands they are brought in with every lift during the spawning
season of the whitefish, besides herring to the proportion of fifty herring
to one whitefish. Again, in the spring, not far from the time the young
whitefish are rising from the spawning beds, the saugers are even
more numerous, to say nothing of the hundreds of basses and pikes that
comprise the best part of the spring catch. It is safe to say that preda-
tory fishes abound iu greater numbers near these spawning beds, both
at spawning time and soon after the fry are set free, if not continuously,
than where the Cleveland plant was made. And yet the young white-
fish are always set lice, in a state of nature, in the very midst of these
apparent dangers without diminution of the species.

It might be argued that the great fecundity oi the specie-* would more
than offset these manifold dangers; but this, in turn, is more than offset
by the fact that by far the greatest losses of all occur during the em-
bryonic stage of development. Conferva, against which artificial ma-
nipulation alone is able to cope, is the fell destroyer — the octopus wit bin
whose grasp countless thousands of embryos annually perish. Only
the comparatively few that are completely isolated can escape destruc-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 351

tion ; so that but a very small percentage of the eggs deposited by the
parent fish bring forth living minnows.

Nature has also accorded a very frail and feeble existence to the in-
fancy of whitefish life. It would hardly seem possible that a single
minnow could survive this period, were they pursued as prey by the
thousands of predaceous fishes with which they must mingle upon rising
from the spawning beds. Indeed, it may be stated without fear of suc-
cessful contradiction that not only the whitefish minnows but those of
many other species would be speedily sacrificed to predaceous and can-
nibalistic tendencies, were there no compensating conditions coexistent
with that apparently defenseless period of their existence. But nature,
in her economy, appears to strive to guard against extinction. Thus,
it is said that certain defenseless species have the power of vision devel
oped to that degree that they are enabled, with due vigilance, to keep
a safe distance betweeu themselves and their rapacious but short-sighted
enemies; that others are so identified in color and appearance with the
waters they inhabit as to be scarcely discernible; and that others still
are so surrounded with iucidental protective agencies that they enjoy
some degree of immunity from the ravages of predaceous species. Of
course the circumstances which afford protection in one case may be
entirely inoperative to protect fish at another stage of development or
belonging to another species. Minnow life may emerge unharmed from
surroundings that would insure total destruction to the same individuals
at later stages of maturity. Thus, the frailty and insignificance of white-
fish minnows are, of themselves, ample safeguards against destruction
by the larger deep-water fishes with which they instinctively seek to
associate from the moment they are released from their shell inclosures
For several weeks tbey aie so minute, to say nothing of their being
nearly transparent and invisible, as to render it quite unlikely that they
are preyed upon by anything within the range of deep-water fishes.
Doubtless there is some loss by starvation, and some are strained out
by gill-rakers, along with fish-food collected in this way. Such losses,
however, are merely incidental.

These same minnows would doubtless be destroyed by the "chubs"
and "shiners" that swarm inshore by the thousands, evidently to keep
out of the way of the larger rapacious fishes. But from actual observa-
tion I am able to say that the whitefish minnows invariably go to deep
waiter when planted in shoal places. In such cases they settle towards
the bottom, heading to deep water, and soon pass out of sight. 1 have
noticed also that when deposited in deep water they do not remain at
the surface, but almost immediately work down out of sight.

We grant that the sauger is not a large fish; but obviously it is too
large to pay any attention to the minute whitefish minnow. It is very
doubtful if even the fry of brook trout would be molested by the saugers,
and yet the relative size of trout and whitefish fry is such that the lat-
ter speedily disappear in the presence of the former. A dozen trout

352 BULLETIN' OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

two months old will clean out a tank containing a thousand whitefish
of the same age in an incredibly short time, simply by picking them off
like particles or small shreds of liver on which they are usually fed.
But these same whitefish are perfectly safe in the presence of trout 3
or 4 5 ears old — they are too small to be noticed. Experiments demon-
strating these facts have been tried repeatedly at the Xorthville
Hatchery.

Every trout breeder well understands that food for pond fish should
not be too minutely subdivided, as pieces much larger than whitefish
minnows go unnoticed by the fish, and, subsiding to the bottom, foul the
ponds. It is well understood, even by the barefooted boy, that the mor-
sel of bait with which he would entice our small native fishes from their
haunts must not be too insignificant.

We do not know what success one might have in angling for saugers
with whitefish minnows as bait, but 1 venture to say that a thousand
hooks bated with these minnows, and each manipulated by an expert
angler, would fail to secure a score of fish a day, even though a dozen
minnows were used at a single baiting. Angling for saugers, either for
pleasure or profit, with particles of bait no larger than the whitefish are
for six weeks after leaving our hatcheries, would be attended with such
meager results that it would speedily cease.

We are aware that it is freely maintained that, to secure the best
possible results, all minnows should be released near the natural spawn-
ing beds of their species, so that they might have at least an equal
chance with the indigenous minnows. This theory sounds plausible
enough, but it remains to be shown that such localities possess any spe-
cial advantages for minnow life. The conditions necessary to the exist-
ence of embryos and minnows are entirely different. Now, it would be
absurd to claim that the honey-combed rocks and reefs always selected
by the coregoni for spawning beds are in any way connected with the
necessities of the minnows ; and yet it is absolutely necessary, if the
species is to be perpetuated in a state of nature, that the eggs should
be deposited on beds of this character; since, in view of the long period
of incubation, and the rapid development and insidious nature of
conferva, they must all perish but for the complete isolation the nu-
merous cells of these rocks and reefs afford. As the minnows are no
better provided for at such points than elsewhere, it is evident that
nature directs the parent fish to select spawning beds wholly with ref-
erence to the demands of the embryos. The absence of appropriate beds
is doubtless the missing link in the chaiu of conditions necessary to per-
petuate the species in many of our small inland waters where all the
other links are present.

NoiiTnviLLE, Mich., April, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 353

Vol. Ml, No. S3. Washington, D. C. Oct. 19, 1883.

59.-THE EDIBLE CLAMS OF THE PACIFIC COAST AND A PRO-
POSED METHOD OF TRANSPLANTING THEM TO THE ATLANTIC
COAST.

By R. E. C. STEARNS.

[Letter to Prof. S. F. Baird. J

In pursuance of the general instructions expressed in your letter of
March 3,1882, relating to the economic value of certain edible mollusks
of the Pacific coast, and directions to inquire into the special peculiar-
ities of their habitat, for the purpose of determining the feasibility of
transplanting the same from the waters of the Pacific to those of the
Atlantic side of the continent, both as a scientific experiment and as a
resource in case of future contingencies, I took the requisite steps iu
the latter part of the following May to carry out your wishes, by hav-
ing the necessary equipment made as referred to in my letter to you
dated May 8, 1882.*

In addition to the facts previously of record, with further data ob-
tained from various intelligent persons, supported by my own judgment,
I concluded that some point on Puget Sound or within the Puget Sound
infratidal region offered many advantages over any locality to the
southward of the above and along the exterior or ocean coast, though
all of the species which we had in mind occur at various places along
the shore, even as far to the south as San Diego, a reach of over 1 ,100
miles.

Of the many favorable points on the Sound, I fixed upon Budd's Inlet,
as the preferable locality, as the three species required were reported
as being found there in considerable abundance and within a limited
area, and convenient to a good base, namely, the town of Olympia.

The species sought for were Glycimeris generosa,] or geoduck as locally
called, Saxidomus nnttallii,$ the quahaug of some of the people in the
region, and Schizothccrus nuttallii£ which had been particularly recom-
mended.

Besides the above I hope to find other forms of economic and scien-
tific value.

I finally got my equipment together so as to leave San Francisco on

Note. — Previous communications on this subject may be found in the Bulletin of
the United States Fish Commission, Volume I, pp. 21,200: II, pp. 20.— C. W. S.
* Bull. United States Fish Commission, 1882, pp. 20-21.
t By Mr. Hemphill.
t By Dr. Dall.
§ Id. my letter.of May 8, and ante.

Bull. U. S. F. C. 83 23

354 BULLETIN OF TIIE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

PlG. l. — Schizotharvs nuttaUii Conrad. Trestts inaximus Midd. ; Gray. Lutraria ca2>ax Gould.
"West Coast, United Stales ; Paget Sound to San Diego, California.

U Specimen of ordinary size, reduced about one-fourth in length. The siphons are somewhat con-
tracted ; tho foot (F) expands about as usual.
II. Outline of the left valve of a larger specimen, reduced to the same extent.
The straight line below the Biphona represents a length of ouo inch on tho figures.
Drawn from nature by R. E. C. Stearns.

BULLETIN OF THE EXITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 355

the third of June, and after arriving in Portland, Oregon, where I re-
mained several days, seeking for soph information as might be of value
hereafter, I arrived at Olympia on the afternoon of the 12th and the
next morning proceeded to business. Unfortunately the persons to
whom I had letters were out of town, but Captain Doane. an old Cali-
fomian whom I came across, kindly placed at my service, rent free, a part
of his building on one of the wharves, which, after a few slight repairs
rplem e r Veilient lab ° rat0 ^' w ^ eI -ranged my tanks\nd other^

Fig 2.-Sa xi( lo mU si nuttaUi Conrad, fe^™, aratus Gould. Saxidomns squalidus Desh ^

domus brei-isiphonatus Cpr.
West Coast, North America: Alaska to San Diego, Cal.
Natural size of a large specimen.
Drawn by J. H. Enierton.

I found it quite difficult to obtaiu intelligent assistance, and also felt

St be iut a fl T Sed fr ,° m " 0t kn ° WiU * h0W ,a ^ e « -l-udit» e
might be justified in makmg. So I confined myself to tbe use of one

man and a boat, and otherwise employed some of the Ind ans o bZ

m such clams as they con.d find. I discovered, however, that tbe d

rT^rlMn"?; "' "r^ 1 "™ °" *« C ° aSt ' iS *«««** apathetic

Sal? g I" Iab ° r ' aUd that ma "y of the P* ^cs here-

aDout are not anxious to work.

As anticipated, I find Glycimeris, Samdomus, and Schizothcerus all here
also the common Tapes (properly Cuneus) staminea, Vardiuu Jw., and

856 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

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Mytilu's edulis; the latter wonderfully abundant, adhering to the piles
all around the town, and in broad patches covering- the flats exposed at

low tide. They are not eaten to any extent,
the clams of the neighborhood being abun-
dant and preferable. Ziophcea crispatais also
found and attains the extraordinary size of
12 to 13 inches from anterior extremity to end
of siphons, the shell being 5 inches of the
above length, while the girth is 9 inches just
posterior to the umbos. The only gastero-
pods noticed were Littorma scutulata Gld.,
Lunatia letcisii Gould, and Purpura crispata
Chem.j of the latter numerous finely foliated
specimens were obtained, and a curiously
dwarfed variety of Acmcea pelta or the local
oyster, which latter is small, dark colored,
and inferior. I found that the peculiar oc-
currence of the lowest tides would not per-
mit me to give my attention to other species
than those which I had especially in view
at the time I started.

As Budd's Inlet is to Puget Sound, namely,
an arm thereof, so are several smaller bays
or minor estuaries to Budd's Inlet. These
§ 'J- p latter are variously known as South Bay,
Mud Bay, &c, and the character of their
beds varies but little, one compared with
the other, the variation being expressed by
the terms "muddy sand" or " sandy mud."
At the head of the inlet and in the front of
| the town, for considerable distance toward
the mouth, the alluvium brought down by
the stream known as Turnwater, combined
with more or less drainage and refuse mat-
ter from the town, causes a deposit of ordi-
S % nary slimy mud along and on both sides of
1 ~ the channel ; but this, as elsewhere, overlies
a yellowish sand, the same as may be seen
in the hills and whereever a cut has been
made in the neighborhood; this sand in
some places contains more or less gravel,
pebbles, and small bowlders.

The principal clam u^ed here by the whites
is Saxulomus;* next to this Cuneus or Tapes, sometimes called the "little
round clam," and occasionally only the mammoth Qlycimeris or geoduck.

f Saridomus is fully equal, if not superior, as many persons think, to the Atlantic
quahaug. It occurs plentifully not alone around Puget Sound, but at many points on

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BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 357

The cockle, Cardium corbis, is also used to a limited extent by the
whites; all of the above
are eaten by the Indians,
while Schizothcerus, which
is certainly superior for

tenderness and delicacy, g>

closely approaching the !

best oysters in these re-
spects, is not eaten by

The whites in the immedi-
ate neighborhood, though

preferred by the Indians

above all the others. I ex-
cept the geoduck, for this

species is not sufficiently

abundant to cut much of a

figure as a constant source

of supply. It is, however,

a real delicacy, and, skill- J

fully cooked, would com

pletely puzzle persons who t

tasted it for the first time »

as to whether they were 5

eating fish, flesh, or fowl.

The nearest guess that I

have heard was by a person

to whom I gave a piece,

"that it tasted a little,
perhaps, like nicely stewed
crab," which hits the mark
as nearly as possible. The
proper way to cook geo-
duck, or one way, is to par-
boil thoroughly, then re-
move the skin and cut in
strips about one inch and
a half wide by a third of I
an inch thick, and fry the 1
same in batter, in very,
very, hot salt-pork fat. I
dare to say that parboiled,
then stuffed and baked, or

the coast of California, especially at Bodega and thereabouts and San Die«-o It is
more nearly like the Atlantic qnahang than it is to Mya armaria, which is becoming
plentiful on the Pacific Coast, and is now the principal clam in San Francisco mar-
ket. As heretofore stated by me in the American Naturalist, Mya is an introduced
species, having been planted in San Francisco Bay with Atlantic oysters. Should
California packers be able to compete with their eastern competitors the Saxidomi
will furnish a good source of supply.

3. r >8 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

roasted, geoduck would prove highly satisfactory to the daintiest epicure.
Mr. Hemphill thought the taste like that of poached eggs. If fresh and

well cooked, it is suitable food for
very good men of scientific proclivi-
ties.

While the other clams are obtain-

S able duriug the recession of the ordi-

nary tides, during the year, Glyci-

wem can only be secured during the
extreme tides which occur in this
region from the middle of May to
i he later part of June, when the
difference between high and low

_. water is about 20 feet ; that is to

" say, with rare exceptions. It bur-

g rows in muddy sand, or apparently

■a prefers such a place, and the depth

, of its luii row is from two and a half

| £ to three feet. To take one out unin-

? jured requires careful digging and

I the removal of at least a barrel of

| mud. Mr. Hemphill remarks: "It

I 2 is very rare at San Diego. I have

1 e; not found a dozen specimens during

'S —

§ the several years I have collected
I here, while at Olympia three men
| could secure a dozen at one low tide
£ or in one day." To this I would add,
% provided that the exact site of each

1 individual had previously been as-
I certained and marked with a stake.
| As many as three men would be re-
* quired to work economically.

By the 23d of June, the "long-run
g outs," as these extreme low tides
~ are called, had ceased, and the
| weather for several days had been
| quite warm. The Indians whom I
I had sent out a day or two before,
> and one white man also, returned
in the morning with some of the
common species, but none of the
geoducks. I had previously col-
lected nine or ten specimens, and hoped to get more, as some of the
others had died. While in Olympia, only one lot had been brought
into town during a fortnight — about a dozen; of these I bought six, the

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 359

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others were in a damaged condition. Some of those purchased had been
handled too roughly for transportation alive. I found by experiment
that the geoduck, carefully dug and handled, would, with proper change
of water aud cool weather, keep alive ten days packed in rock- weed, first
being protected by winding and
tying a band of brown sheeting
cloth, an inch and a half in
width, to support the animal
and take the place of the nat-
ural support which the mud
furnishes when the mollusk is
in its native bed. The coinci-
dent occurrence of the extreme
low tides necessary to collect
living specimens, and of warm
weather, as usual here and
along the coast at the time when
these low tides occur, is unfor-
tunate, as heat is the principal
source of danger. The inten-
tion of packing in mud in the
tanks had to be abandoned, as §.
I found the means for handling «
the loaded tanks were wanting, |
the boats being too small, and ~
a certain amount of tackle being % f
required for the purpose; so £ I
rock- weed was used instead, g q
I found, also, that Schizothwrus I £
was the least tenacious of life, %
and survived removal from the
clam-beds but about three days,
at farthest, even when carefully
attended to, water changed, &c.
This clam occurs in quanti-
ties sufficient, quality consid-
ered, to warrant packing in
cans. The clams now canned,
while perhaps meeting a limited
sale on the Pacific coast, cannot
compete with the clams {My a
arenaria) and quahaugs (Mer-
cenaria violacea) of the Atlantic
packers in the markets of the
world, though Saxidomus, which is not yet canned, is really of most ex-
cellent quality. Schizothcurus, after removing the neck or siphons,

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360 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

considering the comparatively small size of the adductors, is as tender
as an oyster. Being nearly all belly, it is of sufficient size, when shelled,
for two to eight to fill a two-pound can.

I am of the opinion that this species, carefully packed and properly
put upon the market, would soon be regarded as next to the best pack-
ings of the Virginia oyster, and would find a ready sale.

On the 2 1th of June Ileft Olympia, with tanks, etc., via Portland, Oreg.,
for San Francisco, and arrived at the latter place June 27, at 8.30 a m.
Weather warm.

Through the kindness of the officers of the steamer, extra care and
attention was given to the tanks and contents ; but upon examination,
after getting the same ashore, Glycimeris, Schizothcvrus, and Saxidomus,
all were dead, though still quite fresh and sweet.

Aside from other information and experience derived from this experi-
ment, the route via Portland, owing to the frequent handling required,
is impracticable. If future attempts are made before the completion
of the Xorth Pacific Transcontinental Railroad admits of a special car
being run through to Puget Sound, then the best route will be by some
one of the Puget Sound steamers to San Francisco direct. The clams
can be obtained at some other point on the sound, or else dug in Budd's
Inlet and replanted in the immediate vicinity of some regular shipping
station ; or some other locality, perhaps, where Glycimeris occurs^ may be
found nearer to the points where the sound steamers touch in the course
of their usual trips. I am however, inclined to doubt the practicability
of handling these clams successfully, via San Francisco, for the reason
heretofore given, namely, the coincidence of these low tides with the
warm weather which pertains to that time of the year.

I should have mentioned before that, though Glycimeris sometimes
attains the weight of 1G pounds, as I am informed by Capt. J. S. Lawson,
of the United States Coast Survey, to when I am indebted for kind as-
sistance, the largest obtained by me weighed 0i to 7£ pounds. There
is no doubt, however, that individuals reach and ever exceed the weight
mentioned.

Herewith are drawings of two specimens of different weights, and in
different positions, such as are usually presented by the geoduck, which
is probably the largest Saxicavid known, and next to the true clam of
the Indo-Pacific seas, Tridacna gigas, the largest clam in the world.

I have also provided drawings of Schizotlmrus nuttallii, and of the
tanks which I had prepared for the special object of my mission, and
which I believe are well adapted for the purpose.

DESCRIPTION OF THE STEARNS TANK FOR THE TRANSPORTATION OF
CLAMS, ETC., FOR TRANSPLANTING.

The tanks, which were made in San Francisco under my direction
for the above purpose, are of heavy galvanized sheet iron; the upper
edge and bottom further strengthened by a stout hoop or band, marked

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

361

B in Fig. 7 ; the lower hoop projects below the bottom sufficiently to
receive the wear.

At the bottom, and at a point about one-third the height of the tank
from the top, are outlets O O, nozzled out an inch or so for drainage;
these nozzles are reinforced with a shoulder of solder all around the out-
side, next to the body of the tank. When the clams are to be packed in
mud or sand the lower outlet is stopped with a bung or a cork, the
mud filled in to a line even with the upper outlet; said outlet is
stopped aud tlie space between the level ot the mud and the top of
the tank filled with water, and the screen, Fig. 8, placed upon the

:ii:iiz:::;

Fig. 8. — Screen for tank.

rl fl h

>c : z.z z z

si I V

Fig. 7.— The Stearns tank.

Fig. 9. — Slatted platform for tank.

top, resting upon angle-irons, L, just below the edge, to prevent the
contents of tanks being molested by inquisitive persons during trans-
portation. All that is required when change of water is necessary
is to withdraw the bung or cork, run off the stale water, and again stop
the outlet and refill with the water from a pail, etc.

When clams are to be carried in rock-weed, &c, then a slatted plat-
form, of strips of wood, nailed to cross-cleats of sufficient height or thick-
ness as to permit a space of three or four inches above the bottom, to
receive the water and to keep the rock-weed packing above the bottom
of the tank, so as to facilitate drainage when the water is changed,
which is readily done by pulling out the cork or plug which stops the

362 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

lower orifice or nozzle. This permits giving the clams an occasional
douche or bath of salt water while in transit, and the ready removal of
stagnant or stale water. The tank is 3 feet in height by 1 foot G inches
in diameter. It is provided with three stout handles which turn up,
and when so turned, stop at a right angle with the side of the tank, so
as not to pinch the hands when the tank is lifted. One of these handles
is placed opposite the upper nozzle, the other two at points equidis-
tant, ou each side, between the first handle aud the upper nozzle.

These tanks, substantially made of galvanized iron, handles of the
same, also screen cover of galvanized wire, cost complete in San Fran-
cisco .$7.80.

Berkeley, Cal., October 14, 1882.

60.-BKTIB1V TO OI-OCCESTER OF YOUNO CODFISH HATCHED BY
UNITED STATES FISH COiTIiUISSION IN 1S79.

By BENJAMIN Iff. SPINNEY.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

I have made inquiry about the codfish taken in Gloucester Harbor,
and find several of the boat fishermen who are of the opinion that they
are the ones that you hatched here in 1878. They are of a gray color
and resemble somewhat a deep-water fish. They came in schools about
May 1, and staid till the middle or last of July. Sometimes they are
very plenty. I saw one man who said that he caught 70 or 80 pounds
on a mackerel line while at anchor just off Five Pound Island, and that
they would weigh from a half pound to two and a half pounds each.
I have seen schools of them myself alongside of my wharf at the head
of the harbor. I will try to get a sample aud send you.

East Gloucester, Mass., August 18, 1883.

Note. — Compare report of the return of these cod in 1882: Bull. United States Fish
Commission, 1882, Vol. II, p. 112.— C. W. S.

61.— THE CULTIVATION OF CROPPIES IN PONDS.

By S. P. BAKTLETT.

[From a letter to Prof. S. F. Baird.]

In 1880, Colonel Don. Morrison built upon his farm a reservoir and
placed in it a few croppy of that year's spawning, which were sent to him
by the Illinois Fish Commission. August 30, 1883, he undertook to seine
it and take out the catfish. In this he partially failed, and among the
fish taken were a number of croppies which weighed nearly two pounds
each. One of these he kept and showed me the next day. So in a
number of instances as great growth has been shown.

QuiNCY, 111., September 18, 1883.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 363

63.— MEMORIAL ADDRESSED TO TBIE BUREAU OF AGEICPLTUKE
OF THE IMPERIAL. SENATE FOR FINLAND, JANUARY 20, 1S83, IN
REGARD TO THE ADVISAEilLIT Y OF INTRODUCING ARTIFICIAL
FISH-CULTURE IN FINLAND.*

By PROF. A. J. MALMGKEBT.

After having visited, in September last, the piscicultural establish-
ment of Nikolsk, in the Government of Nowgorod, in compliance with a
written request of the bureau of agriculture of the imperial senate,
dated June 15, 1882, I now take the liberty, in obedience to one of the
instructions therein contained, to report on my journey and the observa-
tions made during the same, giving at the same time my opinion as to
the advisability of introducing artificial fish-culture in Finland, and
more especially as to the practicability of employing the system adopted
at Nikolsk.

After having been furnished with a letter of introduction from Baron
E. af Forselles, then vice-governor general, to the various authorities
of the empire with whom I would come in contact, I started for St.
Petersburg on the 10th of September, accompanied by the inspector
of the depot at Hyvinge, captain in the guards Fr. Hayren, who was
to act as my interpreter. Soon after my arrival at St. Petersburg I was
furnished with another letter of recommendation, principally through
the kindness of Mr. E. Streng, first secretary in the imperial ministry
of Domains, to the director of the piscicultural establishment at Nikolsk.
On the following day I left St. Petersburg by the Nikolajew Eailway,
traveling about 250 wersts [107 miles], as far as the station of Waldaika,
and on the next day 78 wersts [52 miles], by stage-coach to Nikolsk,
which is about 40 wersts [27 miles] distant from Waldai, the capital of
that district. Here we staid 24 hours with the amiable director of the
establishment, Dr. O. Grimm, professor at the Academy of Forestry in
St. Petersburg, who had spent his summer vacation here with his family,
and lived in a house belonging to the establishment and located between
the fish-ponds.

The founder of this establishment is Wladimir Pawlowitsch Wrasky,
a man of noble ancestry, whose mother is said to have been a Tolstoi.
Whilst pursuing his studies at the University of Dorpat, where he ob-
tained the degree of " Candidate," he read the works of Coste and other
authors on artificial fish-culture, which awakened such a lively interest
in him for this new industry, which was then but little known and had
hardly been put to a practical test, as to determine him to devote him-

*"An die Ackerbau-Expedition im kaiserlichen Senatfur Finnland van dtm Inspector der
Fischereien den 20 Januar abgegebene Gutachten, in iviefern es geeignet ware in Finnland
kiinstliche Fischzuchl tinzufiihren." Helsingfors, 1883. Translated from the German
by Herman Jacobson.

Note. —Professor Malmgren is the inspector of fisheries iu Finland. — C. W. S.

3G4 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

self entirely to fish-culture. After having made himself acquainted —
both by experiments of his own and by journeys in foreign countries —
with the methods then applied to artificial fish-culture, he commenced
during the years 1855-1856 to establish on his family estate a piscicul-
tural institution after the model of the one at Hiiniugen, in Alsace.
The location selected by him was the lower portion of a valley between
Lake Pestow and Lake Welje, into which a small stream flows. Here
he made 13 huge and small ponds, or basins, according to the directions
of Sudakewitseh, which involved a very considerable expense. At the
time of our visit, however, only six large ponds seemed to be occupied.
These ponds are connected with each other, and with the stream re-
ferred to, by means of sluices and subterranean channels, so that they
can be filled or emptied as occasion requires. The hatchiug-house, built
solidly and furnished in the most lavish manner, is of such vast dimen-
sions that several millions offish-eggs can be hatched at one and the
same time. This hatching-house shows, even more than the large ponds
(all of which had to be dug out), how firmly the founder of the estab-
lishment was convinced of the profitableness of the undertaking. This
conviction prompted him to shun no expense to make his establish-
ment a model one, arranged according to a plan of his own, and fur-
nished with all the mechanical appliances then known.

After Wrasky had suuk all his property in this undertaking, he
formed an association, which expended its entire capital of 41,000
roubles [about $2S,700] in maintaining and developing the establish-
ment. Although this association received a subsidy of 30,000 roubles
[about $21,000] from the Government, it soon became financially embar-
rassed, and owing to this circumstance the Government took possession
of the establishment. This took place in 18G8. Wrasky had meanwhile
become poor, and the association bankrupt. It has never been known
with absolute certainty what it cost to start the piscicultural establish-
ment of Nikolsk ; Sudakewitseh says in his report that it was upwards
of 100,000 roubles [about $70,000], whilst Professor Grimm estimates it
at 200,000 roubles [about $140,0i)0]. I could not learn what are the
present expenses of keeping up the establishment, but Professor Grimm
told me that there was an annual appropriation for it, amounting to
3,000 roubles [about $2,100], of which 2,400 roubles [about $1,680] was
his fixed salary.

The hatching-house, the most important part of the establishment,
consists of one very large room with four heating apparatuses, and
several small rooms which are used by the director as a laboratory
and for various other purposes. It is located immediately below the
largest pond, and is furnished with many pipes, which uninterruptedly
supply all the water needed in this establishment. Along the middle
of the large rooms there extends a deep and spacious basin laid in brick,
which, [f necessary, can be divided into several small basins, so that
the fish can be kept separate during the process of hatching. The iin-

BULLETIN OF HIE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 3 05

pregnated eggs are batched on eight large hatching-frames resting on
a walled foundation of so-called Pntiloff stones, arranged on both sides
in double rows. According to Professor Grimm's opinion they are suf-
ficient to receive at one and the same time 5 million eggs of the Core-
goni'.s,* or2 million trout-eggs. Besides these expensive batching-frames
another peculiarity deserves attention, viz, the fact that the impreg-
nated eggs, for the purpose of developing, are placed on square porcelain
plates, having a surface of about 4 square inches, with a low edge, bent
upwards; and that these plates are placed close to each other on the
bottom of the hatching-frames, where an uninterrupted stream of water
is caused to flow over them. Although this method (to cause water to
flow over the eggs ) is said to have produced excellent results, it must
be considered as antiquated, after cheaper methods, saving both space
and water, have been invented in America and have been introduced
very extensively not only in that country but also in Europe. The
hatching-house of Nikolsk is under the care of a superintendent and
assistants, who live in the establishment.

The Nikolsk ponds are used partly for keeping and raising the breed-
ing fish, trout and Coregonus, partly for raising sterlet, and several other
less valuable kinds of fish. A special superintendent had charge of
these ponds and attended to the feeding of the fish kept in them. He
likewise was furnished with a house by the establishment.

As the kinds of fish which are raised in Nikolsk (the Coregonus and the
trout) are not found there, it became necessary to get the first fish from
St. Petersburg, a distance of about 350 wersts [233 miles]. The trout
which are now in the ponds belonging to the Nikolsk establishment came
from streams near Gatschina (Sudakewitsch , l and the Coregonus from fish-
tanks in St. Petersburg. It is true that trout have been found at Jaschel-
bitsch, distant about 35 wersts [23 miles], but only quite recently they
have been used, to a limited extent, for the purpose of obtaining spawn.
This circumstance, i. e., the lack of spawning fish in the immediate neigh-
borhood and the isolated location of the establishment, as well as the
insufficient means of communication, have of course restricted its work
in more ways than one. The largest number of eggs which have been in
the establishment at the same time is 300,000; but generally it is much
smaller, hardly 100,000. The entire number of trout and Coregonus eggs
which have been raised here in the course of ten years seems nor to
have been more than what is raised in some of the larger piscicultural es-
tablishments in Germany in one year. The annual production of young
fry in some of the salmon-hatching establishments which formerly ex-
isted in Finland was at least as great if not greater than that of the
Nikolsk establishment; at least, judging from the statistics furnished
by Professor Grimm. Thus there were in 1861 deposited in the hatch-

* Corcyonus r.iarwna Blocli. Martin in the original, here and throughout the paper.
For fads regarding the habitat and culture of this species see Report of Prof. S. F.
Baird, Commissioner, for 1876-77, pp. *39, "40.— C. W. S.

366 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

ing-boxes of the salmon-hatching establishment near Kexholin, in Fin-
laud, about 300,000 eggs, from which there were raised more than 200,000
young fish, which were placed in the Wuoksen River; and in the Kym-
mene establishment [also in Finland] there were often raised about
100,000 yonng salmon per annum. Professor Grimm has, therefore, seen
tit to establish a branch of the Nikolsk establishment in the building of
the Imperial Museum of Agriculture in St. Petersburg, whe^e the hatch-
ing of Corefjonus and salmon eggs is carried on upon a larger or at
least just as large a scale as in Nikolsk, but with more modern appara-
tus and at far less expense.

As regards the other work of the Nikolsk establishment, and the re-
rults obtained by it, I take the liberty to refer my readers to two reports
published in a Prussian journal* by Professor Grimm, the one embrac-
ing the period 1869-1880, and the other the year 1881. One need not
be a specialist to learn from these reports that the Nikolsk establish-
ment, as a financial enterprise, or judged according to its usefulness
to the Government, is and always will remain a failure. Although,
judged from a technical point of view, the establishment is a model one,
and the judicious management of Professor Grimm leaves nothing to be
desired, its financial or economical results are either none at all or ut-
terly insignificant when compared with the size of the establishment
and the amount of money required even now for its support. The few
hundred trout and Goregonns which are at present carefully tended in
the Nikolsk ponds, and which, accordiug to Professor Grimm's report,
are the only visible result of the 25 years of the existence of this estab-
lishment, would, if brought into the market, even in St. Petersburg, not
realize the sum required to support the establishment for a siugle year.
Fishing in Lake Pestow, which belongs to the establishment, has not
increased, in spite of the most zealous attempts to raise fish iu that
lake. In 1872 more fish were caught in that lake than during any of
the succeeding years, even more than 1881, which was considered a
good fish year. Very few Corerjonus and still fewer trout are found in
the lake, although since Wrasky's time every year a large number of
young fish of both kinds have been placed in it. It appears from Pro-
fessor Grimm's report that in 1870 there were caught in Lake Pestow,
in all, 71 Coregonus and trout, and 1873 only 4 Coregonwt and no trout.
The transplanting offish, which is done here in the same manner as in
Finland, by transferring mature spawning fish from Lake Welje to Lake
Pestow, has been productive of better results. Thus the little marline
(Corcgonns albula), which was transferred to Lake Pestow in 1872, has
become entirely acclimatized, although even now it does not occur in
any very considerable number; and the smelt, of which a large number
of matured specimens were placed in Lake Pestow in 1872, have in-
creased to such an extent that annually 150 to 200 pud [5,100 to 7,200
pounds] of these fish are caught. The number of trout, however, seems

*Scl. Khoz. lhjx. St. Petersburg, L881 and IH&2, Vols. XXXVI-XXXIX.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 3G7

to have decreased, as the smelt have increased. The yield of fish of
the Pestow Lake is the same as it was in former times, which proves
that no sheet of water caii produce more fish than is determined by its
quantity of suitable fish-food.

As a correction of and addition to Professor Grimm's report re-
specting the persevering attempts, to transfer the Coregonus to the river
Wolga, by transferring young Coregonus from Nikolsk to Lake Seliger,
which is connected with the Wolga, I take the liberty to state, as I
have been informed by Professor Grinim, that no Coregonus whatever
are found in Lake Seliger, and that, so far at least, they have not
been acclimatized in the Wolga. It seems to be certain that the Wolga
Coregonus mentioned by W T assiltschikoff as fouud in the neighborhood
of Nischnij Nowgorod, are no Coregonus but grayling. As regards the
results of the transfer from Nikolsk of young fish and impregnated
eggs of Coregonus and trout, which has been made every year since 1870,
Professor Grimm could not give me any further information than that
a trout-hatching establishment near Moscow, which got its fish from
Nikolsk, had been reasonably successful, and that the experiment of
stocking a small pond near St. Petersburg with young trout, made by
an employe of the Museum of Agriculture and a farmer of the neighbor-
hood, yielded a few hundred roubles the first year after the fish had
been placed in said pond, but that during the following year the experi-
ment proved an entire failure. It is probable that the trout-food in
this pond had been used up during the first year, and that, as usual, it
was difficult to renew it.

Professor Grimm informed me that he had made an interesting ex-
periment with sterlet, which I feel it my duty to communicate here.
During the years 1869-1871, 120 young sterlet had been brought to
Nikolsk and placed partly in Lake Pestow and partly in the ponds
belonging to the establishment. These fish grew and flourished till
they had reached their natural size, but they never spawned, and none of
them had either roe or milt during all the time they were at Nikolsk.
The observation is said to have been made in Russia, especially in some
convents, that this fish is not capable of propagation in lakes or ponds
or in stagnant water. The sterlet is a genuine river-fish, which only
propagates its species in rapidly flowing water. It spawns in spring,
after the water in the rivers and streams begins to fall, and its eggs,
which adhere to stones and other objects, are said to develop in an in-
credible short time, viz, four days. It seems, therefore, that it is exceed-
ingly difficult to transplant this fish by means of the transferring of im-
pregnated eggs. It is said, on the other hand, that young sterlets can
easily be transported a considerable distance ; they can be bought at a
reasonable price at Samara from Messrs. Mjiisniskoff and Tischinskij (see
the "Golos" No. 311, November 15, 1882). In view of the high price
of these fish Professor Grimm intends to devote himself, in future more
than heretofore, to the raising of sterlets in the Nikolsk ponds, because,

368 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

owing to the great expense of transportation from Nikolsk to St. Peters-
burg and Moscow, the raising of otlier kinds of fish does not offer any
great inducement. As early as during the reigns of Frederick I and
Frederick the Great, sterlets were introduced in Prussia and placed in
several lakes, where, however, they did not propagate. The same will
doubtless be the case with those sterlets which the Duke of Sutherland
some time ago transferred to a lake in Scotland.

As regards the mission of the Nikolsk establishment to serve as a
school of fish culture, it has not been carried out in any degree worth
speaking of, because, on accouut of its out-of-the-way location, the estab-
lishment is but rarely visited, and has, in fact, until quite recently
hardly been known.

As regards fish-culture in Russia in general I gathered the following
data: According to Sudakewitsch, Dr. J. Knoch had, as far back as 1857,
commenced to raise carp in some ponds on the estate of Strelna, belong-
ing to the Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolajewitsck; and somewhat later
the same doctor is said to have founded a piscicultural establishment
on an estate belonging to the Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolajewitsch, but
with what result I could not learn. Several scientists have also occu-
pied themselves with the artificial hatching of fish-eggs, but they did
this exclusively for scientific purposes and for studying the early
development of the different kinds of sturgeons, especially the sterlets.
During the last few years Mr. K. Muschinsky, a banker, has hatched
Coregmms and trout eggs in his house in St. Petersburg, No. 54 Newski
Prospect, and has had the young fry transported to his estate in Poland.
Among those persons in Russia who have begun to take a lively interest
in fish-culture, since the Berlin Exposition ot 1880, Chamberlain and
Counsellor of State W. von Greig occupies the most prominent place.
At Weessen, one of his estates in Courland, he has founded an exten-
sive and model piscicultural establishment, with large ponds, aqueducts,
and cascades. According to the report of the German Professor Ben-
ecke, sterlets and carp had been raised there as early as 1881; the
young fry of the latter fish had been brought from Germany; they also
raise there brook and lake trout and Coregonus. When Professor Ben-
ecke visited the establishment it was not yet finished, but there was every
prospect of its completion within a short time. After the model of the
aristocratic German Fishery Association in Berlin, of which the Ger-
man CroAvn Prince is the patron, and Chamberlain von Behr,of Schmol-
dow, has been director for the last 7 or 8 years, there was founded last
year at St. Petersburg the "Russian Association for the furtherance
of the Fishing Industry and Fish Culture." This association is pa-
tronized by Grand DukeLergej Alexandrowitsch; Chamberlain W. von
Greig is its president, and Prof. O. Grimm its secretary. The first
work of this association will probably be to draw up suitable fishery
regulations for Russia. According to Professor Grimm there are in
Russia proper no laws whatever to regulate the fisheries, whilst there-
are some, though of comparatively ancient date, in the Baltic x^rovinces.

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 369

Vol. Ill, fto. 34. Washington, I>. C. Oct. 22, 18 8#.

Before passing an opinion as to the advisability of introducing arti-
ficial fish -culture in Finland I deem it proper to give a brief review of
the present condition of fish-culture in several foreign countries ; more
especially because the experiences made at Nikolsk during the last 25
years would by no means be considered as encouraging to those who
wish to introduce fish-culture in their own country. This applies, how-
ever, only if one desires to make fish-culture financially profitable, and
does not consider it merely as a pleasant pastime, or as an opportunity
for making interesting experiments.

FRANCE.

I begin with France because the impetus for the more general intro-
duction of artificial fish-culture came from that country during the first
years of the reign of Napoleon III. Prof. Emile Blanchard, member of
the Institute in his work, published in 1866, Les Poissons des eaux douces
de la France, has given, pp. 571-697, a review of the history of fish-
culture in France during the present century, and pp. 610-623, an in-
teresting and instructive resume of the necessary conditions for the
well-being and increase offish, both of which articles appeared in a Swed-
ish translation in 1869, in my "Journal for Fisheries and Aquiculture".
I inclose a number of this journal, and take the liberty to direct atten-
tion to the two articles in question, p. 33 and p. 74, with the remark that,
according to M. J. Clave, Revue des deux Mondes, January, 1868, p. 146,
the large piscicultural establishment at Hiiningen, in Alsace, which, up to
the year 1862 had cost the Government about 600,000 francs [$120,000],
and where, from 1855-1862, about 30 million eggs offish belonging to the
salmon family had been hatched, had increased the stock offish in the
Seine, Loire, Garonne, and the Bhine only by a few trout and other sal-
monoids. The interest in artificial fish-hatching which sprang up very
suddenly in France, and which soon became very general, diminished
in the same degree as the exaggerated expectations regarding it proved
vain, and when the Empire fell it had almost died out entirely.

GERMANY.

That branch of industry which the Germans term "pond-culture," which
mainly employs itself in the raising, in ponds, of carp and recently also
of trout, is of very ancient date. But not till after Alsace had been
annexed to Germany, and the French establishment at Hiiningen had
become the property of the German Government, and Germany had
become an empire, did an interest in fish-culture begin to be awakened
in Government circles. In Berlin the German Fishery Association was
formed under the patronage of the Crown Prince of Germany. As
Bull. U. S. F. C, 83 24

370 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

regards its activity, it must be said that the history of this association
is the history of artificial fish culture in Germany during thelast ten years.
At the instance and by the aid of the German Fishery Association, the
great majority of whose members are high officials, members of the aris-
tocracy, and wealthy landed proprietors, there sprang up, within a
short time, many private piscicultural establishments great and small,
in different parts of the empire, whose main object was to produce young
hsh in an artificial way, and by placing them iu open waters to stock
these anew with fish, and thus to furnish an additional supply of cheap
and wholesome food for the large population of the empire. The object
was, therefore, altogether the same as that which the Imperial Gov-
ernment of France had in view twenty years earlier. Some idea may
be obtained of the extent of the activity of this association when we
state that in the year 1880-1881, more than 0,000,000 impregnated fish-
eggs, 1,800,000 salmon-eggs, and 2,000,000 e$gs of the Coregomts were
hatched in the establishments of the association. In the following year
the number of eggs hatched was 4,000,000, among them 1,270,000 salmon-
eggs. The largest and most famous piscicultural establishments iu Ger-
many, which sell, at fixed prices, young fry and impregnated eggs,
mostly of the salmon and marane, are: the well known Government es-
tablishment at LTuuiugen, in Alsace, under the superintendence of Di-
rector Haack ; Radolizell, on the Lake of Constance, and Selzenhof, near
Freiburghjin Baden, both belonging to Mayor Schuster; Lubbincheu,
near Guben, belonging to Mr. R. Eckardt, and Berneuchen, belongiug to
Mr. Max von dem Borne. The above-mentioned gentlemen are at the same
time the most famous and most experienced pisciculturists of Germany.
During the last five years the German Fishery Association has endeav-
ored to acclimatize various American fish. The beginning was made
with the shad (Alosa prccstabilis DeKay) which is found in very large
numbers in the American rivers. This fish iu its looks and habits re-
sembles the German may-fish, and the " Wolga herring" (Clupia caspia
Eich.), which ascends the river Volga from the Caspian Sea in enormous
numbers. The attempt to acclimatize it in Germany, however, did not
prove successful. At the same time attempts were made to acclimatize
in the Danube the California salmon (Salmo guinnat, Rich) . The attempt
to keep these fish alive in some ponds proved successful, but their trans-
fer to the Danube, although made on a large scale, has not been aecom-
mpauied by any favorable result, nor are the prospects for the future
very promising; for it is well known that all attempts made in America
to introduce this salmon in the rivers on the Atlantic coast, have
proved failures, although the placing of the young fry in the rivers was
done under the superintendence of highly experienced and persevering
pisciculturists. There have also been introduced in Germany impregna-
ted eggs of the following kinds of American fish: the # American fresh-
water salmon (landlocked salmon), Salmo fontinalis (a kind of saibling),
and Salmo irideus, as well as a kind of American Corcgonus (Coregonus al-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 371

bus) . Young fish Lave been raised from these eggs, and are carefully nursed
in ponds. As all kinds of salmon are voracious fish of prey, and as the
above-mentioned American salmon are no better in this respect than
those of Germany, the economical result of these experiments, even if
successful, which so far cannot be said of any of them, cannot be con-
sidered as very great.

As regards the results of the placing in open waters of the young fry of
salmon and of other fish of this kind, as well as of Coregonus, there are,
with the exception of a few trout brooks of which it can be proved that
after tbe placing in them of young fry there was a temporary increase of
trout, no data to show that the number of fish have actually increased iu
the waters stocked. The salmon fisheries iu the Weser and the Elbe seem
to have improved somewhat; but this may easily be explained by the
fact that in Germany, since 1874, the salmon is strictly protected during
the spawning season. It is true that Max von dem Borne has spoken
of numerous successes, but his assertions have frequently been clothed
in very indefinite terms, and are often emphatically contradicted by
other authors, and are consequently open to severe criticism. This ap-
plies, for instance, to his statement that the number of salmon in tbe
Bhine and iu the Oder had increased considerably after they had begun
to place annually large quantities of young salmon fry in these rivers
and their tributaries. As regards the Bhine he bases his assertion
principally on some data relative to the quantities of salmon brought
to the market of the Kraliugsche Veer in Holland during the years 1870-
1880, communicated by firm of Ten Houten & De Baadt. It is said that
the number of salmon received at the above place was 21,687 in 1870,
and 41,736 in 1880. It should be observed, however, (I), that the num-
mer of salmon was largest in 1873 and 1874, when the association began
its activity, viz, 58*384 and 77,070 respectively, and that it gradually
decreased to 38,914 in 1879, and to 41, 736 in 1880; (2), that the supply of
one kind of fisb in a market, which is not the only one where such fish
are sold, depends on so many different circumstances, that an increase
or decrease of this supply cannot, even with any degree of probability,
be considered as an indication of the greater or less success of the fish-
eries. It must also be taken into consideration that all along the upper
Bhine, especially in the neighborhood of Basle, there are heard numer-
ous and loud complaints that the salmon fisheries in this part of the
Bhine have decreased. As regards the lower Bhine, similar complaints
have been published in the journals, for instance from the neighborhood
of Wesel. In the Deutsche Fischerei-Zeitung, ISTo. 28, 1881, p. 230, L.
Prenger & Son say in a letter from Wesel, with regard to the salmon
fisheries in the Bhine : " People both on the Upper and Lower Bhine com-
plain in the most piteous manner of the poor fisheries;" and in the same
journal, No. 42, 1882, October 17, \i. 336, it says literally in a communi-
cation from Basle : " The result of the salmon fisheries at our fishing- sta-
tions during the last four years is not more than 10 per cent, of the results

372 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

of the years 1875-1878, and at most of these stations not enough is made
to pay two fishermen, as the income from the fisheries barely suffices to
]>ay for the nets." Jacob Glockner also states, in an article entitled Yom
Rheine [From the Rhine], published in Ko. 0, 1882, of the same journal,
that the number of fish in the Rhine was much larger twenty to thirty
years ago. It is said that for the last fourteen years a large number of
young salmon have annually been placed in ditto rent parts of the river
Oder; nevertheless the editor of the Deutsche Fischer ei-Zeitung says in
No. LI, L882, p. 330 of that journal, that no increase in the yield of the
salmon fisheries can be noticed. It cannot therefore be decided with
absolute certainty whether the artificial hatching of salmon has really
proved a success in these rivers, as is maintained by the zealous mem-
ber of the German Fishery Association Max von dem Borne. It is also
very remarkable that the German Government, which heretofore had
specially favored every enterprise of the German Fishery Association,
and which had lent strong material aid to the great international Fish-
ery Exposition inaugurated by the association in 1880, absolutely re-
fused any Government aid to the representation of Germany at the
International Fishery Exposition which in the present year is to be held
in London, in cousequeuce of which refusal the association has been
obliged to give up all idea of being represented at the London Exposi-
tion.

The association has recently addressed a petition for aid to the Ger-
man Parliament, but the finance committee of that body is said to have
refused to grant this petition.

AUSTRIA.

Recently several private piscicultural establishments, on the German
model, have been founded in different parts of the Austrian Empire,
and the young fish hatched in these establishments have as a general
rule been placed in open waters. But the largest, most famous, and
oldest of these establishments, "The Central Institution for Artificial
Fish Culture, " at Hellbrunn, near Salzburg, which had been in exist-
ence for nearly 17 years, and where annually as many as 3,500,000
fish-eggs, principally of salmonoids, Coregonus, and graylings, had been
hatched, was closed last year, owing to " slack business." The article
which Andrae Schreyer wrote in a piscicultural journal on this estab-
lishment, the prospects of which were at one time exceedingly hopeful,
is not without interest. The establishment was laid out according to a
very extensive plan, no less than 31 ponds belonging to it ; and in addi-
tion to these the Salzburg Association for Artificial Fish Culture, to which
the establishment belonged, owned two large lakes, the Hiuter Lake and
the Waller Lake. Impregnated eggs and young fry from this establish-
ment were sent far and near, and whatever young fry could not be sold
were placed in ponds, lakes, and other open waters. In the beginning,
when the interest in artificial fish-culture was still at its height, the estab-

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 373

lishinent could hardly get enough eggs and young fry to supply the de-
mand ; but after a while the demand grew less, so that there was a super-
abundance of eggs and young fish. The raising offish in ponds did not
prove as successful as desired, the open waters not showing any larger
number of fish than before, and, as we said above, the Hellbrunu
establishment had to be closed last 3 ear owning to " slack business."

UNITED STATES.

During the last twenty years a number of Americans have become
famous in the annals of pisciculture, partly by new discoveries in the
techuical part of fish hatching, partly as practical pisciculturists or
patrons of pisciculture. Among these men deserve to be mentioned :
Livingston Stone, Seth Green, T. B. Ferguson, C. G. Atkins, J. Will-
iamson, M. G. Holton, F. N. Clark, J. H. Slack, F. Mather, R. E. Earll,
M. McDonald, H. C. Chester, and, above all, Prof. Spencer F. Baird.
Several States of the Union have fish commissions which, in their various
hatching establishments, produce an almost fabulous quantity of fish,
which are placed in open waters. Just as in Europe, these fish mostly
belong to the salmon and Coregonus families, but the Americans also
hatch artificially the shad ( Alosa prcestabilis) which ascends the rivers
from the sea in large numbers for the purpose of spawning ; and recently
some salt-water fish have also been hatched artificially. In the year
1877 a steamer, the Fish Hawk, was constructed exclusively for hatch-
ing shad. It gathers easily sufficient quantities of roe and milt from a
number of fishing stations located at a considerable distance from each
other, and takes the young fish to those waters for which they were des-
tined. Steamers are also said to have been used for the hatching of cod,
for the purpose of conveying millions of young cod to coasts where they
had not hitherto been found.* It is well known that the cod propagates
its species in enormous numbers. Its roe develops whilst floating in the
water and in one female cod as many as 9 million eggs have been found
(Nilsson). Attempts have also recently been made to acclimatize foreign
fish. Thus the carp has recently been introduced from Europe, and it
seems as if its culture in ponds, on the German model, has a future in
America. In California and Oregon the hatching of salmon eggs is
said to be carried on on a large scale in the McCloud River and the
Clackamas River, partly at the expense of the "Association for Preserv-
ing and Protecting Salmon," which has given a considerable sum for this
purpose. We are informed that in these salmon hatcheries from 14 to
20 million salmon eggs have been hatched in one year.t In Michigan,

*This is a mistake. Only one lot of cod have yet been hatched, and those were re-
leased at Gloucester, where hatched. It was a very successful experiment, and the
Commissioner hopes to hatch cod on a large scale at the Wood's Holl Station hereaf-
ter.— C. W. S.

t The salmon hatched and planted in McCloud have produced remarkable results,
increasing the yield of the salmon canneries from 25 to 50 per cent. See accounts else-
where.— C. W. S.

374 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

according to E. M. Miller's statement, 100 million fish-eggs have been
hatched daring the years 1873-1881, and placed in open waters, but
with what results I bave not been able to learn with absolute cer-
tainty. The same applies to American fish production in general, with
exception of the shad culture, which has been successful in so far that
the shad is now found in rivers where formerly it was unknown.

CANADA.

In 1805 Mr. Samuel Wilmot began to introduce artificial fish-culture
in Canada. At Newcastle, in the Province of Ontario, where he resides,
he established a salmon -hatchery, which soon gained considerable repu-
tation. This was acquired by the Colouial Government and extended
in 18 r 00. Mr. Wilmot has gradually succeeded in founding, at Govern-
ment expense, several similar establishments for raising the American
mailine, the whitefish. The number of these establishments in 1880, ac-
cording to Raveret-Wattel, was 7, and according to E. M. Mil'er, 10, kept
up at annual expense to the Government of £5,000. Mr. S. Wilmot is the
director and superintendent of these establishments. It is his aim also
to produce as many young fish as possible. The entire quantity of fish
egg;s hatched in all the Canadian establishments till the end of the year
1880 is estimated at 200,000,000. The number hatched in 1880 was
20,000.000, divided as follows: 18,000,000 whitefish, 4,000,000 salmon,
4,000,000 lake trout, and 125,000 brook trout, From these 20,000,000
eggs there were obtained 21 ,500.000 young fish, which were placed in open
waters. All the above information is given by E. M. Miller, member of
the Michigan Fish Commission. As regards the practical results of this
enormous production of young fish, we possess no reliable data. Miller
says that the number of Coregonm had increased in the Detroit Elver;
but it cannot be ascertained whether this increase holds any reasonable
proportion to the large sums annually spent for producing young fish.
I know from personal observation, however, that after fishing had been
strictly prohibited for a certain period in autumn, the number of Corego-
nus in some of our Finland rivers increased very considerably. The
quantity of fish caught annually in any body of water is, moreover, not
the same every year, but is subject to great changes which are beyond
human control.

ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, AND IRELAND.

For many centuries Great Britain has sought to preserve and increase
the stock of fish in her rivers by strict legislation, and especially by
rigid protective measures; these endeavors have been successful, and
there is at present no country in Europe whose salmon-fisheries could
vie with those of Great Britain. Artificial fish-culture has also been
attempted in Great Britain, more than twenty years ago. Even quite
recently some private hatcheries have been established, but artificial

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 375

fish-culture has Dever been one of the prominent British industries, and
the Government has never appropriated a single penny for this cause ;
for experience had shown that strict and continued protection of all
fish belonging to the salmon kind, at least during their spawning sea-
son, is the most efficient and only safe means of preserving and increas-
ing the stock of fish in the rivers. Among those persons who have
recently evinced great interest in fish-culture, the Duke of Sutherland
deserves special mention. He is said to possess several model establish-
ments for hatching salmon, in which as many as 800,000 eggs can be
hatched per annum. Since 1S73 he places every year more than 500,000
young fish from his establishments in various waters, among the rest
in Loch Brora, on whose shore his largest hatchery is located. Although
the number offish annually caught in this lake has not increased per-
ceptibly, it has been found that the breed has been improved, which is
supposed to be owing to the employment of select breeders from the Tay,
the Tweed, and the Rhine. Some English pisciculturists principally aim
at producing a superior quality of fish by crossing the breeds, as is done
with domestic animals, and, according to their own statements, they have
been successful. There are also in Great Britain large trout-hatcheries
carried on on business principles. The principal ones are those of Sir
James Maitland, in Howietown, near Stirling, where, besides large quan-
tities of shell fish, the flesh of at least three horses is used per week for
feeding the trout. Mention should also be made of Mr. Joseph I. Armiu-
stead's Troutdale fishery, near Keswick, in Cumberland, and Mr. Charles
Capel's Cray fishery, near Foots-Cray, in Kent.

NORWAY.

In Norway, where the fisheries form one of the principal industries
of the country, a good deal of attention was given to artificial fish-cult-
ure thirty years ago, both by the Government and the public, in con-
sequence of the impetus given by France. According to official data,
there have been started in Norway since 1856 no less than about 240
private piscicultural establishments, one-third of which were devoted
to the hatching of salmon eggs, and two-thirds to the hatching of trout
and Coregonus. But a very large number of these establishments, after
having been in existence for a shorter or longer period without being able
to show any result whatever, were gradually closed ; so that during the
winter 1878-1879 only 38 were still in operation — ]6 for salmon, and the
rest for other fish. The majority of these 38 establishments were com-
paratively small, and only 5 of them produced about 100,000 young fish
apiece. Although for a number of years 1 to 1J million young salmon
had been produced annually, it appears from the statement of Mr. A.
Landmark, inspector of fisheries, in his financial estimate for last year,
that there are no absolutely certain proofs that the salmon-culture has so
far proved any benefit whatever to Norway. In his observations accom-

376 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

paining the draft of a new "law for protecting salmon and lake trout,"
dated Septemder 1G, 1881, Mr. Landmark says very emphatically, on page
GG: "It is but too certain that the number of salmon in our country is,
on the whole, smaller at the present time than in 1848, when we got
our first law for protecting the salmon fisheries." Mr. Landmark thinks
that the production of young fry of the salmon in Norway has been
carried on on too small a scale, and that this is the cause why the rivers
do not contain more salmon. Following up this idea, and evidently
influenced by the reports of the enormous production of young fish in
the United States of North America and Canada, he urged the Govern-
ment to found a large salmon-hatchery on the Topdal Kiver ; btit the Nor-
wegian Government did not deem it proper to lay a proposition to that
effect before the Storting (Norwegian Parliament], at least during the
session of 1882. Eelative to the fisheries in the interior of the country,
especially the trout-fisheries, Mr. Landmark declared, Februarys, 1881,
at the meeting of the " Norwegian Association of Huntsmen and Fisher-
men," that the fisheries had been more productive in olden times than
at present, and that only in a few places there had been some slight
improvement in consequence of various measures taken recently by the
Government and by private individuals; and yet there had been in
operation in Norway, since 185G, for a longer or shorter period, about
150 piscicultural establishments, founded for the avowed purpose of
improving the fisheries in the interior of the country !

SWEDEN.

At the same time as in Norway, considerable interest was also taken
in pisciculture in Sweden, and a large number of great and small estab-
lishments were founded. Near Ostanbach, at the mouth of the An-
german River, the Government established a so-called "Normal Institu-
tion of Fish-culture," in which instruction was given; but after having
been in operation for 18 years it was closed, and has not been opened again.
Pisciculture in Sweden has not been able to show any very considerable
econmical advantages, and during the last ten years the interest in this
cause has been on the wane. More recently, especially since the Berlin
Fishery Exposition of 1880, the interest in pisciculture began to revive,
and at present a number of salmon-hatcheries are in operation on several
Swedish rivers, among others in the Ljusne River, the Dal River (Elf-
karleby), the Klar River, the Lagaa, the Nisson, and others. Granting
the impossibility to regulate, on a large scale, the quantity of fish in
open waters by means of pisciculture, the superintendent of fisheries,
Dr. R. Lundberg, nevertheless favors the artificial production of fish
because he sees in it "an important aid to prevent the decrease offish,
which is invariably brought about by the increasing number of fisher-
men, by manufacturing establishments, by rafting, &c. "Several eco-
nomical associations in the provinces have, for the last thirty years, paid
persons to instruct the masses on the subject of fish-culture and rational

BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION. 377

fisheries, audit's stated that the activity of these teachers of piscicult-
ure " promises well for the future." As far as I know, it is impossible,
after thirty years of artificial fish-culture, to show any increase in the
quantity of fish in the open waters of Sweden ; but it seems that, so far
at least, the Swedes are determined to continue their efforts in this
direction. In 1879 a landed proprietor in Schoren [the most southerly
province of Sweden] commenced to raise carp in ponds ; and there is
a reasonable prospect that this kind of fish-culture, if carried on ration-
ally and cautiously, will prove profitable, because the carp can easily
stand the climate in the southern part of Sweden.

FINLAND.

As regards our own country, artificial fish-culture was advocated here
more than a hundred years ago, by Magister C. R. Gjers, in a treatise
published by him at Abo, in 1771, u On the causes of the decrease of
the Government salmon and Coregonus fisheries in the river Kumo," but
as far as known, without any practical result. In consequence of the
impetus given by France, however, earnest efforts were made during the
years 1858-1867 in behalf of fish-culture. During the period 1858-1862
a number of private individuals started various piscicultura lestablish-
ments, under the guidance of my predecessor, H. J. Holmberg, who had
studied the organization of such establishments in Norway. The most
important establishments of the kind were in possession of the following
persons: Stockfors, on theKymmeue River, owned by Counsellor Scha-
telowitz ; Abborfors, on the same river, by Major-General Clayhills ;
Ilovinsaari, in the district of Kymmene, by Mr. Druschinin; the estab-
lishment in the neighborhood of Kexholm, on the Wuoksen River, by Mr.
Lebedeff; the one on the Urpala River, in the Wiburg Government, by
Mr. Alfrhan ; the one near Tammerfors, by von Nottebeck ; the one at
Svarta, by Baron F. Linder; and the one in the District of Kronobarg,
by Rev. Mr. Hartman. The three last mentioned establishments raise
principally brook trout and lake trout. During the years 1863 and 1S64
two large salmon-hatcheries were established by associations of salmon-
fishers, the one on the the Ulea River, and the other on the Tornea River.
For a number of years these establishments have annually placed a large
quantity of young fish, principally salmon, in the rivers on whose banks
they are located ; thus the establishments on the Kymmene, Ulea,
Urpala, and the one near Kexholm, have annually placed as many as
100,000 young fish apiece in open waters, the Kexholm establishment
during one year even as many as 200,000, without any noticeable
increase of the quantity of fish in any of the above mentioned rivers.
The production of young fish, therefore, gradually ceased in all these
establishments; and the result of these earnest endeavors, made at
considerable expense, was altogether a negative one and did not induce
people to imitate them. The great expectations which had been raised
in Finland, as in other countries of Europe, with regard to the artifi-

378 BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION.

cial production of young fish, were here, as elsewhere, doomed to dis.
appointment.

Fish-culture, in the widest sense of the term, embraces (1) fishery
legislation, (2) pond-culture, (3) transplanting fish, and (4) production
of young fish in an artificial manner and the placing of the young fish
in open waters, or what is known as artificial fish-culture.

Fishery legislation forms in all countries an object of serious atten-
tion of the government and the legislative bodies. It aims at maintain-
ing in open waters all those conditions which are necessary for the
propagation, increase, life, and well-being of fish. In Finland this legis-
lative work did not commence till 1786, when excellent fishery regula-
tions were promulgated ; and after the fishery regulations of the year
18G5 were made, the work went on uninterruptedly by making various
local laws securing the protection of certain species of fish during the
spawning season, as well as the manner of superintending the waters
and regulating fishing iu such a manner as to sufficiently protect the pro-
pagation of fish in the natural way, to protect the young fish, to prevent
any impure or poisonous matter from getting in the water, and to secure
all those conditions which are necessary for the well-being of the fish and
the reproduction of food in so far as this is dependent on the aquatic
vegetation, &c. I venture to say that Finland has not been backward
in this respect, although many gaps are yet to be filled, and many im-
provements in the details will have to be intro